Swami Rama: Difference between revisions
→Sexual abuse: note |
|||
| (773 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} |
|||
'''Swami Rama''' (1925-1996) (Click [http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/index.htm here] for a picture) was a famous [[yogi]] of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] tradition who spent a long stretch of his life teaching in the [[USA]]. He is especially notable as one of the first yogis to allow himself to be studied by Western scientists. |
|||
{{short description|Indian yoga guru}} |
|||
{{Infobox Hindu leader |
|||
| name = Swami Rama |
|||
| image = SwamiRamaImg.jpg |
|||
| birth_date = 1925 |
|||
| birth_place = Northern India |
|||
| birth_name = Brij Kishore Dhasmana |
|||
| death_date = 13 November 1996 |
|||
| religion = [[Hinduism]] |
|||
| death_place = |
|||
| guru = Bengali Baba |
|||
| honors = |
|||
}} |
|||
<references group="R" /> |
|||
'''Swami Rama''' ({{IAST|Svāmī Rāma}}; 1925 – 13 November 1996) was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]].<ref name="ID 2017">{{cite web |title=15 Yoga Gurus That Are Empowering The World Through Social Media |url=https://influencedigest.com/fitness/top-15-yoga-instructors/ |website=Influence Digest + |access-date=16 August 2021 |date=5 June 2017}}</ref> He moved to the US in 1969, initially teaching yoga at the [[YMCA]], and founding the [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]] in Illinois in 1971; its headquarters moved to its current location in [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]] in 1977. He became famous for his ability to control his body in [[yoga nidra]], writing many books including the autobiographical ''Living with Himalayan Masters''. From the 1970s onwards, there were persistent allegations<!--This is reliably sourced, and Wikipedia is not censored, so please leave this alone--> of [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexual abuse of his followers]];<ref name="Webster 1990"/> in 1997 a woman won a lawsuit<!--again, reliably sourced: don't try to remove it against consensus, you'll be blocked from editing. If you have a point to make, discuss it on the talk page. Thanks--> against him for multiple sexual assaults.<ref name="NYT 1997"/> |
|||
== Early life == |
|||
Originally his name was [[Bhole Baba]]. When he was initiated into the order of [[Sannyas]] he was given the name [[Dandi Swami Sadashiva Bharati]]. Only later he became known simply as Swami Rama. |
|||
Swami Rama was born Brij Kiśore Dhasmana or Brij Kiśore Kumar,<ref name="Webster 1990">{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Katharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=The Case Against Swami Rama of The Himalayas |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=December 1990 |year=1990 |pages=59–69, 92, 94<!--single article, split in the magazine-->}}</ref> to a northern Indian [[Brahmin]] family in the village of Toli in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s. He claimed that he was raised somewhere in the monasteries and holy caves of the Himalayas by his personal guru or master Sri Madhavananda Bharati.<ref name="Webster 1990">{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Katharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=The Case Against Swami Rama of The Himalayas |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=December 1990 |year=1990 |pages=59–69, 92, 94<!--single article, split in the magazine-->}}</ref> He further claimed to have gained degree-level qualifications from an Indian school of homeopathic medicine, the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Utrecht University]], and finally the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976"/><ref group=R>{{cite book |last=Tigunait |first=Rajmani |year=2001 |title=At the Eleventh Hour: The biography of Swami Rama |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute Press]] |location=Honesdale, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0893892111 }}</ref> However, in 1987 two of his closest followers left his Himalayan Institute when they learnt that part of his official biography had been "fabricated"; further, Vanessa Webber of the [[Cult Awareness Network]] has stated that his academic background could not be verified.<ref name="Webster 1990"/> |
|||
He was the founder of the [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]] which has its headquarter in [[Honesdale]], [[Pennsylvania|PA]] and branches in the [[USA]], [[Europa]] and [[India]]. |
|||
In 1969 he went to the United States, where he gave lectures in temples and churches, and taught Hatha yoga in [[YMCA]]s and in private homes.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=239}} Concerned that the YMCA had presented yoga as one of its physical fitness programs, he included some philosophy and meditation in his classes.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=349, note 30}} |
|||
== Himalayan Institute== |
|||
{{main|Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy}} |
|||
