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{{redirect|Roman Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|other uses|Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Roman Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|other uses|Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Bishopric
{{Infobox diocese
⚫
| titleoverride = Patriarch of
|border = catholic
| bishopric = Antioch
⚫
|titleoverride = Patriarch of
|bishopric = Antioch
| border = catholic
<!---- Locations ---->
|coatofarms = <!-- Coat of Arms of the see; not the incumbent -->
|cathedral = [[Church of Cassian]], later [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]]
|coatofarmssize =
<!---- Information ---->
|coatofarmscaption =
⚫
| established = {{dts|1100}}
|image = <!-- Image of the current incumbent -->
|imagesize =
| dissolved = {{dts|1964}}
<!---- Website ---->
|imagecaption =
|incumbent = Suppressed
|other = <!-- Extra info about the incumbent, like the date they succeeded etc., -->
|style = <!-- Reference style for orthodox bishops -->
|country =
|province =
|archdiocese = <!-- Usually used for Catholic archdioceses -->
|diocese =
|cathedral =
|first_incumbent = [[Bernard of Valence|Bernard]]
⚫
|date = {{dts|1100}}
|website = <!-- {{URL|http://www.example.com/}} -->
}}
}}
[[Image:AmalricPatriarchOfAntioch.JPG|thumb|Coin of the Latin Patriarch of Antioch [[Aymery of Limoges]] (1139-1193), with bust of Aimery on the obverse]]
[[Image:AmalricPatriarchOfAntioch.JPG|thumb|Coin of the Latin Patriarch of Antioch [[Aymery of Limoges]] (1139-1193), with bust of Aimery on the obverse]]
The '''Latin Patriarch of Antioch''' was a religious office of the Catholic Church created in 1098 by [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond]], founder of the [[Principality of Antioch]], one of the [[crusader states]].
The '''Latin patriarch of Antioch''' was a prelate of the [[Latin Church in the Middle East|Latin Church]] created in 1098 by [[Bohemond I of Taranto]], founder of the [[Principality of Antioch]], one of the [[crusader states]].


The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripolis. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title of Latin Patriarch of Antioch was conferred until the early 1950s; but the recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the [[Cathedral chapter|chapter]] of the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore|basilica of St. Mary Major]].<ref name=ce/> The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilicas assigned to the Patriarch of Antioch to officiated if they came to Rome, near which they dwelt.<ref name=ce0>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch and Patriarchate}}</ref>
The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925.<ref>{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 4 June 2020 | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-17-1925-ocr.pdf | date=1925 | volume=XVII | page= 647}}</ref> The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the [[Cathedral chapter|chapter]] of the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore|basilica of St. Mary Major]].<ref name=ce/> The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.<ref name=ce0>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch and Patriarchate}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
The seat of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] took place in 1054, the four [[Greek Orthodox|Greek]] Patriarchs of [[Patriarch of Antioch|Antioch]], [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Alexandria]] "formed" the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], while the [[Pope]] of Rome "formed" the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. ("formed" is used in quotations because neither side started anything new after the schism and both continued unaltered and the same as they did pre-schism - the Western Church being under the jurisdiction of Rome, and the Greek Church under the jurisdiction of [[Constantinople]].)
The seat of the [[patriarch of Antioch]] was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the [[East–West Schism]] took place in 1054, the [[Greek Orthodox|Greek]] patriarchs of [[Patriarch of Antioch|Antioch]], [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], and [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Alexandria]] sided with the [[patriarch of Constantinople]].


After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. As part of his [[grand strategy]], the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos]] sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the [[First Crusade]] in recovering for him the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], including Antioch and its See.
After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. As part of his [[grand strategy]], the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos]] sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the [[First Crusade]] in recovering for him the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], including Antioch and its See.


However, after the [[Siege of Antioch]] in 1098, [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond]] refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as [[Principality of Antioch|Prince of Antioch]].
However, after the [[Siege of Antioch]] in 1098, [[Bohemond I of Taranto]] refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as [[prince of Antioch]].


