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{{short description|American scholar, linguist, educator and animal rights advocate (1831–1917)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|image = Edward Payson Evans.jpg
| name = Edward Payson Evans
| image = Edward Payson Evans.jpg
|caption = From Hinsdale, ''History of the University of Michigan''
| caption = Portrait from Hinsdale, ''History of the University of Michigan'' (1906)
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1831|12|08}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1831|12|08}}
|birth_place = [[Remsen, New York]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Remsen, New York]], U.S.
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|03|06|1831|12|08}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|03|06|1831|12|08}}
|death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
|education = [[University of Michigan]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], 1854)
| education = [[University of Michigan]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], 1854)
⚫
|spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Edson Gibson|1868|1911|end=died}}
| occupation = Scholar, linguist, educator
| years_active = 1855–1917
| notable_works = ''The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals'' (1906)
⚫
| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Edson Gibson|1868|1911|end=died}}
}}
}}
'''Edward Payson Evans''' (December 8, 1831 – March 6, 1917) was an American scholar, linguist and early advocate for [[animal rights]].
'''Edward Payson Evans''' (December 8, 1831 – March 6, 1917) was an American scholar, linguist, educator, and early advocate for [[animal rights]]. He is best known for his 1906 book on [[animal trial]]s, ''The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.''


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Evans was born in Remsen, New York in 1831.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heyse|first=Paul Johann Ludwig von|url=http://www.lexikus.de/bibliothek/Das-literarische-Muenchen|title=Das literarische München: 25 Porträtskizzen|year=1899|language=de|trans-title=The Literary Munich: 25 Portrait Sketches|chapter=Evans, Edward P. geb. 1831 in Remsen (Staat NY), gest. 1917|trans-chapter=Evans, Edward P. born 1831 in Remsen (NY State), died 1917|author-link=Paul Heyse}}</ref> His father was a Welsh [[Presbyterian]] clergyman.<ref name=":0" /> Evans earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1854.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hinsdale|first=B. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00hins|title=History of the University of Michigan|last2=Demmon|first2=Isaac Newton|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1906|location=Ann Arbor|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00hins/page/236/mode/2up 237]}}</ref> He then taught at an academy in [[Hernando, Mississippi]], for one year before becoming a professor at [[Carroll University]] (then Carroll College) in [[Waukesha, Wisconsin]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons'_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography|title=Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography|year=1900|editor-last=Wilson|editor-first=James Grant|editor-link=James Grant Wilson|chapter=Evans, Edward Payson|editor-last2=Fiske|editor-first2=John|editor-link2=John Fiske (philosopher)|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Evans,_Edward_Payson}}</ref>
Evans was born in [[Remsen, New York]], in 1831.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heyse|first=Paul Johann Ludwig von|url=http://www.lexikus.de/bibliothek/Das-literarische-Muenchen|title=Das literarische München: 25 Porträtskizzen|year=1899|language=de|trans-title=The Literary Munich: 25 Portrait Sketches|chapter=Evans, Edward P. geb. 1831 in Remsen (Staat NY), gest. 1917|trans-chapter=Evans, Edward P. born 1831 in Remsen (NY State), died 1917|author-link=Paul Heyse|chapter-url=http://www.lexikus.de/bibliothek/Das-literarische-Muenchen/Evans-Edward-P-geb-1831-in-Remsen-(Staat-NY)-gest-1917}}</ref> His father was the Reverend Evan Evans,<ref name=":4" /> a Welsh [[Presbyterian]] clergyman.<ref name=":0" /> Evans earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1854.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Hinsdale|first1=B. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00hins|title=History of the University of Michigan|last2=Demmon|first2=Isaac Newton|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1906|location=Ann Arbor|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers00hins/page/236/mode/2up 237]}}</ref> He then taught at an academy in [[Hernando, Mississippi]], in 1855, before becoming a professor at [[Carroll University]] (then Carroll College) in [[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] from 1856 to 1857.<ref name=":1">{{cite Appletons'|wstitle= Evans, Edward Payson |page= 381 |short=1}}</ref>


From 1858 to 1862, he traveled abroad, studying at the universities of [[Göttingen]], [[Berlin]] and [[Munich]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite AmCyc |wstitle= Evans, Edward P. |volume=VI |short=1}}</ref> On his return to the United States, he became professor of [[Modern language|modern languages]] at the University of Michigan.<ref name=":2" /> In 1868, he married Elizabeth Edson Gibson,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-09-15|title=Evans, Elizabeth Edson|volume=9|work=Chicago Examiner|issue=230|url=http://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/examiner/id/22564/|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref> and in 1870, Evans resigned his position at Michigan to travel abroad again, where he gathered materials for a history of [[German literature]],<ref name=":2" /> and made a specialty of studying [[oriental languages]].<ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle= Evans, Edward Payson |volume= X |short=1 }}</ref>
From 1858 to 1862, he traveled abroad, and studied at the universities of [[Göttingen]], [[Berlin]] and [[Munich]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)|title=The American Cyclopædia|year=1879|editor-last=Ripley|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Ripley (transcendentalist)|chapter=Evans, Edward P.|editor-last2=Dana|editor-first2=Charles A.|editor-link2=Charles A. Dana|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Evans,_Edward_P.}}</ref>


