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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Culture of Slovenia}}
{{Culture of Slovenia}}
In the minds of many foreigners, Slovenian [[folk music]] means a [[Slovenian-style polka|form of polka]] that is still popular today, especially among expatriates and their descendants. However, there are many styles of Slovenian folk music beyond polka and [[waltz]]. Kolo, lender, štajeriš, mafrine and šaltin are a few of the traditional music styles and dances.
In the minds of many foreigners, Slovenian [[folk music]] means a [[Slovenian-style polka|form of polka]] that is still popular today, especially among expatriates and their descendants. However, there are many styles of Slovenian folk music beyond polka and [[waltz]]. {{lang|sl|Kolo}}, {{lang|sl|lender}}, {{lang|sl|štajeriš}}, {{lang|sl|mafrine}} and {{lang|sl|šaltin}} are a few of the traditional music styles and dances.


==Prehistory==
==Prehistory==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
[[File:Slovenian Philharmonic (20913603423).jpg|thumb|Philharmonic Hall, the main building of the Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, at [[Congress Square]] in Ljubljana.]]
The [[Divje Babe flute]], an artifact found in a cave near [[Cerkno]], Slovenia, is possibly the oldest known musical instrument ever. Its age is estimated at approximately 55,000 years.
The [[Divje Babe flute]], a perforated bone found in a cave at the [[Divje Babe]] site [[Cerkno]], Slovenia. It is controversially believed to be a flute, which makes it possibly the oldest known musical instrument ever. Its age is estimated at approximately 55,000 years.


The history of modern Slovenian music can be traced back to the 5th century, when [[Christianity]] spread in [[Carantania]]. Liturgical [[hymn]]s (''kyrie Eleison'') were introduced, and became the first [[plainchant]] to make a connection to the peoples' language.
The history of modern Slovenian music can be traced back to the 5th century, when Christianity spread in [[Carantania]]. Liturgical [[hymn]]s (''kyrie Eleison'') were introduced, and became the first [[plainchant]] to make a connection to the peoples' language.


== Classical music ==
== Classical music ==


===Medieval===
===Medieval===
During the medieval era, secular music was as popular as church music, including wandering [[minnesinger]]s. [[Jurij Slatkonja]], a [[Carniola]]n conductor and composer from [[Novo Mesto]], became the director of the [[Vienna Boys' Choir]] in 1498. By the time of [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 16th century, music was used to proselytize in Carniola. The first Slovenian hymnal, ''[[Eni Psalmi]]'', was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of [[Renaissance music]]ians like [[Jacobus Gallus]].<ref>Oto Luthar ''The land between a history of Slovenia''</ref> Italy was an important musical influence of the period, especially in sacred music, such as that of [[Antonio Tarsia (composer)]] of [[Koper]], in [[oratorio]] and [[opera]]. A ''Commedia'' was performed in Ljubljana in 1660, and an opera in 1700 in the family palace of the Auerspergs.
During the medieval era, secular music was as popular as church music, including wandering [[minnesinger]]s.
[[George Slatkonia]], a [[Carniola]]n conductor and composer from [[Novo Mesto]], became the director of the [[Vienna Boys' Choir]] in 1498.
=== Renaissance ===
By the time of [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 16th century, music was used to proselytize in Carniola. The first Slovenian hymnal, ''[[Eni Psalmi]]'', was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of [[Renaissance music]]ians like [[Jacobus Gallus]].<ref>Oto Luthar ''The land between a history of Slovenia''</ref> Italy was an important musical influence of the period, especially in sacred music, such as that of [[Antonio Tarsia (composer)]] of [[Koper]], in [[oratorio]] and opera. A ''Commedia'' was performed in Ljubljana in 1660, and an opera in 1700 in the family palace of the [[Principality of Auersperg|Auersperg family]].


===Enlightenment===
===Enlightenment===
In 1701, [[Johann Berthold von Höffer]] (1667–1718), a nobleman and amateur composer from Ljubljana, founded the [[Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensis]] based on Italian models.<ref>George J. Buelow ''A history of baroque music'' 2004 p701</ref> and the Ljubljana branch of the Roman [[Academy of Arcadia]] was founded a few years later in 1709. Apart from Höffer, the Cathedral provost Michael Omerza was also noted for his oratorios. The first major Slovenian opera was performed in 1732, ''Il Tamerlano'' by ''[[abbate]]'' Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi, maestro di Capella, in the palace of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina.<ref>Vlado Kotnik ''Opera, power and ideology: anthropological study of a national art'' 2010 In 1732, a performance of the tragedia per musica 'II Tamerlano' written by Maestro di Capella Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, a bandmaster of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina,</ref><ref>Essays presented to Egon Wellesz Jack Allan Westrup - 1966 IL TAMERLANO DE GIUSEPPE CLEMENTE BONOMI Dragotin Cvetko (Ljubljana) Parmi les compositeurs du passé musical européen don't les biographies n'ont pas encore été l'objet de Recherches approfondies ou qui même n'ont pas encore été étudiés ...</ref><ref>Italian Opera in Central Europe: Volume 1 - Page 64 Melania Bucciarelli, Norbert Dubowy, Reinhard Strohm - 2006 In the libretto for the Ljubljana performance this introduction is followed, on page six, by the remark: La Musica è Virtuosa Fatica del sempre Celebre Signor Abbate D. Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi actually Maestro di Cappella di Sua ...</ref>
In 1701, [[Johann Berthold von Höffer]] (1667–1718), a nobleman and amateur composer from Ljubljana, founded the [[Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensis]] based on Italian models.<ref>George J. Buelow ''A history of baroque music'' 2004 p701</ref> and the Ljubljana branch of the Roman [[Academy of Arcadia]] was founded a few years later in 1709. Apart from Höffer, the Cathedral provost Michael Omerza was also noted for his oratorios. The first major Slovenian opera was performed in 1732, ''Il Tamerlano'' by ''[[abbate]]'' Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi, maestro di Capella, in the palace of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina.<ref>Vlado Kotnik ''Opera, power and ideology: anthropological study of a national art'' 2010 In 1732, a performance of the tragedia per musica 'II Tamerlano' written by Maestro di Capella Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, a bandmaster of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina,</ref><ref>Essays presented to Egon Wellesz Jack Allan Westrup – 1966 IL TAMERLANO DE GIUSEPPE CLEMENTE BONOMI Dragotin Cvetko (Ljubljana) Parmi les compositeurs du passé musical européen don't les biographies n'ont pas encore été l'objet de Recherches approfondies ou qui même n'ont pas encore été étudiés ...</ref><ref>Italian Opera in Central Europe: Volume 1 – Page 64 Melania Bucciarelli, Norbert Dubowy, Reinhard Strohm – 2006 In the libretto for the Ljubljana performance this introduction is followed, on page six, by the remark: La Musica è Virtuosa Fatica del sempre Celebre Signor Abbate D. Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi actually Maestro di Cappella di Sua ...</ref>
<ref>The musical times: Volume 108 JSTOR (Organization) - 1967 Dragon Cvetko writes about a hitherto unknown composer whose name occurs in none of the big music dictionaries: Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi. Apparently Bonomi was maestro di cappella to a nobleman in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 1732, ...</ref><ref>Report: Volume 10 International Musicological Society. Congress - 1970 An interesting personality of the Italian late Baroque is Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, "maestro di capella" of the vicedom of Carniola. In the libretto of his opera "II Tamerlano", staged in the palace of the vicedom in Ljubljana, in 1732, ...</ref><ref>Alberto Colzani -Il teatro musicale italiano nel Sacro Romano Impero nei secoli , 1999 -"Its music was composed by Giuseppe Clementi de Bonomi, then employed as music director of the private chapel of the Carniolan vice-dominus, Count Anton Siegfried Thum Valsassina, in Ljubljana. After 1732 operatic performances in ..."</ref>
<ref>The musical times: Volume 108 JSTOR (Organization) – 1967 Dragon Cvetko writes about a hitherto unknown composer whose name occurs in none of the big music dictionaries: Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi. Apparently Bonomi was maestro di cappella to a nobleman in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 1732, ...</ref><ref>Report: Volume 10 International Musicological Society. Congress – 1970 An interesting personality of the Italian late Baroque is Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, "maestro di capella" of the vicedom of Carniola. In the libretto of his opera "II Tamerlano", staged in the palace of the vicedom in Ljubljana, in 1732, ...</ref><ref>Alberto Colzani -Il teatro musicale italiano nel Sacro Romano Impero nei secoli, 1999 -"Its music was composed by Giuseppe Clementi de Bonomi, then employed as music director of the private chapel of the Carniolan vice-dominus, Count Anton Siegfried Thum Valsassina, in Ljubljana. After 1732 operatic performances in ..."</ref>