In 1966, he founded the original [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]] in [[Kanpur]], India; this was followed by an institute in [[Glenview, Illinois]] in 1971; it is now headquartered in [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]], purchased in 1977. The institute has branches in the United States, Europe, and India.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976"/><ref group=R name="Founding and Leadership">{{cite web |title=Founding and Leadership |date=28 March 2016 |url=https://www.himalayaninstitute.org/about/#founding-leadership |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> Swami Rama founded other teaching and service organizations, including a large medical facility, in [[Dehradun]] in [[Uttarakhand]] in the north of India, to serve millions of poor people in the nearby mountains who had little access to health care.<ref group=R>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] Hospital Trust |url=http://hihtindia.org/about-us/ |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> |
|||
== Yoga nidra == |
|||
{{further|Yoga nidra}} |
|||
Swami Rama's abilities in [[yoga nidra]], a [[guided meditation]] whose name means "yogic sleep",<ref name="Birch Hargreaves 2015">{{cite web |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Jacqueline |author1-link=Jason Birch |title=Yoganidrā |url=https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html |website=The Luminescent |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034513/https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> were measured experimentally at the [[Menninger Foundation]] in Topeka, Kansas in 1971.{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}}<ref name="Green Green 1977">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Elmer |last2=Green |first2=Alyce |title=Beyond Biofeedback |date=1977 |publisher=Delacorte Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0440005834 |pages=197–218 |url=http://www.swamiramasociety.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BFB21.pdf |chapter=II. Self-regulation: East and West}}</ref> He was seen to be able to produce different brain waves at will. As he relaxed, he created [[alpha wave]]s by "imagining an empty blue sky with drifting clouds".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}} He then produced the longer [[theta wave]]s of dreaming sleep, and finally the slow [[delta wave]]s of deep sleep, staying aware throughout and able to describe accurately what had happened in the laboratory although he had been lying in the laboratory "snoring".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}} |
|||
In another experiment at the Menninger Foundation, he voluntarily stopped his heart from pumping blood for 17 seconds. He did this by increasing his heart rate to 300 beats per minute so that the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]s stopped pumping and the [[Atrium (heart)|atria]] just fluttered. He was further seen to create a temperature differential of 5 degrees Celsius between two areas on the palm of his right hand.<ref name="Webster 1990"/>{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}} |
|||
Widely reported in the mainstream media, he acquired a reputation for achieving remarkable psychosomatic states; the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' journalist and author William J. Broad described him as "the star of [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] control".{{sfn|Broad|2012|p=90}} The result was a sharp increase of interest in his teachings.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref group=R name="Rama Ballentine 1976">{{cite book |last1=Rama |first1=Swami |last2=Ballentine |first2=Rudolph |last3=Ajaya |first3=Swami |title=Yoga and Psychotherapy: The Evolution of Consciousness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zDXgb_wslsC&pg=PA19 |year=1976 |publisher=[[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan Institute]] Press |isbn=978-0-89389-036-0 |pages=xv, 25–26}}</ref> All the same, |
|||
he was critical of the tendency for yogis to use supernatural feats to demonstrate their enlightenment, arguing that these only demonstrated the ability to perform a feat.<ref name="Green Green 1977"/> |
|||
== Writings == |
|||
Swami Rama authored dozens of books, published in India and America,<ref>{{cite web |title=Books by Swami Rama |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/81372.Swami_Rama |website=Good Reads |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> which describe the path he took to become a yogi. He discusses the philosophy, practice and benefits of yoga and meditation. In an early co-authored book, ''Yoga and Psychotherapy'' (1976), he presented Hatha Yoga with reference to western psychology. His best known work is ''Living With Himalayan Masters''; the cultural historian [[Alistair Shearer]] calls it "an influential autobiography".{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=271}} |
|||
== Sexual abuse == |
|||
<!--This section is cited to multiple reliable sources. Do not even think of trying to delete it.--> |
|||
Swami Rama has been [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|accused and convicted of sexual abuse]].<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref name="NYT 1997"/> Abuses alleged to have taken place against former students of Swami Rama in Chicago, in Minneapolis, in New York, and in India in the 1970s were documented by Patricia Ann Darling in a chapter of her 1987 [[University of Minnesota]] PhD thesis.<ref name="Webster 1990"/><ref name="Darling 1987">{{cite book |last1=Darling |first1=Patricia Ann |title=Turning East in the Twin Cities: Converts and Movements in the 1970s |date=1987 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]], PhD Thesis}}</ref> The journalist Katharine Webster stated in ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' in 1990 that women had since the early 1970s made claims of sexual abuse against him, and that since the matter had never been investigated, she had spent two years researching it. She heard "numerous former students say they left the [Himalayan] Institute because they were sexually exploited by Swami Rama or knew someone who was".<ref name="Webster 1990"/> She wrote that their statements, two of which were on file with the [[Cult Awareness Network]] in New York, fitted a pattern of what she called "sex in the forbidden zone", with a guru, "coupled with institutional mechanisms of defense and denial".<ref name="Webster 1990"/> |
