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{{Short description|Volcanic eruption in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
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[[File:Tankei - Eruption of Mount Bandai.jpg|thumb|500px|[[Ukiyo-e]] print by Tankei depicting the Eruption of Mount Bandai, 1888]]
{{Infobox eruption
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The '''1888 eruption of Mount Bandai''' was a major [[volcano|volcanic eruption]] which occurred during the [[Meiji period]] of the [[Empire of Japan]]. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, and [[pyroclastic flow]]s buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, [[Fukushima Prefecture]] north of [[Tokyo]]. At least 477 people were killed and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless in what became the worst volcanic disaster in recent Japanese history.<ref>Smith, Encyclopedia of Geology, pp 461</ref> The eruption had many similarities to the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104">Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104</ref>
| name = 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
| image = Tankei - Eruption of Mount Bandai.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption = [[Ukiyo-e]] print by Tankei depicting the 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
| start_date = {{start date|1888|07|15}}
| start_time =
| end_date = {{end date|1888|07|15}}
| volcano = [[Mount Bandai]]
| type = [[Explosive eruption]]
| location = [[Iwashiro Province]] (now part of [[Fukushima Prefecture]]), [[Empire of Japan]]
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| coordinates = {{coord|37.612787|140.076194|format=dms|display=inline,title|type:event_region:JP_scale:1000000}}
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| VEI = 4
| map =
| map_size=
| map_caption =
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| impact =
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}}


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The '''1888 eruption of Mount Bandai''' was a major [[volcano|volcanic eruption]] which occurred during the [[Meiji period]] of the [[Empire of Japan]]. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, [[pyroclastic flow]]s buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, [[Iwashiro Province]] (now part of [[Fukushima Prefecture]]) north of [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Česky |url=http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/bandai.html |title=Bandai Volcano, Honshu (Japan) - facts & information / VolcanoDiscovery |publisher=Volcanodiscovery.com |date= |accessdate=2016-01-31}}</ref> At least 477 people were killed, and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless.<ref>Smith, Encyclopedia of Geology, pp 461</ref>
==Background==
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[[Mount Bandai]] is a [[stratovolcano]]. Its last eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a conical profile, and had been compared in literature with [[Mount Fuji]]. The Bandai volcano consisted of four peaks: O-bandai (1,819 meters), Kushigamine (1,636 meters), Akahaniyama (1,427 meters), and Ko-bandai which was slightly lower than that of O-bandai.


⚫
[[Mount Bandai]] is a [[stratovolcano]]. Its most recent previous eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a conical profile, and had been compared in literature with [[Mount Fuji]]. The Bandai volcano consisted of four peaks: O-bandai (1,819 meters), Kushigamine (1,636 meters), Akahaniyama (1,427 meters), and Ko-bandai which was slightly lower than that of O-bandai.
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Small [[earthquake]]s were reported on July 8, 9, and 10. Moderate earthquakes occurred on July 13 and 14. However, as earthquakes are commonplace all over Japan, these tremors were not viewed by the local populace with undue concern.

⚫
Small [[earthquake]]s were reported on 8, 9 and 10 July. Moderate earthquakes occurred on 13 and 14 July. However, as earthquakes are commonplace all over Japan, these tremors were not viewed by the local populace with great concern.


==Eruption==
==Eruption==
[[File:Bandaisan funka shinzu by Yamamoto Hōsui.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the eruption by [[Yamamoto Hōsui]], 1888]]
On July 15, three earthquakes occurred prior to the main eruption. The third one was the largest, at around [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 5. At 07:45, while the ground was still heaving, a [[Phreatic eruption]] began at the [[fumarole]]s approximately 100 meters upslope from the Kaminoyu hot spring resort on the flank of Ko-Bandai. Successive explosions occurred 15 to 20 times per minute. Each explosion was accompanied by thunder and a black eruption column ascending to a height of 1300 meters. The last explosion was observed to discharge a horizontal cloud, mainly toward the north.
On 15 July, three earthquakes occurred prior to the main eruption. The third one was the largest, at around [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 5. At 07:45, while the ground was still moving, a [[phreatic eruption]] began at the [[fumarole]]s approximately 100 meters upslope from the Kaminoyu hot spring resort on the flank of Ko-Bandai. Successive explosions occurred 15 to 20 times per minute. Each explosion was accompanied by thunder and a black eruption column ascending to a height of 1300 meters. The last explosion was observed to discharge a horizontal cloud, mainly toward the north.