==History==
==History==
===During the Crusades===
The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then [[John the Oxite|John IV]]<ref name=ce>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Church of Antioch}}</ref> as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant.<ref name=ce0/> Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of [[Bernard of Valence|Bernard]] who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan]] [[Baibars]] during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople.<ref name=ce/>
The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then [[John the Oxite|John IV]]<ref name=ce>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Church of Antioch}}</ref> as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant.<ref name=ce0/> Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of [[Bernard of Valence|Bernard]] who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan]] [[Baibars]] during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople.<ref name=ce/>


The [[Byzantine Empire]] was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the [[Treaty of Devol]] in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under [[Manuel I Komnenos]] there was briefly a joint patriarchate when [[Antioch]] fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the [[Crusader states]]. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule. Damascus quickly grew in dominance, eclipsing Antioch, and the Greek Patriarchate's seat was transferred there in 1342.
The [[Byzantine Empire]] was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the [[Treaty of Devol]] in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under [[Manuel I Komnenos]] there was briefly a joint patriarchate when [[Antioch]] fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the [[Crusader states]]. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule.


In 1206, seeing that the Byzantine Empire was no longer a threat and wanting to gain the goodwill of his Greek subjects as he feared the Armenians of Cilicia, Prince [[Bohemond IV of Antioch|Bohemond IV]] restored a Greek Patriarch to Antioch for a short period. The [[Mongols]] also favored a Greek Patriarch, but Latin Patriarchs held the see until the Crusaders had been ousted.<ref>| title= The Eastern Schism| page= 96-97 | first = Steven | last = Runciman | date=1955 | publisher = Oxford Clarendon</ref>
⚫
Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a [[titulus (Roman Catholic)|titular]] office, with its seat at the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]] in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was [[Roberto Vicentini]], who died without a successor in 1953.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The post itself was abolished in 1964.

===The Patriarchate in Exile===
In 1342, the Greek Patriarchate transferred his seat to Damascus which grew in prominence as the city of Antioch's Christian and overall population declined.

⚫
Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a [[titulus (Roman Catholic)|titular]] office, with its seat at the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]] in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was [[Roberto Vicentini]], who held it until his death 1953.<ref>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 5 June 2020 | date= 14 October 1953 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/10/14/84069855.html?pageNumber=29 | page= 29 | title = Msgr. Roberto Vicentini }}</ref>

===Suppression===
The seat remained vacant until the title was suppressed in January 1964, along with the titles of the [[Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria]] and [[Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople |Constantinople]], it was no longer mentioned in the Vatican yearbook (rather than being announced as being abolished).<ref> {{cite news | access-date = 7 April 2023 | title = Three Latin quriarchafes dropped, yearbook reveals | page = 2 | url = https://washingtondigitalnewspapers.org/a=d&d=CATHNWP19640117.2.20 | date = 1964}}</ref> This was after [[Pope Paul VI]] met with [[Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople]] (see [[Pope Paul VI and ecumenism]]), showing the Latin Church by this point was more interested in reconciliation with the Eastern Church, abolishing the titular title. <ref>{{cite news | access-date = 5 June 2020 | title= The Term "privilege": A Textual Study of Its Meaning and Use in the 1983 Code of Canon Law| page= 184 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X_ddFOYwK4kC&pg=PA184 | first = Alan | last = McCormack | date=1997 | publisher = Gregorian Biblical BookShop | isbn= 9788876527739}}</ref>


==List of Latin religious heads of Antioch==
==List of Latin religious heads of Antioch==
* [[Peter I of Narbonne]] (1098–1100) (Bishop of Albara, ordained by [[John the Oxite|John]], the Greek Patriarch<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_sWBOzEleMC&lpg=PA164&dq=Peter%20of%20Narbonne&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q=Peter%20of%20Narbonne&f=false The First Crusade], Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005</ref>
* [[Peter I of Narbonne]] (1098–1100) (Bishop of Albara, ordained by [[John the Oxite|John]], the Greek Patriarch)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_sWBOzEleMC&dq=Peter+of+Narbonne&pg=PA164 The First Crusade], Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005</ref>


