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{{Short description|Muscle of the forearm in humans}}
{{Infobox muscle
{{Infobox muscle
| Name = Supinator muscle
| Name = Supinator muscle
| Latin = musculus supinator
| Latin = musculus supinator
| GraySubject = 125
| GrayPage = 454
| Image = Gray420.png
| Image = Gray420.png
| Caption = Posterior view of the supinator. (Right arm.)
| Caption = Posterior view of the supinator. (Right arm.)
Line 14: Line 13:
| Blood = [[Radial recurrent artery]]
| Blood = [[Radial recurrent artery]]
| Nerve = [[Deep branch of the radial nerve]]
| Nerve = [[Deep branch of the radial nerve]]
| MeshNumber =
| DorlandsPre = m_22
| DorlandsSuf = 12551025
}}
}}
In human anatomy, the '''supinator''' is a broad muscle in the [[posterior compartment of the forearm]], curved around the upper third of the [[radius (bone)|radius]]. Its function is to [[supination|supinate]] the forearm.<ref name="Platzer-168">{{harvnb|Platzer|2004| p=168}}</ref>
In human anatomy, the '''supinator''' is a broad muscle in the [[posterior compartment of the forearm]], curved around the upper third of the [[radius (bone)|radius]]. Its function is to [[supination|supinate]] the forearm.<ref name="Platzer-168">{{harvnb|Platzer|2004| p=168}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
Supinator consists of two planes of fibers, between which the [[deep branch of the radial nerve]] ls. The two planes arise in common&nbsp;— the superficial one by [[Tendon|tendinous]] (the initial portion of the muscle is actually just tendon) and the deeper by muscular fibers&nbsp;—<ref name="Gray's">''[[Gray's Anatomy]]'' (1918), see infobox</ref> from the [[supinator crest]] of [[ulna]], the [[Lateral epicondyle of the humerus|lateral epicondyle]] of [[humerus]], the [[Radial collateral ligament (elbow)|radial collateral ligament]], and the [[Anular ligament of radius|annular radial ligament]].<ref name="Platzer-168" />
The supinator consists of two planes of fibers, between which passes the [[deep branch of the radial nerve]]. The two planes arise in common—the superficial one originating as tendons and the deeper by muscular fibers<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomydesc0000gray/page/261/ |title=Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical |date=2010 |publisher=Cosimo Classics |isbn=978-1-61640-469-7 |location=New York |pages=261 |orig-date=1858}}</ref>—from the [[supinator crest]] of the [[ulna]], the [[Lateral epicondyle of the humerus|lateral epicondyle]] of the [[humerus]], the [[Radial collateral ligament (elbow)|radial collateral ligament]], and the [[Anular ligament of radius|annular radial ligament]].<ref name="Platzer-168" />


The superficial fibers (''pars superficialis'') surround the upper part of the radius, and are inserted into the lateral edge of the [[radial tuberosity]] and the oblique line of the radius, as low down as the insertion of the [[pronator teres]]. The upper fibers (''pars profunda'') of the deeper plane form a sling-like [[Muscle fascicle|fasciculus]], which encircles the neck of the radius above the tuberosity and is attached to the back part of its medial surface; the greater part of this portion of the muscle is inserted into the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body of the radius, midway between the oblique line and the head of the bone.<ref name="Gray's" />
The superficial fibers (''pars superficialis'') surround the upper part of the radius, and are inserted into the lateral edge of the [[radial tuberosity]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Yost |first=William A. |title=Neural Anatomy and Physiology |date=2006-01-01 |work=Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction |pages=281–286 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004501935_023 |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50193-5}}</ref> and the oblique line of the radius, as low down as the insertion of the [[pronator teres]]. The upper fibers (''pars profunda'') of the deeper plane form a sling-like [[Muscle fascicle|fasciculus]], which encircles the neck of the radius above the tuberosity and is attached to the back part of its medial surface; the greater part of this portion of the muscle is inserted into the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body of the radius, midway between the oblique line and the head of the bone.<ref name=":0" />


The proximal aspect of the superficial head is known as the [[arcade of Frohse]] or the supinator arch.
The proximal aspect of the superficial head is known as the [[arcade of Frohse]] or the supinator arch.