Beginning in 1768, German theatre companies arrived and became very popular. The 1794 formation of the [[Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra|Philharmonische Gesellschaft]] was important because it was one of the first such orchestras in Central Europe.
Beginning in 1768, German theatre companies arrived and became very popular. The 1794 formation of the [[Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra|Philharmonische Gesellschaft]] was important because it was one of the first such orchestras in Central Europe.
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===Contemporary===
===Contemporary===
Contemporary classic music composers include [[Uros Rojko|Uroš Rojko]], [[Tomaz Svete|Tomaž Svete]], [[Brina Jez-Brezavscek|Brina Jež-Brezavšček]] and [[Aldo Kumar]]. Kumar's ''Sonata z igro 12'' (''A sonata with a play 12''), a set of variations on a rising [[chromatic scale]], is particularly notable.
Contemporary classic music composers include [[Uros Rojko|Uroš Rojko]], [[Tomaz Svete|Tomaž Svete]], [[Brina Jez-Brezavscek|Brina Jež-Brezavšček]] and [[Aldo Kumar]].


==Opera==
==Opera==
{{expand section|date=October 2012}}
{{expand section|date=October 2012}}
The [[Ljubljana Opera House]] serves as the national opera and ballet house. Mezzo-soprano [[Marjana Lipovšek]] was born in Ljubljana.
The Slovenian National Theatres in Maribor and Ljubljana serve as the national opera and ballet houses. Mezzo-soprano [[Marjana Lipovšek]] was born in Ljubljana.


==Film music==
==Film music==
{{expand section|date=October 2012}}
{{expand section|date=October 2012}}
The composer of [[film score]]s for 170 films was [[Bojan Adamič]] (1912 – 1995).<ref name="DSS2005">{{cite book |url=http://www.dss.si/skladateljske-sledi.pdf |title=Skladateljske sledi po letu 1900 |trans-title=Composers' Traces After 1900 |language=Slovenian, English |publisher=Society of Slovene Composers |edition=2nd |year=2005 |first=Črt |last=Sojar Voglar |isbn=961-91080-2-7 |pages=6–7 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520145325/http://www.dss.si/skladateljske-sledi.pdf |archivedate=2006-05-20 }}</ref>
The composer of [[film score]]s for 170 films was [[Bojan Adamič]] (1912–1995).<ref name="DSS2005">{{cite book |url=http://www.dss.si/skladateljske-sledi.pdf |title=Skladateljske sledi po letu 1900 |trans-title=Composers' Traces After 1900 |language=sl, en |publisher=Society of Slovene Composers |edition=2nd |year=2005 |first=Črt |last=Sojar Voglar |isbn=961-91080-2-7 |pages=6–7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520145325/http://www.dss.si/skladateljske-sledi.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2006 }}</ref>


== Folk music ==
== Folk music ==


===Vocal===
===Vocal===
Rural [[Harmony|harmony singing]] is a deep rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in minor.
Rural [[harmony]] singing is a deep rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in minor.


===Instrumental===
===Instrumental===
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*[[Clay pot bass]]
*[[Clay pot bass]]
*[[Okarina]]
*[[Okarina]]
*[[Akelêmb]]
*[[Klopotec]]
*[[Klopotec]]
*[[Panpipes]]
*[[Panpipes]]
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One of the best Slovenian diatonic accordionists is [[Nejc Pačnik]] who won the accordion world-championship twice, in 2009 and 2015.
One of the best Slovenian diatonic accordionists is [[Nejc Pačnik]] who won the accordion world-championship twice, in 2009 and 2015.