On his return to the United States, he became professor of modern languages at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1868, he married Elizabeth Edson Gibson.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1911-09-15|title=Evans, Elizabeth Edson|volume=9|work=Chicago Examiner|issue=230|url=http://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/examiner/id/22564/|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref> In 1870, Evans resigned his position at Michigan and went abroad again, where he gathered materials for a history of [[German literature]],<ref name=":2" /> and also made a specialty of oriental languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|year=1920|editor-last=Rines|editor-first=George Edwin|editor-link=George Edwin Rines|chapter=Evans, Edward Payson|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Evans,_Edward_Payson}}</ref> He became a fixture at the Royal Library in Munich,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Edward Payson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=delFlcGFniYC&newbks=0|title=The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals|last2=Humphrey|first2=Nicholas|date=1987|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1987|isbn=978-0-571-14893-6|location=London|page=xxviii|language=en|chapter=Foreward}}</ref> and joined the staff of the ''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' in Munich in 1884.<ref name=":1" />
While living in Munich, he became a fixture at the [[Royal Library of Munich]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Edward Payson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=delFlcGFniYC|title=The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals|last2=Humphrey|first2=Nicholas|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1987|isbn=978-0-571-14893-6|location=London|page=xxviii|language=en|chapter=Foreword}}</ref> and joined the staff of the political journal ''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]'' in 1884.<ref name=":1" /> Evans' wife died in 1911 and when the [[First World War]] broke out in 1914, he returned to the United States, where he lived in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] and [[New York City]].<ref name=":3" />


⚫
Evans died at his home in New York City, on March 6, 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42760479/edward_payson_evans_dies/ |title=Edward Payson Evans Dies |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=11 |date=1917-03-08 |access-date=2020-01-21 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Evans' wife died in 1911 and when [[World War I]] broke out in 1914, he returned to the United States, where he lived in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] and [[New York City]].<ref name=":3" />

⚫
He died at his home in New York on March 6, 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42760479/edward_payson_evans_dies/ |title=Edward Payson Evans Dies |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=11 |date=1917-03-08 |access-date=2020-01-21 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
Evans' 1906 book ''The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals'', is considered to be the seminal work on the topic of [[animal trial]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szerlip |first=B. Alexandra |date=2021-06-25 |title=Animal Trials: The Quest for Order in a Chaotic World |url=https://www.berfrois.com/2021/06/animals-on-trial-alexandra-szerlip/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091022/https://www.berfrois.com/2021/06/animals-on-trial-alexandra-szerlip/ |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=Berfrois |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years the book has been the subject of several critiques.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2016|title=Commissioned Text: Aleks Pluskowski on YEAST|url=https://spacestudios.org.uk/events/dominic-watson-yeast/commissioned-text-aleks-pluskowski-on-yeast/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-06|website=[ SPACE ]|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516145339/https://spacestudios.org.uk/events/dominic-watson-yeast/commissioned-text-aleks-pluskowski-on-yeast/ |archive-date=May 16, 2021 }}</ref>
⚫
[[Roderick Nash]] argues that both Evans and [[J. Howard Moore]], "deserve more recognition than they have received as the first professional philosophers in the United States to look beyond anthropocentrism."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Nash|first=Roderick Frazier|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=9780299118433|title=The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year=1989|isbn=978-0-299-11843-3|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=122|language=en}}</ref>

⚫
Environmental historian [[Roderick Nash]] argues that both Evans and [[J. Howard Moore]], "deserve more recognition than they have received as the first professional philosophers in the United States to look beyond anthropocentrism."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Nash |first=Roderick Frazier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9780299118433 |title=The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-299-11843-3 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |pages=122 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bernard E. Rollin]] has cited Evans' book ''[[Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology]]'' as an example of contemporaries of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] who used his [[Darwin's theory of evolution|theory of evolution]] to advocate for the ethical treatment of animals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rollin |first=Bernard E. |date=2007-09-01 |title=Animal Mind: Science, Philosophy, and Ethics |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10892-007-9018-3 |journal=The Journal of Ethics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=253–274 |doi=10.1007/s10892-007-9018-3 |issn=1572-8609}}</ref>


