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Teuthonista is a phonetic transcription system used predominantly for the transcription of (High) German dialects. It is very similar to other Central European transcription systems from the early 20th century. The base characters are mostly based on the Latin alphabet, which can be modified by various diacritics.

History

The name Teuthonista goes back to the Journal Teuthonista, in which the transcription system was presented in 1924/25.^[1]

Symbols

Most of the characters derive from the Latin or Greek alphabet, and from earlier systems such as Dania. The consonants are primarily mono-phonemic symbols. Fine nuances in articulation can be distinguished by diacritics (e.g. dots or tildes beneath or across the character). Vowels are distinguished with a more extensive system of diacritics. To describe the various dialectal sounds of the German letter "e", for example, the system uses the letter "e" with trémas, upstrokes, tildes and hooks below, separately and in combination. It is possible to write more than 500 different variants of the letter "e". There are a number of Teuthonista systems that use different base letters and diacritics, and the characters they have in common do not have defined values between systems.

In Reichel (2003), the basic vowel letters are a e i o u. Vowels are stacked for an intermediate articulation (near-low vowels aͤ and aͦ, high-mid vowels iͤ and oͧ, central vowels uͥ and oͤ). Reduced vowels are ɪ ʊ ə α.

Lenis and fortis consonants are paired: b p, d t, k g. For fricatives they are:

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Post- alveolar	Palatal		Velar
Lenis	β	v	s	š	ꭓ	ꭗ^{[note 1]}	x
Fortis	w	ꬵ	ʃ	ʃ̌

As in the IPA and extIPA, diacritics may doubled for greater degree and placed in parentheses for a lesser degree. For example, ẹ, e᪷ are a close (high) and open (low) e, while e̤, e᪸ are a closer (higher) and more open (lower) e,^{[note 2]} and ẹ᪽, e᪷᪽ are only slightly raised and lowered e. Similarly, ë and ẽ are rounded and nasalized e, while ë̈, ẽ̃ are extra-rounded and extra-nasalized e and ë᪻, ẽ᪻ are slightly rounded and nasalized e. Parentheses around a double diacritic, such as ë̈᪻, mean the degree of modification is intermediate between that indicated by a single and a double diacritic.

An example of the shades of sound indicated by diacritics is the following scale from near-high to near-low front vowels:

i᪸ eͥ e̤ e̤᪽ ẹ ẹ᪽ e e᪷᪽ e᪷ e᪸᪽ e᪸ aͤ a̤

Usage

The Teuthonista phonetic transcription system is used by the following projects:

Lexicons

Badisches Wörterbuch
Bayerisches Wörterbuch
Wörterbuch der bairischen Mundarten in Österreich

Linguistic atlases

Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz
Südwestdeutscher Sprachatlas
Atlas der historischen deutschen Mundarten auf dem Gebiet der Tschechischen Republik
Sprachatlas von Oberösterreich
Vorarlberger Sprachatlas
Teilprojekte des Bayerischen Sprachatlas
- Sprachatlas von Bayerisch-Schwaben
- Sprachatlas von Mittelfranken
- Sprachatlas von Unterfranken
- Sprachatlas von Niederbayern
- Sprachatlas von Nordostbayern
- Sprachatlas von Oberbayern

Notes

^ ꭗ is sometimes written with the right leg long, rather than the left leg
^ With the vowel letters e i o u, the under-dot and hook below mean the vowel is raised or lowered, but with 'a' it means the vowel is fronted or backed. These are similar to the IPA half rings diacritics for raising and lowering used until 1989. Unicode supplies separate code points single and double open marks just for Teuthonista transcription as they look more like hook or small iota than IPA’s left half ring.

References

^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).

External links

Handbuch zum Zeichensatz SMFTeuthonista by Sibylle Reichel, April 2003 at the Wayback Machine (archived July 24, 2004) (in German)
Comparison of Teuthonista and IPA at the Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2012) (in German)
Teuthonista transcription symbols at Vivaio Acustico delle Lingue e dei Dialetti d’Italia, Humboldt University, Berlin.

[2] ꭗ is sometimes written with the right leg long, rather than the left leg

[3] With the vowel letters e i o u, the under-dot and hook below mean the vowel is raised or lowered, but with 'a' it means the vowel is fronted or backed. These are similar to the IPA half rings diacritics for raising and lowering used until 1989. Unicode supplies separate code points single and double open marks just for Teuthonista transcription as they look more like hook or small iota than IPA’s left half ring.

[1] Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).

