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{{Short description|Bronze Age archaeological site in China}} |
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{{Infobox ancient site |
{{Infobox ancient site |
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|name = Huanbei |
|name = Huanbei |
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|native_name = 洹北 |
|native_name = 洹北 |
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|alternate_name = |
|alternate_name = |
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|image = |
|image = |
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|alt = |
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|caption = |
|caption = |
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|map = |
|map = |
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|map_caption = |
|map_caption = |
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|map_type = China Northern Plain |relief=1 |
|map_type = China Northern Plain |relief=1 |
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|map_alt = |
|map_alt = |
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|map_size = |
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|longitude = 114.34 |
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|map_size = |
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|location = China |
|location = China |
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|region = [[Henan]] |
|region = [[Henan]] |
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|coordinates = {{coord|36.13|114.34|region:CN-41|display=inline,title}} |
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|iso_region = CN-41 |
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|coordinates = |
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|coordinates_display = title |
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|type = walled city |
|type = walled city |
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|part_of = |
|part_of = |
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|length = |
|length = |
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|width = |
|width = |
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|area = 510 ha |
|area = 510 ha |
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|height = |
|height = |
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|builder = |
|builder = |
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|material = |
|material = |
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|built = c. 1350 BCE |
|built = c. 1350 BCE |
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|abandoned = c. 1300 BCE |
|abandoned = c. 1300 BCE |
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|epochs = |
|epochs = |
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|cultures = |
|cultures = |
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|dependency_of = |
|dependency_of = |
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|occupants = |
|occupants = |
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|event = |
|event = |
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|excavations = |
|excavations = |
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|archaeologists = |
|archaeologists = |
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|condition = |
|condition = |
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|ownership = |
|ownership = |
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|management = |
|management = |
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|public_access = |
|public_access = |
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|website = |
|website = |
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|notes = |
|notes = |
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}} |
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'''Huanbei''' ({{zh|c=洹北|p=Huánběi}}) is the site of |
'''Huanbei''' ({{zh|c=洹北|p=Huánběi}}), also known as '''Huayuanzhuang''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guangkuo |first=Yuan |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118325698 |title=A Companion to Chinese Archaeology |date=2013 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |editor-last=Underhill |editor-first=Anne P. |pages=326 |chapter=The Discovery and Study of the Early Shang Culture}}</ref> is the site of a [[Bronze Age]] city on the northern outskirts of the modern city of [[Anyang]] in [[Henan]] province, [[China]], discovered in 1999. The name refers to its position to the north (''běi'') of the [[Huan River]]. The city seems to have been burnt to the ground after 50 years of occupation, shortly before the construction on the other side of the river of the site now known as [[Yinxu]], the source of the earliest Chinese written records, [[oracle bones]] relating to the last nine kings of the [[Shang dynasty]]. Huanbei is accordingly assigned to a "Middle Shang" period. |
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Artifacts had been recovered from the area since the 1960s. In 1999, a walled city eight feet beneath the surface was discovered in the course of a regional survey undertaken by the Institute of Archaeology at the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] and the Archaeometry Laboratory at the [[University of Minnesota]]. The city has since been excavated by joint teams from Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the University of Minnesota, the [[University of Wisconsin]] and the [[University of British Columbia]]. |
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The city has walls of pounded earth forming an approximate square oriented 13 degrees east of north, with an area of {{convert|470|ha}}, including a palace-temple complex of {{convert|41|ha}}. Part of the site lies under Anyang's airport, limiting the scope of excavations. |
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==See also== |