===Slovenian country music===
===<span id="Slovenian pop-folk music"></span><span id="Slovenian country music"></span>Slovenian pop-folk music===
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From 1952 on, the [[Slavko Avsenik]]'s band began to appear in broadcasts, movies, and concerts all over the [[West Germany]], inventing the original "[[Gorenjska|Oberkrainer]]" sound that has become the primary vehicle of ethnic musical expression not only in Slovenia, but also in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], and in the [[Benelux]], spawning hundreds of [[Alps|Alpine]] orchestras in the process. The band produced nearly 1000 original compositions, an integral part of the [[Slovenian-style polka]] legacy. Avsenik's most popular ''instrumental'' composition is the polka that is titled "Na Golici" (in Slovene), or "Trompetenecho" (in German), and "Trumpet Echoes" (in English). [[Oberkrainer]] music, which the [[Avsenik Brothers Ensemble|Avsenik Ensemble]] popularized, is always a strong candidate for country (folk) music awards in Slovenia and Austria. Slavko and his brother, [[Vilko Avsenik|Vilko]], are usually credited as the pioneers of Slovenian folk music, having solidified its style in the 1950s.
From 1952 on, the [[Slavko Avsenik]]'s band began to appear in broadcasts, movies, and concerts all over the [[West Germany]], inventing the original "[[Gorenjska|Oberkrainer]]" sound that has become the primary vehicle of ethnic musical expression not only in Slovenia, but also in Germany, [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], and in the [[Benelux]], spawning hundreds of [[Alps|Alpine]] orchestras in the process. The band produced nearly 1000 original compositions, an integral part of the [[Slovenian-style polka]] legacy. Avsenik's most popular ''instrumental'' composition is the polka that is titled "Na Golici" (in Slovene), or "Trompetenecho" (in German), and "Trumpet Echoes" (in English). [[Oberkrainer]] music, which the [[Avsenik Brothers Ensemble|Avsenik Ensemble]] popularized, is always a strong candidate for [[Folk-pop|pop-folk]] music awards in Slovenia and Austria. Slavko and his brother, [[Vilko Avsenik|Vilko]], are usually credited as the pioneers of Slovenian folk music, having solidified its style in the 1950s.


Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, one of the most famous being [[Lojze Slak]].
Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, one of the most famous being [[Lojze Slak]].


==Slovenian song festival==
==Slovenian song festival==
A similarly high standing in Slovene culture, like the [[Sanremo Music Festival]] has had in Italian culture, was attributed to the coastal Melodies of Sea and Sun (In Slovene: ''Melodije morja in sonca'') and [[Slovenian song festival]] (In Slovene: ''Slovenska popevka''), dedicated to a specific genre of popular Slovene music.<ref>[http://www.delo.si/kultura/glasba/slovenska-popevka-velik-poudarek-na-pevcih-in-skladateljih-pesniki-bolj-v-oklepaju.html Slovenska popevka: velik poudarek na pevcih in skladateljih, pesniki bolj v oklepaju. Enkrat še zapoj: 50 let Slovenske popevke Vladimirja Frantarja pri celjski Mohorjevi družbi.], [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], 5. September 2012.</ref>
A similarly high standing in Slovene culture, like the [[Sanremo Music Festival]] has had in Italian culture, was attributed to the coastal Melodies of Sea and Sun (In Slovene: {{lang|sl|Melodije morja in sonca}}) and [[Slovenian song festival]] (In Slovene: {{lang|sl|Slovenska popevka}}), dedicated to a specific genre of popular Slovene music.<ref>[http://www.delo.si/kultura/glasba/slovenska-popevka-velik-poudarek-na-pevcih-in-skladateljih-pesniki-bolj-v-oklepaju.html Slovenska popevka: velik poudarek na pevcih in skladateljih, pesniki bolj v oklepaju. Enkrat še zapoj: 50 let Slovenske popevke Vladimirja Frantarja pri celjski Mohorjevi družbi.], [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], 5. September 2012.</ref>


== Popular music ==
== Popular music ==
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====Pop, rock, metal, and indie music====
====Pop, rock, metal, and indie music====
With more than 15 million views for the official [[a cappella]] "[[Africa (Toto song)|Africa]]" performance video since its publishing on [[YouTube]] in May 2009 until September 2013,<ref name="youtube_africa">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjbpwlqp5Qw Perpetuum Jazzile: Africa]. YouTube. Accessed on 9 September 2013.</ref> that earned them kudos from the song's co-writer, [[David Paich]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perpetuumjazzile.si/en/|title=Perpetuum Jazzile Official Web Site |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=17 July 2009}}</ref> [[Perpetuum Jazzile]] is the group from Slovenia that is internationally most listened online. Other popular bands, most largely unknown outside the country, include [[Tabu (band)|Tabu]], ManuElla, [[Društvo Mrtvih Pesnikov]] ([[pop-rock]]), [[Siddharta (band)|Siddharta]], [[Rok 'n' Band]], [[Pop Design]], [[:sl:Fredy_Miler|Fredi Miler]], [[Terrafolk]], [[Leaf Fat]] ([[screamo]]), Amaya, [[Šank Rock]], [[Big Foot Mama]], [[Yogurt(band)|Yogurt]], [[Dan D]], [[Zablujena generacija]], [[Katalena]], [[Devil Doll (band)|Devil Doll]] ([[experimental rock]]), [[Negligence (band)]], [[Chateau (band)|Chateau]], [[Čuki]], [[Zaklonišče Prepeva]], [[Psycho-Path]], [[Dekadent]] ([[black metal]]), and [[Buldožer]] ([[progressive rock]]). The [[deathcore]] band Within Destruction have released two-full-length albums and have partaken in several European tours; the band is based in [[Jesenice, Jesenice|Jesenice]].<ref>http://www.arising-empire.com/walking-dead-on-broadway-to-support-within-destruction-in-march/?lang=en</ref>
Other popular bands, most largely unknown outside the country, include [[Tabu (band)|Tabu]], ManuElla, [[Društvo Mrtvih Pesnikov]] ([[pop-rock]]), [[Siddharta (band)|Siddharta]], [[Rok 'n' Band]], [[Pop Design]], [[:sl:Fredy Miler|Fredi Miler]], [[Terrafolk]], [[Leaf Fat]] ([[screamo]]), [[Maja Keuc|Amaya]], [[Šank Rock]], [[Big Foot Mama]], [[Yogurt(band)|Yogurt]], [[Dan D]], [[Zablujena generacija]], [[Katalena]], [[Devil Doll (band)|Devil Doll]] ([[experimental rock]]), [[Negligence (band)]], [[Chateau (band)|Chateau]], [[Čuki]], [[Zaklonišče Prepeva]], [[Psycho-Path]], [[Dekadent]] ([[black metal]]), [[Buldožer]] ([[progressive rock]]) and [[Joker Out]]. The [[deathcore]] band Within Destruction have released two-full-length albums and have partaken in several European tours; the band is based in [[Jesenice, Jesenice|Jesenice]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arising-empire.com/walking-dead-on-broadway-to-support-within-destruction-in-march/?lang=en |title=WALKING DEAD ON BROADWAY - to support WITHIN DESTRUCTION in March! - Arising Empire |website=www.arising-empire.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190414/http://www.arising-empire.com/walking-dead-on-broadway-to-support-within-destruction-in-march/?lang=en |archive-date=2018-02-02}} </ref>


