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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Common sandpiper lake geneva-4.jpg
⚫
| image = Actitis hypoleucos - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
| image caption = adult, [[Lake Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| image2 = Actitis hypoleucos - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
| image_caption = Adult, [[Laem Pak Bia]], [[Thailand]]<br />
| image2_caption = juvenile, Laem Pak Bia, [[Thailand]]<br />
[[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) (W1CDR0001405 BD3).ogg|thumb|center|Bird recorded in Scotland]]
[[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) (W1CDR0001405 BD3).ogg|thumb|center|Bird recorded in Scotland]]
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author = BirdLife International | author-link = BirdLife International | title = ''Actitis hypoleucos'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2012 | page = e.T22693264A38824217 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2012 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22693264/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693264A38824217.en | accessdate = 27 August 2016}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Actitis hypoleucos'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |page=e.T22693264A86678952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693264A86678952.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
⚫
| taxon = Actitis hypoleucos
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| synonyms =
| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
| infraclassis = [[Neognathae]]
| superordo = [[Neoaves]]
| ordo = [[Charadriiformes]]
| familia = [[Scolopacidae]]
| subordo = Scolopaci<!-- monotypic - don't link -->
| genus = ''[[Actitis]]''
⚫
| species = '''''A. hypoleucos'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Actitis hypoleucos''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms =
''Tringa hypoleucos'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
''Tringa hypoleucos'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
| range_map = ActitisHypoleucosIUCNver2018 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF00FF|Possibly extant (non-breeding)|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#AAFFFF|Possibly extant (passage)|outline=gray}}
}}
}}
[[File:Foeragerende oeverloper-4961816.webm|thumb |Actitis hypoleucos]]

The '''common sandpiper''' (''Actitis hypoleucos'') is a small [[Palearctic]] [[wader]]. This bird and its [[Americas|American]] [[sister species]], the [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia''), make up the [[genus]] ''[[Actitis]]''. They are [[parapatric]] and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]]. Hybridization has also been [[Hybridisation in shorebirds#Other hybrid scolopacids|reported]] between the common sandpiper and the [[green sandpiper]], a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] species of the closely related shank genus ''[[Tringa]]''.
The '''common sandpiper''' ('''''Actitis hypoleucos''''') is a small [[Palearctic]] [[wader]]. This bird and its [[Americas|American]] [[sister species]], the [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia''), make up the [[genus]] ''[[Actitis]]''. They are [[parapatric]] and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]]. Hybridization has also been [[Hybridisation in shorebirds#Other hybrid scolopacids|reported]] between the common sandpiper and the [[green sandpiper]], a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] species of the closely related genus ''[[Tringa]]''.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The common sandpiper was one of the many [[Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|bird species originally described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', where it was given the binomial name of ''Tringa hypoleucos''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Linnaeus |first=Carl |authorlink= Carl Linnaeus |title= Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |publisher= (Laurentii Salvii) |location= [[Stockholm|Holmiae]] |volume= Vol. I |edition= 10th revised |language= Latin |year= 1758 |page= 149 |url=https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisy00gesegoog#page/n158/mode/1up |via= The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The current scientific name is from [[Ancient Greek]]. ''Actitis'' is from ''aktites'', "coast-dweller" derived from ''akte'', "coast", and ''hypoleucos'' is from ''hupo'', "beneath", and ''leukos'' "white".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=31, 199}}</ref>
The common sandpiper was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Tringa hypoleucos''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. |author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=((Volume 1)) |edition=Tenth |page=149 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) |language=Latin |chapter=''Tringa hypoleucos'' |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727056}}</ref> The species is now placed together with the [[spotted sandpiper]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Actitis]]'' that was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Illiger | first=J.K.W. |author-link=Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger |year=1811 |title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium |language=Latin |location=Berolini [Berlin] |publisher=Sumptibus C. Salfeld |page=262 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301232}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=F. | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=P. | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers |work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> The genus name ''Actitis'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''aktites'' meaning "coast-dweller" from ''akte'' meaning "coast". The specific epithet ''hypoleucos'' combines the Ancient Greek ''hupo'' meaning "beneath" with ''leukos'' meaning "white".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= J.A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n31 31], [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n199 199]}}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]] and no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>