===Innervation===
===Innervation===
It is innervated by the [[deep branch of the radial nerve]]. The deep branch then becomes the [[posterior interosseous nerve]] upon exiting the supinator muscle
It is innervated by the deep branch of the [[radial nerve]]. The deep branch then becomes the [[posterior interosseous nerve]] upon exiting the supinator muscle. Its nerve roots are primarily from C6, with some C5 involvement. There is also possible additional C7 innervation.


The radial nerve divides into deep and sensory superficial branches just proximal to the supinator muscle&nbsp;— an arrangement that can lead to entrapment and compression of the deep part, potentially resulting in selective [[paralysis]] of the muscles served by this nerve (the extensor muscles and the [[Abductor pollicis longus muscle|abductor pollicis longus]].)<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|Lamperti|2006| p=345}}</ref> Many possible causes are known for this nerve syndrome, known as supinator entrapment syndrome, including compression by various soft-tissued masses surrounding the nerve, and stress caused by repetitive supination and pronation.<ref>{{harvnb|Chien|Jamadar|Jacobson|Hayes|2003| loc=Discussion}}</ref>
The radial nerve divides into deep and sensory superficial branches just proximal to the supinator muscle—an arrangement that can lead to entrapment and compression of the deep part, potentially resulting in selective [[paralysis]] of the muscles served by this nerve (the extensor muscles and the [[Abductor pollicis longus muscle|abductor pollicis longus]].)<ref>{{harvnb|Ross|Lamperti|2006| p=345}}</ref> Many possible causes are known for this nerve syndrome, known as supinator entrapment syndrome, including compression by various soft-tissued masses surrounding the nerve, and stress caused by repetitive supination and pronation.<ref>{{harvnb|Chien|Jamadar|Jacobson|Hayes|2003| loc=Discussion}}</ref>


===Variation===
===Variation===
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| publisher = Loyola University Medical Education Network
| publisher = Loyola University Medical Education Network
| url = http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/sup.htm
| url = http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/sup.htm
| accessdate = March 2011
| access-date = 22 March 2011
}}</ref> It is the most active muscle in forearm supination during unresisted supination, while biceps becomes increasingly active with heavy loading. Supination strength decreases by 64% if supinator is disabled by, for example, injury.<ref name="Duqion-2010">{{harvnb|Duqion|Chavan|Bisson|2010| p=414}}</ref>
}}</ref> It is the most active muscle in forearm supination during unresisted supination, while biceps becomes increasingly active with heavy loading.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=EDWARDS |first=R |date=1992 |title=Anatomy and human movement: Structure and functionNigel Palastanga, Derek Field and Roger Soames. Published 1991 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. ISBN 0 7506 0134 5, 891 pp. Price £35 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(92)90063-c |journal=Neuromuscular Disorders |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=293–293 |doi=10.1016/0960-8966(92)90063-c |issn=0960-8966}}</ref> Supination strength decreases by 64% if supinator is disabled by, for example, injury.<ref name="Duqion-2010">{{harvnb|Duqion|Chavan|Bisson|2010| p=414}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 51: Line 47:


==Additional images==
==Additional images==
{{gallery|width=150|height=150|lines=3
{{gallery|width=150|height=150|File:Gray213.png|Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.
|File:Gray213.png|Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.
|File:Gray214.png|Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
|File:Gray214.png|Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
|File:Musculussupinator.png|Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
|File:Musculussupinator.png|Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
Line 68: Line 63:


==References==
==References==
* {{cite journal | ref = harv
* {{cite journal | last1 = Boles | first1 = CA
| last1 = Boles | first1 = CA
| last2 = Kannam | first2 = S
| last2 = Kannam | first2 = S
| last3 = Cardwell | first3 = AB
| last3 = Cardwell | first3 = AB
| title = The Forearm: Anatomy of Muscle Compartments and Nerves
| title = The Forearm: Anatomy of Muscle Compartments and Nerves
| journal = Am. J. Roentgenol. | year = 2000 | volume = 174 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–159
| journal = Am. J. Roentgenol. | year = 2000 | volume = 174 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–159
| doi = 10.2214/ajr.174.1.1740151
| pmid = 10628472
| url = http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/174/1/151
| url = http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/174/1/151
}}
}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv
* {{cite journal | last1 = Chien | first1 = A
| last1 = Chien | first1 = A
| last2 = Jamadar | first2 = DA
| last2 = Jamadar | first2 = DA
| last3 = Jacobson | first3 = JA
| last3 = Jacobson | first3 = JA
Line 84: Line 79:
| title = Sonography and MR Imaging of Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome with Surgical Correlation
| title = Sonography and MR Imaging of Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome with Surgical Correlation
| journal = Am. J. Roentgenol. | year = 2003 | volume = 181 | issue = 1 | pages = 219–221
| journal = Am. J. Roentgenol. | year = 2003 | volume = 181 | issue = 1 | pages = 219–221
| doi = 10.2214/ajr.181.1.1810219
| pmid = 12818863
| url = http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/181/1/219
| url = http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/181/1/219
}}
}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv
* {{cite journal | last1 = Duqion | first1 = TR
| last1 = Duqion | first1 = TR
| last2 = Chavan | first2 = RC
| last2 = Chavan | first2 = RC
| last3 = Bisson | first3 = LJ
| last3 = Bisson | first3 = LJ
| title = Innervation of the Supinator Muscle and Its Relationship to Two-Incision Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: An Anatomic Study
| title = Innervation of the Supinator Muscle and Its Relationship to Two-Incision Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: An Anatomic Study
| journal = Clinical Anatomy | year = 2010 | volume = 23 | pages = 413–419
| journal = Clinical Anatomy | year = 2010 | volume = 23 | issue = 4
| pages = 413–419
| url = http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/joy/distal%20biceps%20tendon%20references/Duquin%20et%20al%202010.pdf
| url = http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/joy/distal%20biceps%20tendon%20references/Duquin%20et%20al%202010.pdf
| doi = 10.1002/ca.20982
| doi = 10.1002/ca.20982
| pmid = 20432378
| s2cid = 21578840
}}
}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv
* {{cite book | last = Platzer | first = W
| last = Platzer | first = W
| title = Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
| title = Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
| publisher = Thieme | isbn = 1-58890-159-9
| publisher = Thieme | isbn = 1-58890-159-9
| year = 2004 | edition = 5th
| year = 2004 | edition = 5th
}}
}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Ross | first1 = Lawrence M. (ed.)
* {{cite book | editor-last1 = Ross | editor-first1 = Lawrence M.
| last2 = Lamperti | first2 = Edward D. (ed.)
| editor-last2 = Lamperti | editor-first2 = Edward D.
| title = Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
| title = Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
| publisher = Thieme | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-58890-419-9
| publisher = Thieme | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-58890-419-9
Line 108: Line 106:


{{Muscles_of_upper_limb}}
{{Muscles_of_upper_limb}}
⚫
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]

⚫
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}

Latest revision as of 12:50, 22 August 2024

Supinator muscle
Posterior view of the supinator. (Right arm.)
Details
OriginLateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament
InsertionLateral proximal radial shaft
ArteryRadial recurrent artery
NerveDeep branch of the radial nerve
ActionsSupinates forearm
AntagonistPronator teres, pronator quadratus
Identifiers
Latinmusculus supinator
TA98A04.6.02.048
TA22512
FMA38512
Anatomical terms of muscle