====Singer-songwriters====
====Singer-songwriters====
Slovenian post-WWII [[singer-songwriter]]s include [[Frane Milčinski]] (1914-1988), [[Tomaž Pengov]] whose 1973 album ''Odpotovanja'' is considered to be the first [[singer-songwriter]] album in [[former Yugoslavia]],<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200709/clanek/kul--glasba-miha_stamcar_deja_crnovic Pripotovanje hrepenenca &mdash; Tomaž Pengov, kantavtor], [[Mladina]], 3 March 2007</ref> [[Tomaž Domicelj]], [[Marko Brecelj]], [[Andrej Šifrer]], [[Eva Sršen]], [[Neca Falk]], and [[Jani Kovačič]]. After 1990, [[Adi Smolar]], [[Iztok Mlakar]], [[Vita Mavrič]], [[Vlado Kreslin]], [[Zoran Predin]], [[Peter Lovšin]], and [[Magnifico (musician)|Magnifico]] have been popular in Slovenia, as well.
Slovenian post-WWII singer-songwriters include [[Frane Milčinski]] (1914–1988), [[Tomaž Pengov]] whose 1973 album ''Odpotovanja'' is considered to be the first singer-songwriter album in [[former Yugoslavia]],<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/tednik/200709/clanek/kul--glasba-miha_stamcar_deja_crnovic Pripotovanje hrepenenca — Tomaž Pengov, kantavtor], [[Mladina]], 3 March 2007</ref> [[Tomaž Domicelj]], [[Marko Brecelj]], [[Andrej Šifrer]], [[Eva Sršen]], [[Neca Falk]], and [[Jani Kovačič]]. After 1990, [[Adi Smolar]], [[Iztok Mlakar]], [[Vita Mavrič]], [[Vlado Kreslin]], [[Zoran Predin]], [[Peter Lovšin]], and [[Magnifico (musician)|Magnifico]] have been popular in Slovenia, as well.


====World music====
====World music====
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====Punk rock====
====Punk rock====
[[Slovenia]] was the center for [[punk rock]] in the [[Titoism|Titoist]] Yugoslavia. The most famous representatives of this genre were [[Pankrti]], [[Niet]], [[Lublanski Psi]], [[Čao Pičke]], [[Via Ofenziva]], [[Tožibabe]], and [[Otroci Socializma]].
[[Slovenia]] was the center for [[punk rock]] in the [[Titoism|Titoist]] Yugoslavia. The most famous representatives of this genre were [[Pankrti]], [[Niet]], [[Lublanski Psi]], Kuzle, [[Čao Pičke]], [[Via Ofenziva]], [[Tožibabe]], and [[Otroci Socializma]].


====Techno and tech-house====
====Techno and tech-house====
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====Neue Slowenische Kunst====
====Neue Slowenische Kunst====
{{See also|Neue Slowenische Kunst}}
{{See also|Neue Slowenische Kunst}}
Neue Slowenische Kunst (a [[German language|German]] phrase meaning "New Slovenian Art"), aka '''NSK''', is a controversial [[politics|political]] [[art collective]] that announced itself in [[Slovenia]] in [[1984 in music|1984]], when Slovenia was part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. NSK's name, being German, is compatible with a theme in NSK works: the complicated relationship [[Slovenes]] have had with [[Germans]]. The name of NSK's music wing, Laibach, is also the German name of the Slovene capital [[Ljubljana]], creating [[controversy]] through evoking memories of the Nazi occupation of Slovenia during the [[Second World War]].<ref>Monroe, Alexei. Interrogation Machine. MIT Press, 2005. p 3.</ref>
Neue Slowenische Kunst (a German phrase meaning "New Slovenian Art"), aka '''NSK''', is a controversial political [[art collective]] that announced itself in [[Slovenia]] in 1984, when Slovenia was part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. NSK's name, being German, is compatible with a theme in NSK works: the complicated relationship [[Slovenes]] have had with [[Germans]]. The name of NSK's music wing, Laibach, is also the German name of the Slovene capital [[Ljubljana]], creating [[controversy]] through evoking memories of the Nazi occupation of Slovenia during the [[Second World War]].<ref>Monroe, Alexei. Interrogation Machine. MIT Press, 2005. p 3.</ref>


=====Composition=====
=====Composition=====
[[Image:Laibach wracku raciborz 07 2010 009.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Laibach performing at wRacku Festiwal 2010]]
[[Image:Laibach wracku raciborz 07 2010 009.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Laibach performing at wRacku Festiwal 2010]]
NSK's best-known member is the musical group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]]. Other NSK member groups include [[IRWIN]] (visual art), [[Noordung (NSK)|Noordung]] (theater; originally named [[Scipion Nasice Sisters Theatre]], also known as Red Pilot), [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106225109/http://www.nskstate.com/nk/ New Collective Studio] (graphics; also known as New Collectivism), Retrovision (film and video), and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108005650/http://www.nskstate.com/philosophy/ Department of Pure and Applied Philosophy] (theory).<ref name="state of art">Anonymous. "State of Art: the new Slovene Avant Garde" (2004). [[Northwest Film Forum]] and Scala House, program for exhibit November 18&ndash;November 24, 2004 at Northwest Film Forum, [[Seattle]].</ref><ref name="hackett">Regina Hackett. "[http://www.seattlepi.com/visualart/200214_visual19.html Slovenian art collective is adept at working politics and art]". ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', November 19, 2004.</ref><ref>
NSK's best-known member is the musical group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]]. Other NSK member groups include [[IRWIN]] (visual art), [[Noordung (NSK)|Noordung]] (theater; originally named [[Scipion Nasice Sisters Theatre]], also known as Red Pilot), New Collective Studio (graphics; also known as New Collectivism), Retrovision (film and video), and the Department of Pure and Applied Philosophy (theory).<ref name="state of art">Anonymous. "State of Art: the new Slovene Avant Garde" (2004). [[Northwest Film Forum]] and Scala House, program for exhibit 18 – 24 November 2004 at Northwest Film Forum, [[Seattle]].</ref><ref name="hackett">Regina Hackett. "[http://www.seattlepi.com/visualart/200214_visual19.html Slovenian art collective is adept at working politics and art]". ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', 19 November 2004.</ref><ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url = http://www.laibach.nsk.si/l7.htm
|url = http://www.laibach.nsk.si/l7.htm
|title = Laibach
|title = Laibach
|publisher = Laibach.nsk.si
|publisher = Laibach.nsk.si
|accessdate = 2008-06-11
|access-date = 11 June 2008
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612084827/http://www.laibach.nsk.si/l7.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612084827/http://www.laibach.nsk.si/l7.htm
|archive-date = 12 June 2008
|archivedate = 2008-06-12
}}
}}
</ref> The founding groups of the NSK were Laibach, IRWIN, and Scipion Našice Sisters Theater.
</ref> The founding groups of the NSK were Laibach, IRWIN, and Scipion Našice Sisters Theater.