[1]

[note 1]

[note 2]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Symbols==
-Most of the characters derive from the Latin or Greek alphabet, and from earlier systems such as [[Dania transcription|Dania]]. The consonants are primarily mono-phonemic symbols. Fine nuances in articulation can be distinguished by [[diacritics]] (e.g. dots or tildes beneath or across the character). Vowels are distinguished with a more extensive system of diacritics. To describe the various dialectal sounds of the German letter "e", for example, the system uses the letter "e" with [[tréma]]s, upstrokes, [[tildes]] and [[ogonek]]s, separately and in combination. It is possible to write more than 500 different variants of the letter "e". There are a number of Teuthonista systems that use different base letters and diacritics, and the characters they have in common do not have defined values between systems.
+Most of the characters derive from the Latin or Greek alphabet, and from earlier systems such as [[Dania transcription|Dania]]. The consonants are primarily mono-phonemic symbols. Fine nuances in articulation can be distinguished by [[diacritics]] (e.g. dots or tildes beneath or across the character). Vowels are distinguished with a more extensive system of diacritics. To describe the various dialectal sounds of the German letter "e", for example, the system uses the letter "e" with [[tréma]]s, upstrokes, [[tildes]] and hooks below, separately and in combination. It is possible to write more than 500 different variants of the letter "e". There are a number of Teuthonista systems that use different base letters and diacritics, and the characters they have in common do not have defined values between systems.
 In Reichel (2003), the basic vowel letters are a e i o u. Vowels are stacked for an intermediate articulation (near-low vowels aͤ and aͦ, high-mid vowels iͤ and oͧ, central vowels uͥ and oͤ). Reduced vowels are ɪ ʊ ə α.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 |-
 !Lenis
-|β||v||s||š||ꭓ||ꭗ<ref>ꭗ is sometimes written with the right leg long, rather than the left leg</ref>||x
+|β||v||s||š||ꭓ||ꭗ<ref group="note">ꭗ is sometimes written with the right leg long, rather than the left leg</ref>||x
 |-
 !Fortis
-|w||f||ʃ||ʃ̌|| || ||
+|w||ꬵ||ʃ||ʃ̌|| || ||
 |}
-As in the IPA and [[extIPA]], diacritics may doubled for greater degree and placed in parentheses for a lesser degree. For example, ẹ, ę are a close (high) and open (low) e, while e̤, e᷎᷎ are a closer (higher) and more open (lower) e,<ref>With the vowel letters e i o u, the under-dot and ogonek mean the vowel is raised or lowered, but with 'a' it means the vowel is fronted or backed. These were the IPA diacritics for raising and lowering until 1989. Unicode supplies redundant code points for single and double ogonek just for Teuthonista transcription.</ref> and ẹ&#x1ABD;, ę&#x1ABD; are only slightly raised and lowered e. Similarly, ë and ẽ are rounded and nasalized e, while ë̈, ẽ̃ are extra-rounded and extra-nasalized e and ë&#x1ABB;, ẽ&#x1ABB; are slightly rounded and nasalized e. Parentheses around a double diacritic, such as ë̈&#x1ABB;, mean the degree of modification is intermediate between that indicated by a single and a double diacritic.
+As in the IPA and [[extIPA]], diacritics may doubled for greater degree and placed in parentheses for a lesser degree. For example, ẹ, e᪷ are a close (high) and open (low) e, while e̤, e᪸ are a closer (higher) and more open (lower) e,<ref group="note">With the vowel letters e i o u, the under-dot and hook below mean the vowel is raised or lowered, but with 'a' it means the vowel is fronted or backed. These are similar to the IPA half rings diacritics for raising and lowering used until 1989. Unicode supplies separate code points single and double open marks just for Teuthonista transcription as they look more like hook or small iota than IPA’s left half ring.</ref> and ẹ&#x1ABD;, e᪷&#x1ABD; are only slightly raised and lowered e. Similarly, ë and ẽ are rounded and nasalized e, while ë̈, ẽ̃ are extra-rounded and extra-nasalized e and ë&#x1ABB;, ẽ&#x1ABB; are slightly rounded and nasalized e. Parentheses around a double diacritic, such as ë̈&#x1ABB;, mean the degree of modification is intermediate between that indicated by a single and a double diacritic.
+An example of the shades of sound indicated by diacritics is the following scale from near-high to near-low front vowels:
+:{{IPA|i᪸ eͥ e̤ e̤᪽ ẹ ẹ᪽ e e᪷᪽ e᪷ e᪸᪽ e᪸ aͤ a̤}}
 ==Usage==
@@ Line 51: / Line 54: @@
 *[[Dania transcription]]
 *Unicode ranges [[Latin Extended-E]], [[Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement]] (overscript consonants), [[Combining Diacritical Marks Extended]]
+== Notes ==
+{{reflist|group=note}}
 == References ==
@@ Line 62: / Line 68: @@
 * {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724105759/http://www.sprachatlas.phil.uni-erlangen.de/materialien/Teuthonista_Handbuch.pdf | date=July 24, 2004 | title=Handbuch zum Zeichensatz SMFTeuthonista by Sibylle Reichel, April 2003}} {{in lang|de}}
 * {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040434/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/dinamlex/Teutho_IPA.pdf | date=March 6, 2012 | title=Comparison of Teuthonista and IPA}} {{in lang|de}}
+* [https://www2.hu-berlin.de/vivaldi/index.php?id=0007 Teuthonista transcription symbols at ''Vivaio Acustico delle Lingue e dei Dialetti d’Italia''], Humboldt University, Berlin.
 [[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
 [[Category:German phonology]]
+[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1920s]]
+[[Category:1920s in science]]