=== Latin Patriarchs of Antioch===
=== Latin patriarchs of Antioch===
* [[Bernard of Valence]] (1100–1135)
* [[Bernard of Valence]] (1100–1135)
* [[Ralph of Domfront|Ralph I of Domfront]] (1135–1139)
* [[Ralph of Domfront|Ralph I of Domfront]] (1135–1139)
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* Ralph II (1193–1196)
* Ralph II (1193–1196)
* [[Peter of Angoulême]] (1196–1208)
* [[Peter of Angoulême]] (1196–1208)
* [[Peter of Ivrea]] (1209–1216)
* [[Peter of Ivrea]] (1209–1217) (also mentioned as Peter of Locedio, who probably was another Cistercian monk confused by [[Alberic of Trois Fontaines]] to be the same person)<ref>The Latin Church in the Crusader states: the secular church, Bernard Hamilton, page 219, 1980 "Alberic of Trois Fontaines confused him with another Cistercian, Peter, abbot of Locedio"</ref><ref>Römische historische Mitteilungen , Volume 29, Böhlaus Nachf., 1988 - Rome, page 223 ("There is no evidence for the statement frequently made that Peter (of Antioch) had once been Abbot of Locedio")</ref>
** ''vacant'' (1217–1226)
** ''vacant'' (1216–1219)
* ''[[Peter of Capua the Younger|Peter of Capua]]'' (1219), never consecrated
* [[Rainier of Antioch|Rainier]] (1219–1225)
* [[Albert Rezzato]] (1226–1245)
* [[Albert Rezzato]] (1226–1245)
* [[Opizo Fieschi]] (1247–1292), in exile after 1268
* [[Opizo Fieschi]] (1247–1292), in exile after 1268


