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{{Short description|Italian philosopher and politician}}
{{Short description|Italian philosopher and politician (born 1943)}}
{{Advert|date=August 2018}}
{{Advert|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
|image = Marcello_Pera_Senato.jpg
| name = Marcello Pera
| image = Marcello_Pera_datisenato_2022.jpg
| order = [[President of the Italian Senate]]
| name = Marcello Pera
| order = [[President of the Italian Senate|President of the Senate of the Republic]]
| term_start = 30 May 2001
| term_end = 27 April 2006
| term_start = 30 May 2001
| predecessor = [[Nicola Mancino]]
| term_end = 27 April 2006
| successor = [[Franco Marini]]
| predecessor = [[Nicola Mancino]]
| order2 = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Senate]]
| successor = [[Franco Marini]]
| order2 = Member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| term_start2 = 9 May 1996
| term_end2 = 14 March 2013
| term_start2 = 13 October 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|1|28|df=y}}
| term_end2 =
| birth_place = [[Lucca]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| constituency2 = [[Sassari]]
| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]]
| term_start3 = 9 May 1996
| alma_mater = [[University of Pisa]]
| term_end3 = 14 March 2013
| constituency3 = [[Lucca]] (1996–2006)<br>[[Emilia-Romagna]] (2006–2008)<br>[[Lazio]] (2008–2013)
⚫
| profession = [[Philosophy|Philosopher]] <br /> [[Politician]]
| children =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|1|28|df=y}}
| spouse =
| birth_place = [[Lucca]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| residence =
| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]]
| party = [[Independent (politics)|Independent]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Pisa]]
⚫
| profession = [[Philosophy|Philosopher]]<br />[[Politician]]
⚫
| otherparty = [[Italian Socialist Party]]<br /><small>(until 1994)</small><br />[[Forza Italia]]<br /><small>(1994-2009)</small><br />[[The People of Freedom]]<br /><small>(2009-2012)</small>
| children =
| spouse =
| residence =
| party = [[Brothers of Italy|FdI]] (since 2022)
⚫
| otherparty = [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (until 1994)<br />[[Forza Italia|FI]] (1994–2009)<br />[[The People of Freedom|PdL]] (2009–2013)
| caption = Marcello Pera in 2022
}}
}}
⚫
'''Marcello Pera''' ({{IPA|it|marˈtʃɛllo ˈpɛːra, -e-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=pera|title=pera|website=Dipionline.it}}</ref> born 28 January 1943) is an Italian [[Philosophy|philosopher]] and [[politician]]. He was the president of the [[Italian Senate]] from 2001 to 2006.<ref name=Sen>[http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00003900.htm Page at Senate website] {{in lang|it}}.</ref>

⚫
'''Marcello Pera''' ({{IPA-it|marˈtʃɛllo ˈpeːra}}) (born 28 January 1943<ref name=Sen>[http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00003900.htm Page at Senate website] {{in lang|it}}.</ref>) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Philosophy|philosopher]] and [[politician]]. He was the President of the [[Italian Senate]] from 2001 to 2006.


==Career==
==Career==
{{Conservatism in Italy|Intellectuals}}
Pera, who was born in [[Lucca]],<ref name=Sen/> graduated in [[accounting]], and he worked for the [[Banca Toscana]] and for the ''[[Camera di Commercio]]'' in Lucca. He went on to study [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pisa]], concentrating on the works of [[Karl Popper]] and his ''[[open society]]'' theory, and advocating these principles during the difficult 1970s, the ''[[Strategy of tension|anni di piombo]]''.
Pera was born in [[Lucca]],⁣<ref name=Sen/> and graduated in [[accounting]]. He worked for the Banca Toscana and for the ''[[Camera di Commercio]]'' in Lucca. He went on to study [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pisa]], concentrating on the works of [[Karl Popper]] and his ''[[open society]]'' theory, and advocating these principles during the difficult 1970s, the ''[[Strategy of tension|anni di piombo]]''.


⚫
His academic career began in 1976 at the University of Pisa. He then went on to pursue research activities internationally: [[U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission|Fulbright]] scholar, University of Pittsburgh, 1984; Linguistics and Philosophy, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990; visiting fellow, Centre for the Philosophy of Natural Sciences, London School of Economics, 1995–96. He taught theoretical philosophy from 1989 to 1992 at the [[University of Catania]]. In 1992, he became a full professor of philosophy at the University of Pisa.
His academic career began 1976 at the University of Pisa.
⚫
He then went on to pursue research activities internationally: Visiting Fellow, University of Pittsburgh, 1984; Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990; Visiting Fellow, Centre for the Philosophy of Natural Sciences, London School of Economics, 1995–96.
He taught Theoretical Philosophy from 1989 to 1992 at the University of Catania.
In 1992 he became full professor of Philosophy at the University of Pisa.