=====Characteristics=====
=====Characteristics=====
NSK art often draws on symbols drawn from [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] or extreme [[nationalism|nationalist]] movements, often reappropriating totalitarian [[kitsch]] in a visual style reminiscent of [[Dada]]. NSK artists often [[wiktionary:Juxtaposition|juxtapose]] symbols from different (and often incompatible) political [[ideology|ideologies]]. For example, a 1987 NSK-designed [[poster]] caused a scandal by winning a competition for the Yugoslavian [[Youth Day#Yugoslavia|Youth Day]] Celebration. The poster [[Appropriation (art)|appropriated]] a [[painting]] by [[Nazism|Nazi]] artist [[Richard Klein (artist)|Richard Klein]], replacing the [[flag of Nazi Germany]] with the [[Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav flag]] and the [[German eagle]] with a [[dove]].<ref name="hackett"/>
NSK art often draws on symbols drawn from [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] or extreme [[nationalism|nationalist]] movements, often reappropriating totalitarian [[kitsch]] in a visual style reminiscent of [[Dada]]. NSK artists often [[wiktionary:Juxtaposition|juxtapose]] symbols from different (and often incompatible) political [[ideology|ideologies]]. For example, a 1987 NSK-designed [[poster]] caused a scandal by winning a competition for the Yugoslavian [[Youth Day#Yugoslavia|Youth Day]] Celebration. The poster [[Appropriation (art)|appropriated]] a painting by [[Nazism|Nazi]] artist [[Richard Klein (artist)|Richard Klein]], replacing the [[flag of Nazi Germany]] with the [[Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav flag]] and the [[German eagle]] with a [[dove]].<ref name="hackett"/>


Both IRWIN and Laibach are emphatic about their work being collective rather than individual. Laibach's original songs and arrangements are always credited to the group collectively; the individual artists are not named on their [[album cover]]s; at one point, there were even two separate Laibach groups touring at the same time, both with members of the original group. Similarly, the IRWIN artists never sign their work individually; instead, they are "signed" with a [[Rubber stamp|stamp]] or [[wikt:certificate|certificate]] indicating approval as a work from the IRWIN collective.
Both IRWIN and Laibach are emphatic about their work being collective rather than individual. Laibach's original songs and arrangements are always credited to the group collectively; the individual artists are not named on their [[album cover]]s; at one point, there were even two separate Laibach groups touring at the same time, both with members of the original group. Similarly, the IRWIN artists never sign their work individually; instead, they are "signed" with a [[Rubber stamp|stamp]] or [[wikt:certificate|certificate]] indicating approval as a work from the IRWIN collective.


The NSK were the subject of a 1996 [[documentary film]] written and directed by [[Michael Benson (filmmaker)|Michael Benson]], entitled ''Prerokbe Ognja'' in [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], or ''[[Predictions of Fire]]'' in English.<ref>
The NSK were the subject of a 1996 documentary film written and directed by [[Michael Benson (filmmaker)|Michael Benson]], entitled ''Prerokbe Ognja'' in [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], or ''[[Predictions of Fire]]'' in English.<ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0DA1F3CF931A35753C1A960958260
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0DA1F3CF931A35753C1A960958260
|title=Facing the Menace of Totalitarianism
|title=Facing the Menace of Totalitarianism
|journal=[[The New York Times]]
|journal=[[The New York Times]]
|access-date=11 June 2008
|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]
|accessdate=2008-06-11
|last=Holden
|last=Holden
|first=Steven
|first=Steven
|date=2 October 1996
}}
}}
</ref> Among those interviewed in the film is Slovenian [[intellectual]] [[Slavoj Žižek]].
</ref> Among those interviewed in the film is Slovenian intellectual [[Slavoj Žižek]].


=====NSK State=====
=====NSK State=====
Line 143: Line 153:
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/state.php
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/state.php
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ The Slovenia of Athens ]
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ The Slovenia of Athens ]
|publisher=Nskstate.com
|publisher=Nskstate.com
|access-date=11 June 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-11
⚫
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080309181738/http://www.nskstate.com/state/state.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 9 March 2008}}
|last=
⚫
</ref> a claim similar to that of [[micronation]]s. They issue passports,<ref>
|first=
⚫
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080309181738/http://www.nskstate.com/state/state.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-03-09}}
⚫
</ref> a claim similar to that of [[micronation]]s. They issue [[passport]]s,<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/getapassport.php
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/getapassport.php
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ HOW TO GET A PASSPORT ]
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ HOW TO GET A PASSPORT ]
|publisher=Nnskstate.com
|publisher=Nnskstate.com
|access-date=11 June 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-11
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406034031/http://www.nskstate.com/state/getapassport.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-06}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406034031/http://www.nskstate.com/state/getapassport.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 6 April 2008}}
</ref> have presented shows of their work in the guise of an [[embassy]] or even as a territory of their supposed state, and maintain [[Consulate general|consulates]] in several cities including [[Umag]], [[Croatia]].<ref>
</ref> have presented shows of their work in the guise of an embassy or even as a territory of their supposed state, and maintain [[Consulate general|consulates]] in several cities including [[Umag]], Croatia.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/events/embassies.php
|url=http://www.nskstate.com/state/events/embassies.php
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ]
|title=[ NSKSTATE.COM ]
|publisher=Nskstate.com
|publisher=Nskstate.com
|access-date=11 June 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-11
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406105154/http://www.nskstate.com/state/events/embassies.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-06}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406105154/http://www.nskstate.com/state/events/embassies.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 6 April 2008}}
</ref> NSK have also issued postage stamps. Laibach, in 2006, recorded (some may say 'remixed') the NSK State National Anthem on the LP "Volk." The "anthem" adopts its melody from another Laibach song, "The Great Seal." Laibach's version of the NSK anthem includes a computer voice reciting an excerpt from [[Winston Churchill]]'s famous "''[[We shall fight them on the beaches]]/We shall never surrender''" speech. The computer voice is clearly recognisable as the voice synthesiser [[Macintalk]], built into [[classic Mac OS]], and uses the preset voice Ralph.
</ref> NSK have also issued postage stamps. Laibach, in 2006, recorded (some may say 'remixed') the NSK State National Anthem on the LP "Volk." The "anthem" adopts its melody from another Laibach song, "The Great Seal." Laibach's version of the NSK anthem includes a computer voice reciting an excerpt from [[Winston Churchill]]'s famous "''[[We shall fight them on the beaches]]/We shall never surrender''" speech. The computer voice is clearly recognisable as the voice synthesiser [[Macintalk]], built into [[classic Mac OS]], and uses the preset voice Ralph.