=== Titular Latin Patriarchs of Antioch===
=== Titular Latin patriarchs of Antioch===
** ''unknown''
** ''Unknown''
* [[Gerardus Odonis]] (1342-1349)
* [[Gerardus Odonis]] (1342–1349)
* [[Pedro Amariz]] (Pedro Clasquerin) (1375-1380 Died)<ref name=CathHierPadAma>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bamariz.html "Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Pedro Amariz]] (Pedro Clasquerin) (1375–1380 Died)<ref name=CathHierPadAma>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bamariz.html "Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
:'''...'''
:'''...'''
* [[:cs:Václav Králík z Buřenic|Václav Králík z Buřenic]] (1397-1416)
* [[:cs:Václav Králík z Buřenic|Václav Králík z Buřenic]] (1397–1416)
* Ludovico (1476)
* Ludovico (1476)
:'''...'''
:'''...'''
* [[Gerard de Crussol]] (Bastet de Crussol) (1471-1472 Died)<ref name=CathHierGerCrus>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbasdcru.html "Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Gerard de Crussol]] (Bastet de Crussol) (1471–1472 Died)<ref name=CathHierGerCrus>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bbasdcru.html "Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Lorenzo Zanni]] (Lorenzo Zane) (1473-1485 Died)<ref name=CathHierLorZann>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bzanel.html "Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Lorenzo Zanni]] (Lorenzo Zane) (1473–1485 Died)<ref name=CathHierLorZann>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bzanel.html "Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Giovanni Michiel]] (1497-1503 Died)<ref name=CathHierGioMic>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmichielg.html "Giovanni Cardinal Michiel"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Giovanni Michiel]] (1497–1503 Died)<ref name=CathHierGioMic>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bmichielg.html "Giovanni Cardinal Michiel"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Alfonso Carafa (bishop)]] (1504–1505)
:'''...'''
:'''...'''
* St. [[Juan de Ribera]] (1568-1611 Died)<ref name=CathHierJuanRib>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bderibera.html "Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* St. [[Juan de Ribera]] (1568–1611 Died)<ref name=CathHierJuanRib>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bderibera.html "Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Tomás Dávalos de Aragón]] (1611- 1621 Died)<ref name=CathHierTomDavAra>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdaar.html "Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Tomás Dávalos de Aragón]] (1611– 1621 Died)<ref name=CathHierTomDavAra>[http://www.catholic–hierarchy.org/bishop/bdaar.html "Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón"] ''[[Catholic–Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016</ref>
* [[Luigi Caetani]] (1622–1626)
* [[Luigi Caetani]] (1622–1626)
* [[Giovanni Battista Pamphili]] (1626–1629), later Pope Innocent X of Rome
* [[Giovanni Battista Pamphili]] (1626–1629), later Pope Innocent X of Rome
* [[Cesare Monti]] (1629–1633)
* [[Cesare Monti]] (1629–1633)
* [[Fabio Lagonissa]] (1634–1652)
* [[Fabio Lagonissa]] (1634–1652)
** ''unknown''
** ''Unknown''
* [[Giacomo Altoviti]] (1667–1693)
* [[Giacomo Altoviti]] (1667–1693)
* [[Michelangelo Mattei]] (1693–1699)
* [[Michelangelo Mattei]] (1693–1699)
Line 80: Line 81:
* [[Filippo Anastasio]] (1724–1735)
* [[Filippo Anastasio]] (1724–1735)
* [[Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero]] (1735–1760?)
* [[Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero]] (1735–1760?)
* [[Giulio Maria della Somaglia]] (1788-1795)
* [[Giulio Maria della Somaglia]] (1788–1795)
** ''unknown''
** ''Unknown''
* [[Antonio Despuig y Dameto]] (1799–1813)
* [[Antonio Despuig y Dameto]] (1799–1813)
** ''vacant'' (1813–1822)
** ''Vacant'' (1813–1822)
* [[Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei]] (1822–1833)
* [[Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei]] (1822–1833)
** ''unknown'' - possibly [[Fabio Maria Asquini]] listed as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (Antioch) from 1837 and was later [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]].
** ''Unknown'' – possibly [[Fabio Maria Asquini]] listed as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (Antioch) from 1837 and was later [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]].
* [[Albert Barbolani di Montauto]] (1856–1857)
* [[Albert Barbolani di Montauto]] (1856–1857)
* [[Iosephus Melchiades Ferlisi]] (1858–1860, became titular [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]]
* [[Iosephus Melchiades Ferlisi]] (1858–1860, became titular [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]]
** ''vacant'' (1860–1862)
** ''Vacant'' (1860–1862)
* [[Carlo Belgrado|Carolus Belgrado]] (1862–1866)
* [[Carlo Belgrado|Carolus Belgrado]] (1862–1866)
* [[Paulus Brunoni]] (1868–1877)
* [[Paulus Brunoni]] (1868–1877)
** ''vacant'' (1877–1879)
** ''Vacant'' (1877–1879)
* [[Petrus De Villanova]] (1879–1881)
* [[Petrus De Villanova]] (1879–1881)
* [[Placidus Ralli]] (1882–1884)
* [[Placidus Ralli]] (1882–1884)
** ''vacant'' (1884–1886)
** ''Vacant'' (1884–1886)
* [[Vencentius Tizzani]] (1886–1892)
* [[Vencentius Tizzani]] (1886–1892)
** ''vacant'' (1892–1895)
** ''Vacant'' (1892–1895)
* [[Francesco di Paola Cassetta]] (1895–1899)
* [[Francesco di Paola Cassetta]] (1895–1899)
* [[Carlo Nocella]] (1899–1901), died 1903, became titular [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]].
* [[Carlo Nocella]] (1899–1901), died 1903, became titular [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]].
Line 102: Line 103:
* [[Ladislao Michele Zaleski]] (1916–1925)
* [[Ladislao Michele Zaleski]] (1916–1925)
* [[Roberto Vicentini]] (1925–1953)
* [[Roberto Vicentini]] (1925–1953)
⚫
* ''Vacancy from 1953 until the Latin titular patriarchate was officially abolished in 1964''.
** ''vacant'' (1953–1964)

⚫
''This patriarchate was officially abolished in 1964.''