==Description==
==Description==
The adult is {{convert|18|–|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|32|–|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. It has greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts, short dark-yellowish legs and feet, and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. In winter plumage, they are duller and have more conspicuous barring on the wings, though this is still only visible at close range. Juveniles are more heavily barred above and have buff edges to the wing feathers.<ref name=Hayman/>
The adult is {{convert|18|–|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|32|–|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. It has greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts, short dark-yellowish legs and feet, and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. In winter plumage, they are duller and have more conspicuous barring on the wings, though this is still only visible at close range. Juveniles are more heavily barred above and have buff edges to the wing feathers.<ref name=Hayman>{{cite book |last1=Hayman |first1=P. |last2=Marchant |first2=J. |last3=Prater |first3=T. |year=1986 |title=Shorebirds: an Identification Guide to the Waders of the World |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-60237-8}}</ref>


This species is very similar to the slightly larger [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia'') in non-breeding plumage. But its darker legs and feet and the crisper wing pattern (visible in flight) tend to give it away, and of course they are only rarely found in the same location.<ref name=Hayman/>
This species is very similar to the slightly larger [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia'') in non-breeding plumage. But its darker legs and feet and the crisper wing pattern (visible in flight) tend to give it away, and of course they are only rarely found in the same location.<ref name=Hayman/>


==Distribution and migration==
==Ecology==
It is a gregarious bird and is seen in large flocks, and has the distinctive stiff-winged flight, low over the water, of ''[[Actitis]]'' waders. The common sandpiper breeds across most of [[temperate]] and [[subtropical]] [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], and [[bird migration|migrates]] to [[Africa]], southern [[Asia]] and [[Australia]] in winter. The eastern edge of its migration route passes by [[Palau]] in [[Micronesia]], where hundreds of birds may gather for a stop-over. They depart the Palau region for their breeding quarters around the last week of April to the first week of May.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=VanderWerf2006/>
The common sandpiper breeds across most of [[temperate]] and [[subtropical]] Europe and Asia, and [[bird migration|migrates]] to Africa, southern Asia and [[Australia]] in winter. The eastern edge of its migration route passes by [[Palau]] in [[Micronesia]], where hundreds of birds may gather for a stop-over. They depart the Palau region for their breeding quarters around the last week of April to the first week of May.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=VanderWerf2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=E.A. |last2=Wiles |first2=G.J. |last3=Marshall |first3=A.P. |last4=Knecht |first4=M. |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=http://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_vanderwerf-palau.pdf}}</ref>


==Behaviour and ecology==
⚫
[[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) probing mud banks in Kolkata I IMG 4169.jpg|thumb|left|Wintering bird foraging ''matakakoni''-style, [[Puri]] ([[Odisha]], [[India]])]]
The Common Sandpiper is usually encountered alone, occasionally in small groups, although larger flocks are sometimes formed around migration<ref name="ABG">{{cite book |last1=Menkhjorst |first1=Peter |last2=Rogers |first2=Danny |last3=Clarke |first3=Rohan |last4=Davies |first4=Jeff |last5=Marsack |first5=Peter |last6=Franklin |first6=Kim |title=The Australian Bird Guide |date=2020 |publisher=CSIRO |location=Canberra |isbn=9780643097544 |edition=Revised}}</ref> or at breeding season roosts. It seldom joins multispecies flocks.<ref name="ABG" /> This species has a distinctive stiff-winged flight, low over the water.
[[File:Actitis hypoleucos MHNT.jpg|thumb|Egg of '' Actitis hypoleucos'' - [[MHNT]] ]]
[[File:Actitis hypoleucos MHNT.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Egg]]
⚫
[[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) probing mud banks in Kolkata I IMG 4169.jpg|thumb|Wintering bird foraging ''matakakoni''-style in [[Puri]]]]