Within 10 minutes after the explosions, a pyroclastic flow swept over the eastern part of the volcano. According to eyewitness, phreatic eruptions continued after the large collapse at least twice. At around 10:00, hot rain started falling, transforming the vast quantity of [[volcanic ash]] into [[lahar]] (volcanic [[mudslide]]s). At 16:00, ash fall ceased.
Within 10 minutes after the explosions, a pyroclastic flow swept over the eastern part of the volcano. According to eyewitness, at least two phreatic eruptions continued after the large collapse. At around 10:00, hot rain started falling, transforming the vast quantity of [[volcanic ash]] into [[lahar]] (volcanic [[mudslide]]s). At 16:00, ash fall ceased.


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
The eruption had transformed hundreds of square kilometers of forest and farmland around the mountain into a wasteland. Several villages were completely buried under landslides, which also considerably altered the [[topography]] of the region by diverting rivers and creating a number of new lakes. Approximately 1.5 cubic kilometers of the summit of the mountain had collapsed, and flowed northwards.
The eruption transformed hundreds of square kilometers of forest and farmland around the mountain into a wasteland. Several villages were completely buried under landslides, which also considerably altered the [[topography]] of the region by diverting rivers and creating a number of new lakes. Approximately 1.5 cubic kilometers of the summit of the mountain had collapsed, and flowed northwards.


Japanese [[Geology|geologists]] [[Seikei Sekiya]] and Y. Kikuchi from the [[Imperial University of Tokyo]] visited Bandai within days of the eruption. After spending several months studying the new crater and the devastated areas, they published a report in [[English language|English]] (“The eruption of Bandai-san” Tokyo Imperial University College of Sciences Journal 3 (1890), pp 91–171), which is considered a classic in [[volcanology]]. A photograph of the ruined mountain was the first [[Photojournalism|news photograph]] printed by the [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] in Japan.<ref name="Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104"/>
Japanese [[geologist]]s [[Seikei Sekiya]] and Y. Kikuchi from the [[Imperial University of Tokyo]] visited Bandai within days of the eruption. After spending several months studying the new crater and the devastated areas, they published a report in [[English language|English]] (“The eruption of Bandai-san” Tokyo Imperial University College of Sciences Journal 3 (1890), pp 91–171), which is considered a classic in [[volcanology]]. A photograph of the ruined mountain was the first [[Photojournalism|news photograph]] printed by the [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] in Japan.<ref name="Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104">Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104</ref>


The eruption was the first major disaster faced by the fledging [[Japanese Red Cross]], which moved in quickly to provide disaster relief.
The eruption was the first major disaster faced by the fledgling [[Japanese Red Cross]], which moved in quickly to provide disaster relief.


The lake district formed by this cataclysm is now known as Urabandai or [[Bandai-kōgen]], and has become a popular tourist destination, especially the multi-hued lakes of [[Goshiki-numa]].
The lake district formed by this cataclysm is now known as Urabandai or [[Bandai-kōgen]], and has become a popular tourist destination, especially the multi-hued lakes of [[Goshiki-numa]].

==See also==
* [[1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami]]
* [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]]


==References==
==References==


<references/>
===Books===
*{{cite book
| last = Clancey
| first = Gregory
⚫
| year = 2006
| title = Earthquake Nation: The Cultural Politics of Japanese Seismicity, 1868-1930
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = University of California Press
| isbn = 0-520-24607-1
⚫
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Roger
| year = 2000
| title = Encyclopedia of Geology
| publisher = Routledge
⚫
| location =
| isbn = 1-57958-188-9
}}


==External links==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book| last=Clancey| first=Gregory| year=2006| title=Earthquake Nation: The Cultural Politics of Japanese Seismicity, 1868–1930| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=0-520-24607-1}}
⚫
*[http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/browse/kozak?eq=5295 Photographs of the eruption and aftermath at University of Berkeley] (membership required to view full images)
* {{cite book| last=Smith| first=Roger| year=2000| title=Encyclopedia of Geology| publisher=Routledge| isbn=1-57958-188-9}}
*[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Japan/bandai_debris_aval_1888.html United States Geological Survey report]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=940DE3DD1F38E033A25754C0A96F9C94699FD7CF&oref=slogin New York Times September 7, 1888]
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{{coord|37.612787|140.076194|format=dms|display=inline|type:event_region:JP_scale:1000000}} (caldera)


==Notes==
==External links==
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* [https://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/browse/kozak?eq=5295 Jan Kozak Collection: Historical Earthquakes (photographs of the eruption and aftermath)], Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, University of California, Berkeley (membership required to view full images)
{{Reflist}}
* [https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283160 Most Recent Bulletin Report: September 2012 (BGVN 37:09)], United States Geological Survey report on ''volcano.si.edu''.
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/09/07/106192488.pdf The Japanese Eruption], New York Times, September 7, 1888
* [https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1889-01-17_39_1003/page/279/mode/1up The Earthquake at Ban-Dai-San, Japan], Nature, January 17, 1889: Vol. 39, pp. 279–280 (also available [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61876#page/319/mode/1up here])