⚫
Pera has written for the newspapers ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', ''[[Il Messaggero]]'', and ''[[La Stampa]]'', as well as for the news magazines ''[[L'Espresso]]'' and ''[[Panorama (magazine)|Panorama]]''. Pera has become a leading opponent of [[post-modernism]] and [[cultural relativism]] and on this subject, he resonates with religious thinkers. Opposing cultural relativism, he declared, "There are good reasons for deeming that some institutions are better than others. And I deny that such a judgment must necessarily lead to a clash."<ref name="senato.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.senato.it/presidente14leg/21572/21575/28223/42108/composizioneattopresidente.htm |title=Senato.it - Il Presidente - Relativism, Christianity and the West |access-date=2014-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412232424/http://www.senato.it/presidente14leg/21572/21575/28223/42108/composizioneattopresidente.htm |archive-date=2008-04-12 }}</ref>
Marcello Pera has written for the newspapers ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', ''[[Il Messaggero]]'', and ''[[La Stampa]]'', and to the news magazines [[L'Espresso]] and [[Panorama]].


⚫
Opposing the postmodern denial of the possibility of ascertaining objective facts, he says, "Against deconstructionism, I do not deny that facts do not exist without interpretation. I refute [[Nietzsche]]'s thesis that "there are no facts, only interpretations" (F. Nietzsche, ''Afterthoughts''); or [[Derrida]]'s "there is nothing beyond the text" (J. Derrida, ''[[Of Grammatology]])''."<ref name="senato.it"/>
Pera has become a leading opponent of [[post-modernism]] and [[cultural relativism]] and on this subject he resonates with religious thinkers.

⚫
Opposing cultural relativism he declared, "There are... good reasons for deeming that some institutions are better than others. And I deny that such a judgment must necessarily lead to a clash."<ref name="senato.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.senato.it/presidente14leg/21572/21575/28223/42108/composizioneattopresidente.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412232424/http://www.senato.it/presidente14leg/21572/21575/28223/42108/composizioneattopresidente.htm |archive-date=2008-04-12 }}</ref>

⚫
Opposing the post modern denial of the possibility of ascertaining objective facts, he says, "Against deconstructivism I do not deny that facts do not exist without interpretation. I refute [[Nietzsche]]'s thesis that "there are no facts, only interpretations" (F. Nietzsche, ''Afterthoughts''); or [[Derrida]]'s "there is nothing beyond the text" (J. Derrida, ''[[Of Grammatology]])''."<ref name="senato.it"/>


===In the Senate===
===In the Senate===
He was elected as a Senator for [[Forza Italia]] in [[1996 Italian general election|1996]] and [[2001 Italian general election|2001]].<ref name=Sen/> During the XIV Legislature, he was President of the Senate from May 30, 2001 to April 27, 2006.<ref>[http://www.senato.it/leg/14/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00003900.htm Senate page for Pera as a member of the XIV Legislature] {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> He was re-elected to the Senate in [[2006 Italian general election|2006]] and [[2008 Italian general election|2008]].<ref name=Sen/>
He was elected as a Senator for [[Forza Italia]] in [[1996 Italian general election|1996]] and [[2001 Italian general election|2001]].<ref name=Sen/> During the XIV Legislature, he was President of the Senate from May 30 to April 27, 2006.<ref>[http://www.senato.it/leg/14/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00003900.htm Senate page for Pera as a member of the XIV Legislature] {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> He was re-elected to the Senate in [[2006 Italian general election|2006]] and [[2008 Italian general election|2008]].<ref name=Sen/>


===Dialogue with Pope Benedict XVI===
===Dialogue with Pope Benedict XVI===
An atheist,<ref>Curzio Maltese, ''Come ti sei ridotto: modesta proposta di sopravvivenza al declino di una nazione'', Feltrinelli, 2006, p. 57.</ref> Pera co-authored a book with then [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], titled ''Senza radici'' ("Without Roots"), and is the author of the introduction to the book originally titled ''L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture, '' or in short, ''The Europe of Benedict,'' written by Ratzinger shortly before he became the pope. It has been reprinted as ''Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures.'' <ref>Joseph Ratzinger, ''Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures'' (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2006), copyright page, table of contents.</ref>
An atheist,<ref>Curzio Maltese, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1nijasSAUy0C Come ti sei ridotto: modesta proposta di sopravvivenza al declino di una nazione]'', Feltrinelli, 2006, p. 57. {{ISBN|978-88-07-84068-5}}</ref> Pera co-authored a book with then [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]] titled ''Senza radici'' ("Without Roots") and is the author of the introduction to the book originally titled ''L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture,'' or in short, ''The Europe of Benedict,'' written by Ratzinger shortly before he became the pope. It has been reprinted as ''Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures.''<ref>Joseph Ratzinger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-PNmRWB4QwC Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures]'' (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2006), copyright page, table of contents. {{ISBN|978-1-58617-142-1}}</ref>

Pera's 2008 book ''Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani'' ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians"), has a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI.