Line 170: Line 178:
|title = [ NSK Passport ]
|title = [ NSK Passport ]
|publisher = DHC 2008
|publisher = DHC 2008
|accessdate = 2010-06-07
|access-date = 7 June 2010
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024534/http://www.gla.ac.uk/~dc4w/laibach/nskpassport2008.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024534/http://www.gla.ac.uk/~dc4w/laibach/nskpassport2008.html
|archive-date = 14 May 2011
|archivedate = 2011-05-14
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>


=====Laibach=====
=====Laibach=====
'''Laibach''' {{IPA-sl|ˈlaɪbax|}} is a [[Slovenia]]n [[avant-garde music]] group strongly associated with Nazism, [[Martial industrial|martial]], and [[Neoclassical (Dark Wave)|neo-classical]] musical styles. Laibach formed June 1, 1980 in [[Trbovlje]], [[Slovenia]] (then [[Yugoslavia]]). Laibach represents the music wing of the ''[[Neue Slowenische Kunst]]'' (NSK) art collective, of which it was a founding member in 1984. The name "Laibach" is the [[German language|German]] name for Slovenia's capital city, [[Ljubljana]].
'''Laibach''' {{IPA|sl|ˈlaɪbax|}} is a Slovenian [[avant-garde music]] group strongly associated with [[Martial industrial|martial]], and [[Neoclassical (Dark Wave)|neo-classical]] musical styles. Laibach formed 1 June 1980 in [[Trbovlje]], [[Slovenia]] (then [[Yugoslavia]]). Laibach represents the music wing of the ''[[Neue Slowenische Kunst]]'' (NSK) art collective, of which it was a founding member in 1984. The name "Laibach" is the German name for Slovenia's capital city, [[Ljubljana]].


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Drone zither]] - type of Slovenian [[zither]]
* [[Drone zither]] – type of Slovenian [[zither]]
* [[Klopotec]] - a type of a scarecrow used as a folk instrument
* [[Klopotec]] – a type of a scarecrow used as a folk instrument
* [[List of radio stations in Slovenia]]
* [[List of radio stations in Slovenia]]
* [[List of Slovenian musicians]]
* [[List of Slovenian musicians]]
Line 189: Line 197:


==References==
==References==
* Burton, Kim. "The Sound of Austro-Slavs". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East'', pp 277–278. [[Rough Guides]] Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}
* Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East'', pp 277–278. [[Rough Guides]] Ltd, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}
* Klemenčič, Ivan, ''Slovenski godalni kvartet''. Ljubljana, Musicological Annual XXIV, 1988.
* Klemenčič, Ivan, ''Slovenski godalni kvartet''. Ljubljana, Musicological Annual XXIV, 1988.
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Kumer, Zmaga, ''Pesem slovenske dezele'', Maribor 1975; cf. Songs of Slovenia (zrc-sazu.si)


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 201: Line 210:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Slovenia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Slovenia}}
[[Category:Slovenian music| ]]
[[Category:Music of Slovenia| ]]

Latest revision as of 18:22, 21 August 2024

Part of a series on the
Culture of Slovenia
History
People
Languages
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

In the minds of many foreigners, Slovenian folk music means a form of polka that is still popular today, especially among expatriates and their descendants. However, there are many styles of Slovenian folk music beyond polka and waltz. Kolo, lender, štajeriš, mafrine and šaltin are a few of the traditional music styles and dances.

Prehistory

[edit]
Philharmonic Hall, the main building of the Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, at Congress Square in Ljubljana.

The Divje Babe flute, a perforated bone found in a cave at the Divje Babe site Cerkno, Slovenia. It is controversially believed to be a flute, which makes it possibly the oldest known musical instrument ever. Its age is estimated at approximately 55,000 years.

The history of modern Slovenian music can be traced back to the 5th century, when Christianity spread in Carantania. Liturgical hymns (kyrie Eleison) were introduced, and became the first plainchant to make a connection to the peoples' language.

Classical music

[edit]

Medieval

[edit]

During the medieval era, secular music was as popular as church music, including wandering minnesingers.

George Slatkonia, a Carniolan conductor and composer from Novo Mesto, became the director of the Vienna Boys' Choir in 1498.

Renaissance

[edit]

By the time of Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, music was used to proselytize in Carniola. The first Slovenian hymnal, Eni Psalmi, was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of Renaissance musicians like Jacobus Gallus.[1] Italy was an important musical influence of the period, especially in sacred music, such as that of Antonio Tarsia (composer) of Koper, in oratorio and opera. A Commedia was performed in Ljubljana in 1660, and an opera in 1700 in the family palace of the Auersperg family.

Enlightenment

[edit]

In 1701, Johann Berthold von Höffer (1667–1718), a nobleman and amateur composer from Ljubljana, founded the Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensis based on Italian models.[2] and the Ljubljana branch of the Roman Academy of Arcadia was founded a few years later in 1709. Apart from Höffer, the Cathedral provost Michael Omerza was also noted for his oratorios. The first major Slovenian opera was performed in 1732, Il Tamerlano by abbate Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi, maestro di Capella, in the palace of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina.[3][4][5] [6][7][8]

Beginning in 1768, German theatre companies arrived and became very popular. The 1794 formation of the Philharmonische Gesellschaft was important because it was one of the first such orchestras in Central Europe.

19th century

[edit]

The 19th century saw the growth of a distinctively Slovenian classical music sound based on romanticism, while the German minority continued to push for a stronger Germanic identity. The Ljubljana opera house (1892) was shared by Slovene and German opera companies.

Composers of Slovenian Lieder and art songs include Emil Adamič (1877–1936), Fran Gerbič (1840–1917), Alojz Geržinič (1915–2008), Benjamin Ipavec (1829–1908), Davorin Jenko (1835–1914), Anton Lajovic (1878–1960), Kamilo Mašek (1831–1859), Josip Pavčič (1870–1949), Zorko Prelovec (1887–1939), and Lucijan Marija Škerjanc (1900–1973).

20th century

[edit]

In the early 20th century, impressionism was spreading across Slovenia, which soon produced composers Marij Kogoj and Slavko Osterc.