== Selected works ==
== Selected works ==
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=== Articles ===
=== Articles ===
* "[[iarchive:atlantic53bostuoft/page/613/mode/1up|Linguistic Paleontology]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 53, Iss. 5, May 1884, pp. 613–622
* "[[iarchive:atlantic53bostuoft/page/613/mode/1up|Linguistic Paleontology]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 53, Iss. 5, May 1884, pp.&nbsp;613–622
* "[[iarchive:atlantic54bostuoft/page/235/mode/1up|Bugs and Beasts before the Law]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 54, Iss. 2, Aug. 1884, pp. 235–247
* "[[iarchive:atlantic54bostuoft/page/235/mode/1up|Bugs and Beasts before the Law]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 54, Iss. 2, Aug. 1884, pp.&nbsp;235–247
* "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025907307 Artists and Art Life in Munich]", ''Cosmopolitan'', Vol. 9, Iss. 1, May 1890, pp. 3–13
* "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025907307 Artists and Art Life in Munich]", ''Cosmopolitan'', Vol. 9, Iss. 1, May 1890, pp.&nbsp;3–13
* "[[iarchive:atlantic68bostuoft/page/n308/mode/1up|Speech as a Barrier Between Man and Beast]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 68, Iss. 3, Sept. 1891, pp. 299–312
* "[[iarchive:atlantic68bostuoft/page/n308/mode/1up|Speech as a Barrier Between Man and Beast]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Vol. 68, Iss. 3, Sept. 1891, pp.&nbsp;299–312
* "[[iarchive:atlantic69bostuoft/page/171/mode/1up/|The Nearness of Animals to Men]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Volume 69, Iss. 2, Feb. 1892, pp. 171–184
* "[[iarchive:atlantic69bostuoft/page/171/mode/1up/|The Nearness of Animals to Men]]", ''The Atlantic Monthly'', Volume 69, Iss. 2, Feb. 1892, pp.&nbsp;171–184
*"[[wikisource:Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_45/September_1894/Ethical_Relations_Between_Man_and_Beast|Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast]]", ''Popular Science Monthly'', Volume 45, Sept. 1894
*"[[wikisource:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 45/September 1894/Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast|Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast]]", ''Popular Science Monthly'', Volume 45, Sept. 1894


=== Books ===
=== Books ===
* ''Abriss der deutschen Literaturgesehichte'' (New York: Leypoldt & Holt, 1869)
* ''Abriss der deutschen Literaturgeschichte'' (New York: Leypoldt & Holt, 1869)
* ''Progressive German Reader: With notes and a Complete Vocabulary'' (New York: Holt & Williams, 1869)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8lQBAAAAYAAJ A Progressive German Reader: With notes and a Complete Vocabulary]'' (New York: Holt & Williams, 1869)
* ''[http://bestiary.ca/etexts/evans1896/evans%20-%20animal%20symbolism%20in%20ecclesiastical%20architecture.pdf Animal Symbolism in Art and Literature]'' (London: [[W. Heinemann]], 1896)
* ''[http://bestiary.ca/etexts/evans1896/evans%20-%20animal%20symbolism%20in%20ecclesiastical%20architecture.pdf Animal Symbolism in Art and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603131002/http://bestiary.ca/etexts/evans1896/evans%20-%20animal%20symbolism%20in%20ecclesiastical%20architecture.pdf |date=June 3, 2020 }}'' (London: [[W. Heinemann]], 1896)
* ''[[iarchive:animalsymbolismi00evanrich|Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture]]'' (New York: [[H. Holt and Company]], 1896)
* ''[[iarchive:animalsymbolismi00evanrich|Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture]]'' (New York: [[H. Holt and Company]], 1896)
⚫
* ''[[Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology]]'' (New York: [[D. Appleton & Company]], 1897)
* ''History of German Literature'' in (5 vols., 1898)
* ''History of German Literature'' in (5 vols., 1898)
⚫
* ''[[iarchive:evolutionalethic00evan|Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology]]'' (New York: [[D. Appleton & Company]], 1897)
* ''[[iarchive:criminalprosecut00evaniala|The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals]]'' (London: W. Heinemann, 1906)
* ''[[iarchive:criminalprosecut00evaniala|The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals]]'' (London: W. Heinemann, 1906)


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* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Payson Evans |sopt=t}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Payson Evans |sopt=t}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=42108|name=Edward Payson Evans}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=42108|name=Edward Payson Evans}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16772}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 29, 1911|title=Back Home After 40 Years.; Prof. E.P. Evans Here to Complete His History of German Literature.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E0D91231E233A2575AC2A9649D946096D6CF}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 29, 1911|title=Back Home After 40 Years.; Prof. E.P. Evans Here to Complete His History of German Literature.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E0D91231E233A2575AC2A9649D946096D6CF}}