In human anatomy, the supinator is a broad muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm, curved around the upper third of the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm.[1]

Structure

[edit]

The supinator consists of two planes of fibers, between which passes the deep branch of the radial nerve. The two planes arise in common—the superficial one originating as tendons and the deeper by muscular fibers[2]—from the supinator crest of the ulna, the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the radial collateral ligament, and the annular radial ligament.[1]

The superficial fibers (pars superficialis) surround the upper part of the radius, and are inserted into the lateral edge of the radial tuberosity[3] and the oblique line of the radius, as low down as the insertion of the pronator teres. The upper fibers (pars profunda) of the deeper plane form a sling-like fasciculus, which encircles the neck of the radius above the tuberosity and is attached to the back part of its medial surface; the greater part of this portion of the muscle is inserted into the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body of the radius, midway between the oblique line and the head of the bone.[2]

The proximal aspect of the superficial head is known as the arcade of Frohse or the supinator arch.

Innervation

[edit]

It is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve. The deep branch then becomes the posterior interosseous nerve upon exiting the supinator muscle. Its nerve roots are primarily from C6, with some C5 involvement. There is also possible additional C7 innervation.

The radial nerve divides into deep and sensory superficial branches just proximal to the supinator muscle—an arrangement that can lead to entrapment and compression of the deep part, potentially resulting in selective paralysis of the muscles served by this nerve (the extensor muscles and the abductor pollicis longus.)[4] Many possible causes are known for this nerve syndrome, known as supinator entrapment syndrome, including compression by various soft-tissued masses surrounding the nerve, and stress caused by repetitive supination and pronation.[5]

Variation

[edit]

The deep radial nerve passes through the belly of supinator in 70% of cases and via the arcade of Frohse in remaining cases.[6]

Function

[edit]

Encircling the radius, supinator brings the hand into the supinated position. In contrast to the biceps brachii, it is able to do this in all positions of elbow flexion and extension.[1]

Supinator always acts together with biceps, except when the elbow joint is extended.[7] It is the most active muscle in forearm supination during unresisted supination, while biceps becomes increasingly active with heavy loading.[8] Supination strength decreases by 64% if supinator is disabled by, for example, injury.[9]

History

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

The term "supinator" can also refer more generally to a muscle that causes supination of a part of the body. In older texts, the term "supinator longus" was used to refer to the brachioradialis, and "supinator brevis" was used to describe the muscle now known as the supinator.

Additional images

[edit]
  • Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.
    Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.
  • Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
    Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
  • Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
    Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
  • Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
    Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
  • Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view.
    Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view.
  • Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand.
    Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand.
  • Supinator muscle
    Supinator muscle
  • Muscles of upper limb. Cross section.
    Muscles of upper limb. Cross section.
  • Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
    Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.

Notes

[edit]

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 454 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^ a b c Platzer 2004, p. 168
  2. ^ a b Gray, Henry (2010) [1858]. Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-61640-469-7.
  3. ^ Yost, William A. (2006-01-01), "Neural Anatomy and Physiology", Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, BRILL, pp. 281–286, ISBN 978-90-04-50193-5, retrieved 2024-08-22
  4. ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, p. 345
  5. ^ Chien et al. 2003, Discussion
  6. ^ Boles, Kannam & Cardwell 2000, p. 153
  7. ^ "Supinator". Loyola University Medical Education Network. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  8. ^ EDWARDS, R (1992). "Anatomy and human movement: Structure and functionNigel Palastanga, Derek Field and Roger Soames. Published 1991 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. ISBN 0 7506 0134 5, 891 pp. Price £35". Neuromuscular Disorders. 2 (4): 293–293. doi:10.1016/0960-8966(92)90063-c. ISSN 0960-8966.
  9. ^ Duqion, Chavan & Bisson 2010, p. 414

References

[edit]
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