Avant-garde classical music arose in Slovenia in the 1960s, largely due to the work of Uroš Krek, Dane Škerl, Primož Ramovš and Ivo Petrić, who also conducted the Slavko Osterc Ensemble. Jakob Jež, Darijan Božič, Lojze Lebič and Vinko Globokar have since composed enduring works, especially Globokar's L'Armonia, an opera. In the 1950s, Božidar Kantušer was the most progressive of all, by dint of his atonality.

Contemporary

[edit]

Contemporary classic music composers include Uroš Rojko, Tomaž Svete, Brina Jež-Brezavšček and Aldo Kumar.

Opera

[edit]

The Slovenian National Theatres in Maribor and Ljubljana serve as the national opera and ballet houses. Mezzo-soprano Marjana Lipovšek was born in Ljubljana.

Film music

[edit]

The composer of film scores for 170 films was Bojan Adamič (1912–1995).[9]

Folk music

[edit]

Vocal

[edit]

Rural harmony singing is a deep rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in minor.

Instrumental

[edit]

Typical Slovenian folk music is performed on Styrian harmonica (the oldest type of accordion), fiddle, clarinet, zithers, flute, and by brass bands of alpine type. In eastern Slovenia, fiddle and cimbalon bands are called velike goslarije. Traditional Slovenian music include various kinds of musical instruments such as:

Folk music revivalists include Volk Volk, Kurja Koža, Marko Banda, Katice, Bogdana Herman, Ljoba Jenče, Vruja, Trinajsto praše, Šavrinske pupe en ragacone, Musicante Istriani, and Tolovaj Mataj.

One of the best Slovenian diatonic accordionists is Nejc Pačnik who won the accordion world-championship twice, in 2009 and 2015.

Slovenian pop-folk music

[edit]

From 1952 on, the Slavko Avsenik's band began to appear in broadcasts, movies, and concerts all over the West Germany, inventing the original "Oberkrainer" sound that has become the primary vehicle of ethnic musical expression not only in Slovenia, but also in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and in the Benelux, spawning hundreds of Alpine orchestras in the process. The band produced nearly 1000 original compositions, an integral part of the Slovenian-style polka legacy. Avsenik's most popular instrumental composition is the polka that is titled "Na Golici" (in Slovene), or "Trompetenecho" (in German), and "Trumpet Echoes" (in English). Oberkrainer music, which the Avsenik Ensemble popularized, is always a strong candidate for pop-folk music awards in Slovenia and Austria. Slavko and his brother, Vilko, are usually credited as the pioneers of Slovenian folk music, having solidified its style in the 1950s.

Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, one of the most famous being Lojze Slak.

Slovenian song festival

[edit]

A similarly high standing in Slovene culture, like the Sanremo Music Festival has had in Italian culture, was attributed to the coastal Melodies of Sea and Sun (In Slovene: Melodije morja in sonca) and Slovenian song festival (In Slovene: Slovenska popevka), dedicated to a specific genre of popular Slovene music.[10]

[edit]

Contemporary music

[edit]

Among pop, rock, industrial, and indie musicians the most popular in Slovenia include Laibach, an early 1980s industrial music group, and most recently the Slovenian pop a cappella band Perpetuum Jazzile.

Pop, rock, metal, and indie music

[edit]

Other popular bands, most largely unknown outside the country, include Tabu, ManuElla, Društvo Mrtvih Pesnikov (pop-rock), Siddharta, Rok 'n' Band, Pop Design, Fredi Miler, Terrafolk, Leaf Fat (screamo), Amaya, Šank Rock, Big Foot Mama, Yogurt, Dan D, Zablujena generacija, Katalena, Devil Doll (experimental rock), Negligence (band), Chateau, Čuki, Zaklonišče Prepeva, Psycho-Path, Dekadent (black metal), Buldožer (progressive rock) and Joker Out. The deathcore band Within Destruction have released two-full-length albums and have partaken in several European tours; the band is based in Jesenice.[11]

Singer-songwriters

[edit]

Slovenian post-WWII singer-songwriters include Frane Milčinski (1914–1988), Tomaž Pengov whose 1973 album Odpotovanja is considered to be the first singer-songwriter album in former Yugoslavia,[12] Tomaž Domicelj, Marko Brecelj, Andrej Šifrer, Eva Sršen, Neca Falk, and Jani Kovačič. After 1990, Adi Smolar, Iztok Mlakar, Vita Mavrič, Vlado Kreslin, Zoran Predin, Peter Lovšin, and Magnifico have been popular in Slovenia, as well.

World music

[edit]

The 1970s Bratko Bibič's band Begnagrad is considered one of the direct influences on modern world music. Bibič's unique accordion style, often solo, with no accompaniment, has also made him a solo star.

Punk rock

[edit]

Slovenia was the center for punk rock in the Titoist Yugoslavia. The most famous representatives of this genre were Pankrti, Niet, Lublanski Psi, Kuzle, Čao Pičke, Via Ofenziva, Tožibabe, and Otroci Socializma.

Techno and tech-house

[edit]

Slovenia has also produced two renowned DJs: DJ Umek and Valentino Kanzyani. Specialising in a frantic brand of party techno and tech-house, the pair co-founded the label Recycled Loops as well as having many releases on labels such as Novamute, Primate, Intec and Bassethound Records.

Neue Slowenische Kunst

[edit]
See also: Neue Slowenische Kunst

Neue Slowenische Kunst (a German phrase meaning "New Slovenian Art"), aka NSK, is a controversial political art collective that announced itself in Slovenia in 1984, when Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia. NSK's name, being German, is compatible with a theme in NSK works: the complicated relationship Slovenes have had with Germans. The name of NSK's music wing, Laibach, is also the German name of the Slovene capital Ljubljana, creating controversy through evoking memories of the Nazi occupation of Slovenia during the Second World War.[13]

Composition
[edit]
Laibach performing at wRacku Festiwal 2010

NSK's best-known member is the musical group Laibach. Other NSK member groups include IRWIN (visual art), Noordung (theater; originally named Scipion Nasice Sisters Theatre, also known as Red Pilot), New Collective Studio (graphics; also known as New Collectivism), Retrovision (film and video), and the Department of Pure and Applied Philosophy (theory).[14][15][16] The founding groups of the NSK were Laibach, IRWIN, and Scipion Našice Sisters Theater.