{{Animal rights|state=uncollapsed|advocates}}
{{Animal rights|state=collapsed|advocates}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American educators]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American translators]]
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American translators]]
⚫
[[Category:American animal rights scholars]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:American philologists]]
[[Category:American philologists]]
⚫
[[Category:Animal rights scholars]]
[[Category:Carroll University faculty]]
[[Category:Carroll University faculty]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United States]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United States]]

Latest revision as of 15:40, 22 August 2024

Edward Payson Evans
Portrait from Hinsdale, History of the University of Michigan (1906)
Born(1831-12-08)December 8, 1831
Remsen, New York, U.S.
DiedMarch 6, 1917(1917-03-06) (aged 85)
New York City, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Michigan (BA, 1854)
Occupation(s)Scholar, linguist, educator
Years active1855–1917
Notable workThe Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (1906)
Spouse
Elizabeth Edson Gibson
​
​
(m. 1868; died 1911)​

Edward Payson Evans (December 8, 1831 – March 6, 1917) was an American scholar, linguist, educator, and early advocate for animal rights. He is best known for his 1906 book on animal trials, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals.

Biography

[edit]

Evans was born in Remsen, New York, in 1831.[1] His father was the Reverend Evan Evans,[2] a Welsh Presbyterian clergyman.[3] Evans earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1854.[2] He then taught at an academy in Hernando, Mississippi, in 1855, before becoming a professor at Carroll University (then Carroll College) in Waukesha, Wisconsin from 1856 to 1857.[4]

From 1858 to 1862, he traveled abroad, studying at the universities of Göttingen, Berlin and Munich.[5] On his return to the United States, he became professor of modern languages at the University of Michigan.[5] In 1868, he married Elizabeth Edson Gibson,[6] and in 1870, Evans resigned his position at Michigan to travel abroad again, where he gathered materials for a history of German literature,[5] and made a specialty of studying oriental languages.[7]

While living in Munich, he became a fixture at the Royal Library of Munich,[8] and joined the staff of the political journal Allgemeine Zeitung in 1884.[4] Evans' wife died in 1911 and when the First World War broke out in 1914, he returned to the United States, where he lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts and New York City.[8]

Evans died at his home in New York City, on March 6, 1917.[3]

Legacy

[edit]

Evans' 1906 book The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, is considered to be the seminal work on the topic of animal trials.[9] In recent years the book has been the subject of several critiques.[10]

Environmental historian Roderick Nash argues that both Evans and J. Howard Moore, "deserve more recognition than they have received as the first professional philosophers in the United States to look beyond anthropocentrism."[11] Bernard E. Rollin has cited Evans' book Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology as an example of contemporaries of Darwin who used his theory of evolution to advocate for the ethical treatment of animals.[12]

Selected works

[edit]
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Edward Payson Evans

Articles

[edit]

Books

[edit]

Translations

[edit]
  • Adolf Stahr, The Life and Works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (with an introduction; 2 vols., Boston, 1866)
  • Athanase Josué Coquerel, First Historical Transformations of Christianity (1867)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von (1899). "Evans, Edward P. geb. 1831 in Remsen (Staat NY), gest. 1917" [Evans, Edward P. born 1831 in Remsen (NY State), died 1917]. Das literarische München: 25 Porträtskizzen [The Literary Munich: 25 Portrait Sketches] (in German).
  2. ^ a b Hinsdale, B. A.; Demmon, Isaac Newton (1906). History of the University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 237.
  3. ^ a b "Edward Payson Evans Dies". The New York Times. March 8, 1917. p. 11. Retrieved January 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b "Evans, Edward Payson" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. p. 381.
  5. ^ a b c "Evans, Edward P." . The American Cyclopædia. Vol. VI. 1879.
  6. ^ "Evans, Elizabeth Edson". Chicago Examiner. Vol. 9, no. 230. September 15, 1911. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  7. ^ "Evans, Edward Payson" . Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. X. 1920.
  8. ^ a b Evans, Edward Payson; Humphrey, Nicholas (1987). "Foreword". The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. London: Faber & Faber. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-571-14893-6.
  9. ^ Szerlip, B. Alexandra (June 25, 2021). "Animal Trials: The Quest for Order in a Chaotic World". Berfrois. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  10. ^ "Commissioned Text: Aleks Pluskowski on YEAST". [ SPACE ]. September 2016. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  11. ^ Nash, Roderick Frazier (1989). The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-299-11843-3.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ Rollin, Bernard E. (September 1, 2007). "Animal Mind: Science, Philosophy, and Ethics". The Journal of Ethics. 11 (3): 253–274. doi:10.1007/s10892-007-9018-3. ISSN 1572-8609.
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Edward Payson Evans.
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