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The city seems to have been burnt to the ground after 50 years of occupation, shortly before the construction of the last Shang dynasty capital at the site now known as [[Yinxu]] across the river. |
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* [[Shang archaeology]] |
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* [[Periodization of the Shang dynasty]] |
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The city has since been excavated by joint teams from Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the University of Minnesota, the [[University of Wisconsin]] and the [[University of British Columbia]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite journal | title = Shang City Uncovered | given = Spencer P.M. | surname = Harrington | journal = Archaeology | volume = 53 | number = 3 | date = May–June 2000 | url = http://www.archaeology.org/0005/newsbriefs/shang.html }} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| title = Shang City Uncovered |
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| first = Spencer P.M. | last = Harrington |
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| journal = Archaeology | volume = 53 | number = 3 |date=May–June 2000 |
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| publisher = Archaeological Institute of America |
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| url = http://www.archaeology.org/0005/newsbriefs/shang.html |
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| ⚫ | |||
* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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| title = Torched Shang Dynasty City Huanbei Was Destroyed by its Own Rulers |
| title = Torched Shang Dynasty City Huanbei Was Destroyed by its Own Rulers |
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| given = Owen |
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| surname = Jarus |
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| website = Heritage Key |
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| date = 17 May 2010 |
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| url = http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.nl/2010/05/torched-shang-dynasty-city-huanbei-was.html#.UPGE3OTK6So |
| url = http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.nl/2010/05/torched-shang-dynasty-city-huanbei-was.html#.UPGE3OTK6So |
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| accessdate = 12 January 2013 |
| accessdate = 12 January 2013 |
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| archive-date = 21 September 2016 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160921055145/https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.nl/2010/05/torched-shang-dynasty-city-huanbei-was.html#.UPGE3OTK6So |
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| url-status = dead |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| surname = Li | given = Feng |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|last=Li |
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|first=Feng |
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| ⚫ | |||
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TQNaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |
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|year=2013 |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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| title = Ancient Chinese Warfare |
| title = Ancient Chinese Warfare |
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| given1 = Ralph D. |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=8FxOGXfsQwQC |
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| |
| surname1 = Sawyer |
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| given2 = Mei-chün |
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| surname2 = Sawyer |
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| publisher = Basic Books |
| publisher = Basic Books |
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| year = 2011 |
| year = 2011 |
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| isbn = 978-0-465-02145-1 |
| isbn = 978-0-465-02145-1 |
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| page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465021451/page/144 144] |
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| page = 144 |
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| url-access = registration |
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}} |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465021451/page/144 |
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* {{cite journal |
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| title = Survey and Test Excavation of the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang |
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| last1 = Tang | first1 = Jigen | last2 = Jing | first2 = Zhichun |
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| last3 = Liu | first3 = Zhongfu | last4 = Yue | first4 = Zhanwei |
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| others = trans. by Jing Zhichun |
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| journal = Chinese Archaeology | volume = 4 | year = 2004 | pages = 1–20 |
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| url = http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/Survey%20and%20Test%20Excavation%20of%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang.pdf |
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}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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| title = A Brief Report on the Excavation of Palatial Compound F1 at the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang, Henan |
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| last1 = Tang | first1 = Jigen | last2 = Yue | first2 = Hongbin |
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| last3 = He | first3 = Yuling | last4 = Yue | first4 = Zhanwei |
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| others = trans. by Jing Zhichun |