Characteristics
[edit]

NSK art often draws on symbols drawn from totalitarian or extreme nationalist movements, often reappropriating totalitarian kitsch in a visual style reminiscent of Dada. NSK artists often juxtapose symbols from different (and often incompatible) political ideologies. For example, a 1987 NSK-designed poster caused a scandal by winning a competition for the Yugoslavian Youth Day Celebration. The poster appropriated a painting by Nazi artist Richard Klein, replacing the flag of Nazi Germany with the Yugoslav flag and the German eagle with a dove.[15]

Both IRWIN and Laibach are emphatic about their work being collective rather than individual. Laibach's original songs and arrangements are always credited to the group collectively; the individual artists are not named on their album covers; at one point, there were even two separate Laibach groups touring at the same time, both with members of the original group. Similarly, the IRWIN artists never sign their work individually; instead, they are "signed" with a stamp or certificate indicating approval as a work from the IRWIN collective.

The NSK were the subject of a 1996 documentary film written and directed by Michael Benson, entitled Prerokbe Ognja in Slovenian, or Predictions of Fire in English.[17] Among those interviewed in the film is Slovenian intellectual Slavoj Žižek.

NSK State
[edit]

Since 1991, NSK has claimed to constitute a state,[18] a claim similar to that of micronations. They issue passports,[19] have presented shows of their work in the guise of an embassy or even as a territory of their supposed state, and maintain consulates in several cities including Umag, Croatia.[20] NSK have also issued postage stamps. Laibach, in 2006, recorded (some may say 'remixed') the NSK State National Anthem on the LP "Volk." The "anthem" adopts its melody from another Laibach song, "The Great Seal." Laibach's version of the NSK anthem includes a computer voice reciting an excerpt from Winston Churchill's famous "We shall fight them on the beaches/We shall never surrender" speech. The computer voice is clearly recognisable as the voice synthesiser Macintalk, built into classic Mac OS, and uses the preset voice Ralph.

The NSK passports are an art project and as such are not valid for travel. However, many desperate people have fallen for a scam in which they are issued a NSK passport. Most of these scams originate in Nigeria and Egypt.[21]

Laibach
[edit]

Laibach [ˈlaɪbax] is a Slovenian avant-garde music group strongly associated with martial, and neo-classical musical styles. Laibach formed 1 June 1980 in Trbovlje, Slovenia (then Yugoslavia). Laibach represents the music wing of the Neue Slowenische Kunst (NSK) art collective, of which it was a founding member in 1984. The name "Laibach" is the German name for Slovenia's capital city, Ljubljana.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 277–278. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
  • Klemenčič, Ivan, Slovenski godalni kvartet. Ljubljana, Musicological Annual XXIV, 1988.
  1. ^ Oto Luthar The land between a history of Slovenia
  2. ^ George J. Buelow A history of baroque music 2004 p701
  3. ^ Vlado Kotnik Opera, power and ideology: anthropological study of a national art 2010 In 1732, a performance of the tragedia per musica 'II Tamerlano' written by Maestro di Capella Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, a bandmaster of the Carniolan vice-regent, the duke Francesco Antonio Sigifrid Della Torre e Valassina,
  4. ^ Essays presented to Egon Wellesz Jack Allan Westrup – 1966 IL TAMERLANO DE GIUSEPPE CLEMENTE BONOMI Dragotin Cvetko (Ljubljana) Parmi les compositeurs du passé musical européen don't les biographies n'ont pas encore été l'objet de Recherches approfondies ou qui même n'ont pas encore été étudiés ...
  5. ^ Italian Opera in Central Europe: Volume 1 – Page 64 Melania Bucciarelli, Norbert Dubowy, Reinhard Strohm – 2006 In the libretto for the Ljubljana performance this introduction is followed, on page six, by the remark: La Musica è Virtuosa Fatica del sempre Celebre Signor Abbate D. Giuseppe Clemente de Bonomi actually Maestro di Cappella di Sua ...
  6. ^ The musical times: Volume 108 JSTOR (Organization) – 1967 Dragon Cvetko writes about a hitherto unknown composer whose name occurs in none of the big music dictionaries: Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi. Apparently Bonomi was maestro di cappella to a nobleman in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 1732, ...
  7. ^ Report: Volume 10 International Musicological Society. Congress – 1970 An interesting personality of the Italian late Baroque is Giuseppe Clemente Bonomi, "maestro di capella" of the vicedom of Carniola. In the libretto of his opera "II Tamerlano", staged in the palace of the vicedom in Ljubljana, in 1732, ...
  8. ^ Alberto Colzani -Il teatro musicale italiano nel Sacro Romano Impero nei secoli, 1999 -"Its music was composed by Giuseppe Clementi de Bonomi, then employed as music director of the private chapel of the Carniolan vice-dominus, Count Anton Siegfried Thum Valsassina, in Ljubljana. After 1732 operatic performances in ..."
  9. ^ Sojar Voglar, Črt (2005). Skladateljske sledi po letu 1900 [Composers' Traces After 1900] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English) (2nd ed.). Society of Slovene Composers. pp. 6–7. ISBN 961-91080-2-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2006.
  10. ^ Slovenska popevka: velik poudarek na pevcih in skladateljih, pesniki bolj v oklepaju. Enkrat še zapoj: 50 let Slovenske popevke Vladimirja Frantarja pri celjski Mohorjevi družbi., Delo, 5. September 2012.
  11. ^ "WALKING DEAD ON BROADWAY - to support WITHIN DESTRUCTION in March! - Arising Empire". www.arising-empire.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018.
  12. ^ Pripotovanje hrepenenca — Tomaž Pengov, kantavtor, Mladina, 3 March 2007
  13. ^ Monroe, Alexei. Interrogation Machine. MIT Press, 2005. p 3.
  14. ^ Anonymous. "State of Art: the new Slovene Avant Garde" (2004). Northwest Film Forum and Scala House, program for exhibit 18 – 24 November 2004 at Northwest Film Forum, Seattle.
  15. ^ a b Regina Hackett. "Slovenian art collective is adept at working politics and art". Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 19 November 2004.
  16. ^ "Laibach". Laibach.nsk.si. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  17. ^ Holden, Steven (2 October 1996). "Facing the Menace of Totalitarianism". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  18. ^ "[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ The Slovenia of Athens ]". Nskstate.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  19. ^ "[ NSKSTATE.COM ] [ HOW TO GET A PASSPORT ]". Nnskstate.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  20. ^ "[ NSKSTATE.COM ]". Nskstate.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  21. ^ "[ NSK Passport ]". DHC 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  • Kumer, Zmaga, Pesem slovenske dezele, Maribor 1975; cf. Songs of Slovenia (zrc-sazu.si)
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