{{DEFAULTSORT:1888 Eruption Of Mount Bandai}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandai, 1888 eruption}}
[[Category:1888 natural disasters|Bandai]]
[[Category:19th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:1888 in Japan|Bandai]]
[[Category:Volcanism of Japan]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Japan|Bandai]]
[[Category:1888 in Japan]]
[[Category:Empire of Japan|Bandai]]
[[Category:1888 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Volcanic eruptions in Japan]]
[[Category:Meiji period]]
[[Category:History of Fukushima Prefecture]]
[[Category:History of Fukushima Prefecture]]
[[Category:19th-century volcanic events|Bandai]]
[[Category:July 1888 events]]
[[Category:VEI-4 eruptions]]

[[Category:Phreatic eruptions]]
[[fr:Éruption du mont Bandai en 1888]]
[[Category:Landslides in Japan]]
[[Category:1888 disasters in Japan]]
[[Category:Lahars]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 21 August 2024

1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
Ukiyo-e print by Tankei depicting the 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
VolcanoMount Bandai
Start dateJuly 15, 1888 (1888-07-15)
End dateJuly 15, 1888 (1888-07-15)
TypeExplosive eruption
LocationIwashiro Province (now part of Fukushima Prefecture), Empire of Japan
37°36′46″N 140°04′34″E / 37.612787°N 140.076194°E / 37.612787; 140.076194
VEI4

The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Iwashiro Province (now part of Fukushima Prefecture) north of Tokyo.[1] At least 477 people were killed, and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless.[2]

Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano. Its most recent previous eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a conical profile, and had been compared in literature with Mount Fuji. The Bandai volcano consisted of four peaks: O-bandai (1,819 meters), Kushigamine (1,636 meters), Akahaniyama (1,427 meters), and Ko-bandai which was slightly lower than that of O-bandai.

Small earthquakes were reported on 8, 9 and 10 July. Moderate earthquakes occurred on 13 and 14 July. However, as earthquakes are commonplace all over Japan, these tremors were not viewed by the local populace with great concern.

Eruption

[edit]
Drawing of the eruption by Yamamoto Hōsui, 1888

On 15 July, three earthquakes occurred prior to the main eruption. The third one was the largest, at around magnitude 5. At 07:45, while the ground was still moving, a phreatic eruption began at the fumaroles approximately 100 meters upslope from the Kaminoyu hot spring resort on the flank of Ko-Bandai. Successive explosions occurred 15 to 20 times per minute. Each explosion was accompanied by thunder and a black eruption column ascending to a height of 1300 meters. The last explosion was observed to discharge a horizontal cloud, mainly toward the north.

Within 10 minutes after the explosions, a pyroclastic flow swept over the eastern part of the volcano. According to eyewitness, at least two phreatic eruptions continued after the large collapse. At around 10:00, hot rain started falling, transforming the vast quantity of volcanic ash into lahar (volcanic mudslides). At 16:00, ash fall ceased.

Aftermath

[edit]

The eruption transformed hundreds of square kilometers of forest and farmland around the mountain into a wasteland. Several villages were completely buried under landslides, which also considerably altered the topography of the region by diverting rivers and creating a number of new lakes. Approximately 1.5 cubic kilometers of the summit of the mountain had collapsed, and flowed northwards.

Japanese geologists Seikei Sekiya and Y. Kikuchi from the Imperial University of Tokyo visited Bandai within days of the eruption. After spending several months studying the new crater and the devastated areas, they published a report in English (“The eruption of Bandai-san” Tokyo Imperial University College of Sciences Journal 3 (1890), pp 91–171), which is considered a classic in volcanology. A photograph of the ruined mountain was the first news photograph printed by the Yomiuri Shimbun in Japan.[3]

The eruption was the first major disaster faced by the fledgling Japanese Red Cross, which moved in quickly to provide disaster relief.

The lake district formed by this cataclysm is now known as Urabandai or Bandai-kōgen, and has become a popular tourist destination, especially the multi-hued lakes of Goshiki-numa.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Česky. "Bandai Volcano, Honshu (Japan) - facts & information / VolcanoDiscovery". Volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
  2. ^ Smith, Encyclopedia of Geology, pp 461
  3. ^ Clancey, Earthquake Nation, pp 104

Further reading

[edit]
  • Clancey, Gregory (2006). Earthquake Nation: The Cultural Politics of Japanese Seismicity, 1868–1930. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24607-1.
  • Smith, Roger (2000). Encyclopedia of Geology. Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-188-9.
[edit]
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