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Popes]]
* [[Patriarchate of Antioch]]
* [[Patriarchate of Antioch]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]
* [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Apamea]]


== References ==
== References ==
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==Sources and external links==
==Sources and external links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0003.htm List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch] by GCatholic.org
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0003.htm List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch] by GCatholic.org

{{Latin Church footer}}
{{Patriarchs of Antioch}}
{{Patriarchates in Christianity}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Antioch, Latin Patriarchate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antioch, Latin Patriarchate}}
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[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia]]
[[Category:Principality of Antioch]]
[[Category:Principality of Antioch]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops by diocese]]
[[Category:Lists of popes, primates, and patriarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Turkey religion-related lists|Latin Patriarch]]
[[Category:Turkey religion-related lists|Latin Patriarch]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops in Asia]]

Latest revision as of 09:04, 22 August 2024

"Roman Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch" redirects here. For other uses, see Patriarchate of Antioch (disambiguation).
Patriarch of Antioch
Bishopric
catholic
Information
Established1100
Dissolved1964
CathedralChurch of Cassian, later Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Coin of the Latin Patriarch of Antioch Aymery of Limoges (1139-1193), with bust of Aimery on the obverse

The Latin patriarch of Antioch was a prelate of the Latin Church created in 1098 by Bohemond I of Taranto, founder of the Principality of Antioch, one of the crusader states.

The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925.[1] The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the chapter of the basilica of St. Mary Major.[2] The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.[3]

Background

[edit]

The seat of the patriarch of Antioch was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the East–West Schism took place in 1054, the Greek patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria sided with the patriarch of Constantinople.

After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. As part of his grand strategy, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the First Crusade in recovering for him the Eastern Roman Empire, including Antioch and its See.

However, after the Siege of Antioch in 1098, Bohemond I of Taranto refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as prince of Antioch.

History

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During the Crusades

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The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then John IV[2] as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant.[3] Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of Bernard who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the Sultan Baibars during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople.[2]

The Byzantine Empire was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the Treaty of Devol in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under Manuel I Komnenos there was briefly a joint patriarchate when Antioch fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the Crusader states. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule.

In 1206, seeing that the Byzantine Empire was no longer a threat and wanting to gain the goodwill of his Greek subjects as he feared the Armenians of Cilicia, Prince Bohemond IV restored a Greek Patriarch to Antioch for a short period. The Mongols also favored a Greek Patriarch, but Latin Patriarchs held the see until the Crusaders had been ousted.[4]

The Patriarchate in Exile

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In 1342, the Greek Patriarchate transferred his seat to Damascus which grew in prominence as the city of Antioch's Christian and overall population declined.

Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a titular office, with its seat at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who held it until his death 1953.[5]

Suppression

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The seat remained vacant until the title was suppressed in January 1964, along with the titles of the Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria and Constantinople, it was no longer mentioned in the Vatican yearbook (rather than being announced as being abolished).[6] This was after Pope Paul VI met with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (see Pope Paul VI and ecumenism), showing the Latin Church by this point was more interested in reconciliation with the Eastern Church, abolishing the titular title. [7]

List of Latin religious heads of Antioch

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Latin patriarchs of Antioch

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Titular Latin patriarchs of Antioch

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...
...
...

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XVII. 1925. p. 647. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Church of Antioch" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Patriarch and Patriarchate" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ | title= The Eastern Schism| page= 96-97 | first = Steven | last = Runciman | date=1955 | publisher = Oxford Clarendon
  5. ^ "Msgr. Roberto Vicentini". New York Times. 14 October 1953. p. 29. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Three Latin quriarchafes dropped, yearbook reveals". 1964. p. 2. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  7. ^ McCormack, Alan (1997). "The Term "privilege": A Textual Study of Its Meaning and Use in the 1983 Code of Canon Law". Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 184. ISBN 9788876527739. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  8. ^ The First Crusade, Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005
  9. ^ "Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
  10. ^ "Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
  11. ^ "Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
  12. ^ "Giovanni Cardinal Michiel" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
  13. ^ "Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
  14. ^ "Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón" Catholic–Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016
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