===Breeding===
⚫
The common sandpiper forages by sight on the ground or in shallow water, picking up small food items such as [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and other [[invertebrate]]s; it may even catch insects in flight. In the Nukumanu language of the [[Nukumanu Islands]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), this species is usually called '''''tiritavoi'''''. Another Nukumanu name for it, '''''matakakoni''''', exists, but this is considered somewhat [[taboo]] and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that ''matakakoni'' means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the ''Actitis'' species characteristically perform during foraging.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Haddon2004/>
⚫
It nests on the ground near [[freshwater]]. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Mann1991>{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=C.F. |year=1991 |title=Sunda Frogmouth ''Batrachostomus cornutus'' carrying its young |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=6 |pages=77–78 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203825/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Feeding===
It nests on the ground near [[freshwater]]. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Mann1991/>
The common sandpiper forages by sight on the ground or in shallow water, picking up small food items such as [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and other [[invertebrate]]s; it may even catch insects in flight.


==Conservation==
The common sandpiper is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.
It is widespread and common, and therefore classified as a species of [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] but is a vulnerable species in some states of Australia.<ref name=iucn /> The common sandpiper is one of the species to which the ''[[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]]'' (AEWA) applies.<ref>{{cite web | title=Species| url=https://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species | publisher=Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) | access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

It is widespread and common, and therefore classified as a species of [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]] but is a vulnerable species in some states of Australia.<ref name=IUCN/>


==Relationship to humans==
⚫
In the Nukumanu language of the [[Nukumanu Islands]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), this species is usually called '''''tiritavoi'''''. Another Nukumanu name for it, '''''matakakoni''''', exists, but this is considered somewhat [[taboo]] and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that ''matakakoni'' means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the ''Actitis'' species characteristically perform during foraging.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Haddon2004>{{cite journal |last=Hadden |first=D.W. |year=2004 |title=Birds of the northern atolls of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-date=2020-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114152801/https://www.notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist}}

<ref name=Haddon2004>{{cite journal |last=Hadden |first=Don W. |year=2004 |title=Birds of the northern atolls of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Hayman>{{cite book |last1=Hayman |first1=Peter |last2=Marchant |first2=John |last3=Prater |first3=Tony |year=1986 |title=Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-60237-8}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name=Mann1991>{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=Clive F. |year=1991 |title=Sunda Frogmouth ''Batrachostomus cornutus'' carrying its young |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=6 |pages=77–78 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=VanderWerf2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=http://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_vanderwerf-palau.pdf}}</ref>

}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Actitis hypoleucos}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Actitis hypoleucos}}
{{Wikispecies|Actitis hypoleucos}}
* [http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/211_CommonSandpiperAhypoleucos.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125325/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/211_CommonSandpiperAhypoleucos.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/264.pdf Common sandpiper species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/264.pdf Common sandpiper species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* {{BirdLife|22693264|Actitis hypoleucos}}
* {{BirdLife|22693264|Actitis hypoleucos}}
Line 71: Line 56:
* {{InternetBirdCollection|common-sandpiper-actitis-hypoleucos}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|common-sandpiper-actitis-hypoleucos}}
* {{VIREO|Common+sandpiper}}
* {{VIREO|Common+sandpiper}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22693264|Actitis hypoleucos}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Actitis|hypoleucos|Common sandpiper}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Actitis|hypoleucos|Common sandpiper}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Actitis hypoleucos}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Actitis hypoleucos}}
* {{ARKive}}
* {{ARKive}}


{{taxonbar}}
{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q18850}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:sandpiper}}
[[Category:Actitis]]
[[Category:Actitis]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 19:20, 24 August 2024

Common sandpiper
Adult, Laem Pak Bia, Thailand
Bird recorded in Scotland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Genus: Actitis
Species:
A. hypoleucos
Binomial name
Actitis hypoleucos
Range
  Breeding
  Non-breeding
  Passage
  Possibly extant (non-breeding)
  Possibly extant (passage)
Synonyms