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| journal = Chinese Archaeology | volume = 4 | year = 2004 | pages = 21–28 |
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| url = http://www.kaogu.net.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/A%20Brief%20Report%20on%20the%20Excavation%20of%20Palatial%20Compound%20F1%20at%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang,%20Henan.pdf |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{cite journal | title = Survey and Test Excavation of the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang | surname1 = Tang | given1 = Jigen | surname2 = Jing | given2 = Zhichun | surname3 = Liu | given3 = Zhongfu | surname4 = Yue | given4 = Zhanwei | translator = Jing Zhichun | journal = Chinese Archaeology | volume = 4 | year = 2004 | pages = 1–20 | doi = 10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.1 | url = http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/Survey%20and%20Test%20Excavation%20of%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang.pdf | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140709022045/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/Survey%20and%20Test%20Excavation%20of%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang.pdf | archivedate = 2014-07-09 }} |
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* {{cite journal | title = A Brief Report on the Excavation of Palatial Compound F1 at the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang, Henan | surname1 = Tang | given1 = Jigen | surname2 = Yue | given2 = Hongbin | surname3 = He | given3 = Yuling | surname4 = Yue | given4 = Zhanwei | translator = Jing Zhichun | journal = Chinese Archaeology | volume = 4 | year = 2004 | pages = 21–28 | url = http://www.kaogu.net.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/A%20Brief%20Report%20on%20the%20Excavation%20of%20Palatial%20Compound%20F1%20at%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang,%20Henan.pdf | access-date = 2013-05-10 | archive-date = 2016-08-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014920/http://www.kaogu.net.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/A%20Brief%20Report%20on%20the%20Excavation%20of%20Palatial%20Compound%20F1%20at%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang%2C%20Henan.pdf | url-status = dead }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Prehistoric cultures of China}} |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in China]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in China]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Henan]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Henan]] |
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[[Category:Anyang]] |
[[Category:Anyang]] |
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[[Category:14th-century BC establishments |
[[Category:14th-century BC establishments]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:52, 23 August 2024
洹北 | |
  Shown within Northern China | |
| Location | China |
|---|---|
| Region | Henan |
| Coordinates | 36°08′N 114°20′E / 36.13°N 114.34°E |
| Type | walled city |
| Area | 510 ha |
| History | |
| Founded | c. 1350 BCE |
| Abandoned | c. 1300 BCE |
Huanbei (Chinese: 洹北; pinyin: Huánběi), also known as Huayuanzhuang,[1] is the site of a Bronze Age city on the northern outskirts of the modern city of Anyang in Henan province, China, discovered in 1999. The name refers to its position to the north (běi) of the Huan River. The city seems to have been burnt to the ground after 50 years of occupation, shortly before the construction on the other side of the river of the site now known as Yinxu, the source of the earliest Chinese written records, oracle bones relating to the last nine kings of the Shang dynasty. Huanbei is accordingly assigned to a "Middle Shang" period.
Artifacts had been recovered from the area since the 1960s. In 1999, a walled city eight feet beneath the surface was discovered in the course of a regional survey undertaken by the Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Minnesota. The city has since been excavated by joint teams from Institute of Archaeology at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin and the University of British Columbia.
The city has walls of pounded earth forming an approximate square oriented 13 degrees east of north, with an area of 470 hectares (1,200 acres), including a palace-temple complex of 41 hectares (100 acres). Part of the site lies under Anyang's airport, limiting the scope of excavations.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Harrington, Spencer P.M. (May–June 2000). "Shang City Uncovered". Archaeology. 53 (3).
- Jarus, Owen (17 May 2010). "Torched Shang Dynasty City Huanbei Was Destroyed by its Own Rulers". Heritage Key. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- Li, Feng (2013). Early China: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-521-89552-1.
- Sawyer, Ralph D.; Sawyer, Mei-chün (2011). Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-465-02145-1.
- Tang, Jigen; Jing, Zhichun; Liu, Zhongfu; Yue, Zhanwei (2004). "Survey and Test Excavation of the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang" (PDF). Chinese Archaeology. 4. Translated by Jing Zhichun: 1–20. doi:10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-09.
- Tang, Jigen; Yue, Hongbin; He, Yuling; Yue, Zhanwei (2004). "A Brief Report on the Excavation of Palatial Compound F1 at the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang, Henan" (PDF). Chinese Archaeology. 4. Translated by Jing Zhichun: 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
Prehistoric cultures of China | |
|---|---|
| Northeastern China | |
| Upper Yellow River | |
| Middle Yellow River | |
| Lower Yellow River | |
| Middle and Upper Yangtze | |
| Lower Yangtze and Huai | |
| Southern China | |
| Tibet | |
| Xinjiang | |
| Taiwan | |
| Other | |
- ^ Guangkuo, Yuan (2013). "The Discovery and Study of the Early Shang Culture". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 326.