Pera is a critic of the policies of [[Jorge Bergoglio]] and his attempts to influence Italian politics, in particular his response to the [[European migrant crisis]]; he has accused Bergoglio of demanding that European states "commit suicide."<ref>{{cite news| url = http://formiche.net/blog/2017/07/10/il-vangelo-non-centra-il-papa-fa-politica-parola-di-marcello-pera/ |access-date = 6 July 2017 | date = 5 July 2017 | title = Il Papa, la Chiesa e i migranti. Parla Marcello Pera| work = Formiche }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cronaca/2017/7/10/Marcello-Pera-vs-Papa-Francesco-Bergoglio-fa-politica-e-in-atto-uno-scisma-nella-Chiesa-/773071/ |access-date = 6 July 2017 | date = 5 July 2017 | title = Marcello Pera vs Papa Francesco/ "Bergoglio fa politica, è in atto uno scisma nella Chiesa" | work = Il Sussi Diario}}</ref>
Pera's 2008 book ''Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani'' ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians") has a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI. Pera is a critic of the policies of [[Pope Francis]] and what he perceive as the Pope's attempts to influence Italian politics, in particular his response to the [[European migrant crisis]]; he accused the Pope of demanding that European states "commit suicide".<ref>{{cite news| url = http://formiche.net/blog/2017/07/10/il-vangelo-non-centra-il-papa-fa-politica-parola-di-marcello-pera/ |access-date = 6 July 2017 | date = 5 July 2017 | title = Il Papa, la Chiesa e i migranti. Parla Marcello Pera| work = Formiche }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cronaca/2017/7/10/Marcello-Pera-vs-Papa-Francesco-Bergoglio-fa-politica-e-in-atto-uno-scisma-nella-Chiesa-/773071/ |access-date = 6 July 2017 | date = 5 July 2017 | title = Marcello Pera vs Papa Francesco/ "Bergoglio fa politica, è in atto uno scisma nella Chiesa" | work = Il Sussi Diario}}</ref>


==Honour==
==Honour==
Line 57: Line 54:
* {{flagu|Malaysia}} : Honorary Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web
* {{flagu|Malaysia}} : Honorary Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan.}}</ref>
|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan.}}</ref>
*{{Flag2|Uruguay}} : Grand Cordon of the [[Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolución N° 1438/003|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/1438-2003|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.impo.com.uy}}</ref>
* {{Flag2|Uruguay}} : Grand Cordon of the [[Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolución N° 1438/003|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/1438-2003|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.impo.com.uy}}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP unsourced section|date=August 2018}}
*''Induzione e metodo scientifico'', Pera M., Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa, 1978
* ''Induzione e metodo scientifico'', Pera M., Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa, 1978
*''Popper e la scienza su palafitte'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1981
* ''Popper e la scienza su palafitte'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1981
*''Hume, Kant e l'induzione'', Pera M., Il Mulino, Bologna, 1982
* ''Hume, Kant e l'induzione'', Pera M., Il Mulino, Bologna, 1982
*''Apologia del Metodo'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1982
* ''Apologia del Metodo'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1982
*''La Rana ambigua. La controversia sull'eletricità tra Galvana e Volta'', Pera M., Einaudi, Torino, 1986; English translation ''The Ambiguous Frog: The Galvani-Volta Controversy on Animal Electricity,'' Princeton University Press, Princeton 1991
* ''La Rana ambigua. La controversia sull'eletricità tra Galvana e Volta'', Pera M., Einaudi, Torino, 1986; English translation ''The Ambiguous Frog: The Galvani-Volta Controversy on Animal Electricity,'' Princeton University Press, Princeton 1991
*''Scienza e retorica'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1992; translated into English and revised as ''The Discourses of Science'', (Chicago University Press, Chicago 1994
* ''Scienza e retorica'', Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1992; translated into English and revised as ''The Discourses of Science'', (Chicago University Press, Chicago 1994
*''Senza radici/Without Roots'', Pera M., Ratzinger J., [[Mondadori]], Milano 2004, Basic Books, New York 2006; German edition: Sankt Ulrich Verlag, Augsburg 2005; Spanish edition: Peninsula, Barcelona 2006
* ''Senza radici/Without Roots'', Pera M., Ratzinger J., [[Mondadori]], Milano 2004, Basic Books, New York 2006; German edition: Sankt Ulrich Verlag, Augsburg 2005; Spanish edition: Peninsula, Barcelona 2006
** {{Cite book|last1=Ratzinger|first1=Joseph|author-link1=Joseph Ratzinger|last2=Pera|first2=Marcello|author-link2=Marcello Pera|title=Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam|year=2006|location=New York|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://archive.org/details/withoutrootswest00bene|url-access=registration}}
** {{Cite book|last1=Ratzinger|first1=Joseph|author-link1=Joseph Ratzinger|last2=Pera|first2=Marcello|author-link2=Marcello Pera|title=Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam|year=2006|location=New York|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465006342|url=https://archive.org/details/withoutrootswest00bene|url-access=registration}}
*''Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani'' ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians"), [[Mondadori]], Milano 2008; with a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI
* ''Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani'' ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians"), [[Mondadori]], Milano 2008; with a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Communion and Liberation]]
[[Category:Communion and Liberation]]
[[Category:University of Pisa alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pisa alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pisa faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Pisa]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian male writers]]