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758

Actitis hypoleucos

The common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a small Palearctic wader. This bird and its American sister species, the spotted sandpiper (A. macularia), make up the genus Actitis. They are parapatric and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and hybridize. Hybridization has also been reported between the common sandpiper and the green sandpiper, a basal species of the closely related genus Tringa.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The common sandpiper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa hypoleucos.[2] The species is now placed together with the spotted sandpiper in the genus Actitis that was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[3][4] The genus name Actitis is from Ancient Greek aktites meaning "coast-dweller" from akte meaning "coast". The specific epithet hypoleucos combines the Ancient Greek hupo meaning "beneath" with leukos meaning "white".[5] The species is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised.[4]

Description

[edit]

The adult is 18–20 cm (7.1–7.9 in) long with a 32–35 cm (13–14 in) wingspan. It has greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts, short dark-yellowish legs and feet, and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. In winter plumage, they are duller and have more conspicuous barring on the wings, though this is still only visible at close range. Juveniles are more heavily barred above and have buff edges to the wing feathers.[6]

This species is very similar to the slightly larger spotted sandpiper (A. macularia) in non-breeding plumage. But its darker legs and feet and the crisper wing pattern (visible in flight) tend to give it away, and of course they are only rarely found in the same location.[6]

Distribution and migration

[edit]

The common sandpiper breeds across most of temperate and subtropical Europe and Asia, and migrates to Africa, southern Asia and Australia in winter. The eastern edge of its migration route passes by Palau in Micronesia, where hundreds of birds may gather for a stop-over. They depart the Palau region for their breeding quarters around the last week of April to the first week of May.[6][7]

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

The Common Sandpiper is usually encountered alone, occasionally in small groups, although larger flocks are sometimes formed around migration[8] or at breeding season roosts. It seldom joins multispecies flocks.[8] This species has a distinctive stiff-winged flight, low over the water.

Egg
Wintering bird foraging matakakoni-style in Puri

Breeding

[edit]

It nests on the ground near freshwater. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.[6][9]

Feeding

[edit]

The common sandpiper forages by sight on the ground or in shallow water, picking up small food items such as insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates; it may even catch insects in flight.

Conservation

[edit]

It is widespread and common, and therefore classified as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List but is a vulnerable species in some states of Australia.[1] The common sandpiper is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[10]

Relationship to humans

[edit]

In the Nukumanu language of the Nukumanu Islands (Papua New Guinea), this species is usually called tiritavoi. Another Nukumanu name for it, matakakoni, exists, but this is considered somewhat taboo and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that matakakoni means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the Actitis species characteristically perform during foraging.[6][11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Actitis hypoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693264A86678952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693264A86678952.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Tringa hypoleucos". Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. Volume 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 149.
  3. ^ Illiger, J.K.W. (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 262.
  4. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  5. ^ Jobling, J.A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 199. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e Hayman, P.; Marchant, J.; Prater, T. (1986). Shorebirds: an Identification Guide to the Waders of the World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-60237-8.
  7. ^ VanderWerf, E.A.; Wiles, G.J.; Marshall, A.P.; Knecht, M. (2006). "Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit" (PDF). Micronesica. 39 (1): 11–29.
  8. ^ a b Menkhjorst, Peter; Rogers, Danny; Clarke, Rohan; Davies, Jeff; Marsack, Peter; Franklin, Kim (2020). The Australian Bird Guide (Revised ed.). Canberra: CSIRO. ISBN 9780643097544.
  9. ^ Mann, C.F. (1991). "Sunda Frogmouth Batrachostomus cornutus carrying its young" (PDF). Forktail. 6: 77–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  10. ^ "Species". Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  11. ^ Hadden, D.W. (2004). "Birds of the northern atolls of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea" (PDF). Notornis. 51 (2): 91–102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Actitis hypoleucos.
Wikispecies has information related to Actitis hypoleucos.
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