|||
In 1997, a woman won a lawsuit, first filed in 1994,{{sfn|Broad|2012|pp=164–165}} regarding multiple sexual assault by Swami Rama while she was attending the Himalayan Institute in 1993; she was awarded $1.9 million in damages.<ref name="NYT 1997">{{cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |title=$1.9 Million Awarded In Swami Sexual Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/us/1.9-million-awarded-in-swami-sexual-case.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 September 1997}}</ref> This was one of the first convictions of a yoga guru for unlawful sexual activity with a devotee.{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=296}} |
|||
<!--This section is cited to multiple reliable sources. Do not even think of trying to delete it.--> |
|||
== References == |
|||
=== Primary === |
|||
{{reflist|group=R|30em}} |
|||
=== Secondary === |
|||
{{reflist|30em}} |
|||
==Sources== |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Broad |first=William |author-link=William Broad |title=The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4516-4142-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogaris0000broa }} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Shearer |first=Alistair |title=The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West |title-link=The Story of Yoga |date=2020 |publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78738-192-6}} |
|||
*{{cite book |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |title-link=The Subtle Body |year=2010 |first=Stefanie |last=Syman |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 }}, available at [https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma Archive.org] |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
* [http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/SwamiRamaLinks.htm Links to organizations related to Swami Rama] |
|||
* [http://www.geocities.com/swamiramabio/SuccessorSwamiRama.htm Successors of Swami Rama] |
|||
* [http://www.himalayaninstitute.org/ Himalayan International Institute] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Modern Hindu writers}} |
|||
{{Yoga as exercise}} |
|||
{{Modern yoga gurus}} |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
{{US-bio-stub}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Swami}} |
|||
[[tr:Swami Rama]] |
|||
[[Category:Indian yoga gurus]] |
|||
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]] |
|||
[[Category:Telekinetics]] |
|||
[[Category:1925 births]] |
|||
[[Category:1996 deaths]] |
|||
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]] |
|||
[[Category:Modern yoga gurus]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 07:23, 22 August 2024
Swami Rama | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Brij Kishore Dhasmana 1925 Northern India |
| Died | 13 November 1996 |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Bengali Baba |
Swami Rama (Svāmī Rāma; 1925 – 13 November 1996) was an Indian yoga guru.[1] He moved to the US in 1969, initially teaching yoga at the YMCA, and founding the Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy in Illinois in 1971; its headquarters moved to its current location in Honesdale, Pennsylvania in 1977. He became famous for his ability to control his body in yoga nidra, writing many books including the autobiographical Living with Himalayan Masters. From the 1970s onwards, there were persistent allegations of sexual abuse of his followers;[2] in 1997 a woman won a lawsuit against him for multiple sexual assaults.[3]
Early life
[edit]Swami Rama was born Brij Kiśore Dhasmana or Brij Kiśore Kumar,[2] to a northern Indian Brahmin family in the village of Toli in the Garhwal Himalayas. He claimed that he was raised somewhere in the monasteries and holy caves of the Himalayas by his personal guru or master Sri Madhavananda Bharati.[2] He further claimed to have gained degree-level qualifications from an Indian school of homeopathic medicine, the University of Hamburg, Utrecht University, and finally the University of Oxford.[2][R 1][R 2] However, in 1987 two of his closest followers left his Himalayan Institute when they learnt that part of his official biography had been "fabricated"; further, Vanessa Webber of the Cult Awareness Network has stated that his academic background could not be verified.[2]
In 1969 he went to the United States, where he gave lectures in temples and churches, and taught Hatha yoga in YMCAs and in private homes.[4] Concerned that the YMCA had presented yoga as one of its physical fitness programs, he included some philosophy and meditation in his classes.[5]
Himalayan Institute
[edit]In 1966, he founded the original Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy in Kanpur, India; this was followed by an institute in Glenview, Illinois in 1971; it is now headquartered in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, purchased in 1977. The institute has branches in the United States, Europe, and India.[2][R 1][R 3] Swami Rama founded other teaching and service organizations, including a large medical facility, in Dehradun in Uttarakhand in the north of India, to serve millions of poor people in the nearby mountains who had little access to health care.[R 4]
Yoga nidra
[edit]Swami Rama's abilities in yoga nidra, a guided meditation whose name means "yogic sleep",[6] were measured experimentally at the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas in 1971.[7][8] He was seen to be able to produce different brain waves at will. As he relaxed, he created alpha waves by "imagining an empty blue sky with drifting clouds".[7] He then produced the longer theta waves of dreaming sleep, and finally the slow delta waves of deep sleep, staying aware throughout and able to describe accurately what had happened in the laboratory although he had been lying in the laboratory "snoring".[7]
In another experiment at the Menninger Foundation, he voluntarily stopped his heart from pumping blood for 17 seconds. He did this by increasing his heart rate to 300 beats per minute so that the ventricles stopped pumping and the atria just fluttered. He was further seen to create a temperature differential of 5 degrees Celsius between two areas on the palm of his right hand.[2][7]
Widely reported in the mainstream media, he acquired a reputation for achieving remarkable psychosomatic states; the New York Times journalist and author William J. Broad described him as "the star of autonomic control".[9] The result was a sharp increase of interest in his teachings.[2][R 1] All the same, he was critical of the tendency for yogis to use supernatural feats to demonstrate their enlightenment, arguing that these only demonstrated the ability to perform a feat.[8]
Writings
[edit]Swami Rama authored dozens of books, published in India and America,[10] which describe the path he took to become a yogi. He discusses the philosophy, practice and benefits of yoga and meditation. In an early co-authored book, Yoga and Psychotherapy (1976), he presented Hatha Yoga with reference to western psychology. His best known work is Living With Himalayan Masters; the cultural historian Alistair Shearer calls it "an influential autobiography".[7]
Sexual abuse
[edit]Swami Rama has been accused and convicted of sexual abuse.[2][3] Abuses alleged to have taken place against former students of Swami Rama in Chicago, in Minneapolis, in New York, and in India in the 1970s were documented by Patricia Ann Darling in a chapter of her 1987 University of Minnesota PhD thesis.[2][11] The journalist Katharine Webster stated in Yoga Journal in 1990 that women had since the early 1970s made claims of sexual abuse against him, and that since the matter had never been investigated, she had spent two years researching it. She heard "numerous former students say they left the [Himalayan] Institute because they were sexually exploited by Swami Rama or knew someone who was".[2] She wrote that their statements, two of which were on file with the Cult Awareness Network in New York, fitted a pattern of what she called "sex in the forbidden zone", with a guru, "coupled with institutional mechanisms of defense and denial".[2]
In 1997, a woman won a lawsuit, first filed in 1994,[12] regarding multiple sexual assault by Swami Rama while she was attending the Himalayan Institute in 1993; she was awarded $1.9 million in damages.[3] This was one of the first convictions of a yoga guru for unlawful sexual activity with a devotee.[13]
References
[edit]Primary
[edit]- ^ a b c Rama, Swami; Ballentine, Rudolph; Ajaya, Swami (1976). Yoga and Psychotherapy: The Evolution of Consciousness. Himalayan Institute Press. pp. xv, 25–26. ISBN 978-0-89389-036-0.
- ^ Tigunait, Rajmani (2001). At the Eleventh Hour: The biography of Swami Rama. Honesdale, Pennsylvania: Himalayan Institute Press. ISBN 978-0893892111.
- ^ "Founding and Leadership". Himalayan Institute. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ "About Us". Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
Secondary
[edit]- ^ "15 Yoga Gurus That Are Empowering The World Through Social Media". Influence Digest +. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Webster, Katharine (1990). "The Case Against Swami Rama of The Himalayas". Yoga Journal (December 1990): 59–69, 92, 94.
- ^ a b c Associated Press (6 September 1997). "$1.9 Million Awarded In Swami Sexual Case". The New York Times.
- ^ Syman 2010, p. 239.
- ^ Syman 2010, p. 349, note 30.
- ^ Birch, Jason; Hargreaves, Jacqueline (January 2015). "Yoganidrā". The Luminescent. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Shearer 2020, p. 271.
- ^ a b Green, Elmer; Green, Alyce (1977). "II. Self-regulation: East and West". Beyond Biofeedback (PDF). New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 197–218. ISBN 978-0440005834.
- ^ Broad 2012, p. 90.
- ^ "Books by Swami Rama". Good Reads. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Darling, Patricia Ann (1987). Turning East in the Twin Cities: Converts and Movements in the 1970s. University of Minnesota, PhD Thesis.
- ^ Broad 2012, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Shearer 2020, p. 296.
Sources
[edit]- Broad, William (2012). The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4142-4.
- Shearer, Alistair (2020). The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West. London: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78738-192-6.
- Syman, Stefanie (2010). The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-23676-2., available at Archive.org
External links
[edit]
| Gurus |
|
|---|---|
| Related | |