Latest revision as of 03:24, 27 August 2024

Marcello Pera
Marcello Pera in 2022
President of the Senate of the Republic
In office
30 May 2001 – 27 April 2006
Preceded byNicola Mancino
Succeeded byFranco Marini
Member of the Senate of the Republic
Incumbent
Assumed office
13 October 2022
ConstituencySassari
In office
9 May 1996 – 14 March 2013
ConstituencyLucca (1996–2006)
Emilia-Romagna (2006–2008)
Lazio (2008–2013)
Personal details
Born (1943-01-28) 28 January 1943 (age 81)
Lucca, Kingdom of Italy
Political partyFdI (since 2022)
Other political
affiliations		PSI (until 1994)
FI (1994–2009)
PdL (2009–2013)
Alma materUniversity of Pisa
ProfessionPhilosopher
Politician

Marcello Pera (Italian pronunciation: [marˈtʃɛllo ˈpɛːra, -e-];[1] born 28 January 1943) is an Italian philosopher and politician. He was the president of the Italian Senate from 2001 to 2006.[2]

Career

[edit]
This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in Italy
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Principles
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Intellectuals
Literature
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Pera was born in Lucca,⁣[2] and graduated in accounting. He worked for the Banca Toscana and for the Camera di Commercio in Lucca. He went on to study philosophy at the University of Pisa, concentrating on the works of Karl Popper and his open society theory, and advocating these principles during the difficult 1970s, the anni di piombo.

His academic career began in 1976 at the University of Pisa. He then went on to pursue research activities internationally: Fulbright scholar, University of Pittsburgh, 1984; Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990; visiting fellow, Centre for the Philosophy of Natural Sciences, London School of Economics, 1995–96. He taught theoretical philosophy from 1989 to 1992 at the University of Catania. In 1992, he became a full professor of philosophy at the University of Pisa.

Pera has written for the newspapers Corriere della Sera, Il Messaggero, and La Stampa, as well as for the news magazines L'Espresso and Panorama. Pera has become a leading opponent of post-modernism and cultural relativism and on this subject, he resonates with religious thinkers. Opposing cultural relativism, he declared, "There are good reasons for deeming that some institutions are better than others. And I deny that such a judgment must necessarily lead to a clash."[3]

Opposing the postmodern denial of the possibility of ascertaining objective facts, he says, "Against deconstructionism, I do not deny that facts do not exist without interpretation. I refute Nietzsche's thesis that "there are no facts, only interpretations" (F. Nietzsche, Afterthoughts); or Derrida's "there is nothing beyond the text" (J. Derrida, Of Grammatology)."[3]

In the Senate

[edit]

He was elected as a Senator for Forza Italia in 1996 and 2001.[2] During the XIV Legislature, he was President of the Senate from May 30 to April 27, 2006.[4] He was re-elected to the Senate in 2006 and 2008.[2]

Dialogue with Pope Benedict XVI

[edit]

An atheist,[5] Pera co-authored a book with then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger titled Senza radici ("Without Roots") and is the author of the introduction to the book originally titled L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture, or in short, The Europe of Benedict, written by Ratzinger shortly before he became the pope. It has been reprinted as Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures.[6]

Pera's 2008 book Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians") has a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI. Pera is a critic of the policies of Pope Francis and what he perceive as the Pope's attempts to influence Italian politics, in particular his response to the European migrant crisis; he accused the Pope of demanding that European states "commit suicide".[7][8]

Honour

[edit]

Foreign honour

[edit]

Publications

[edit]
  • Induzione e metodo scientifico, Pera M., Editrice Tecnico Scientifica, Pisa, 1978
  • Popper e la scienza su palafitte, Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1981
  • Hume, Kant e l'induzione, Pera M., Il Mulino, Bologna, 1982
  • Apologia del Metodo, Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1982
  • La Rana ambigua. La controversia sull'eletricità tra Galvana e Volta, Pera M., Einaudi, Torino, 1986; English translation The Ambiguous Frog: The Galvani-Volta Controversy on Animal Electricity, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1991
  • Scienza e retorica, Pera M., Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1992; translated into English and revised as The Discourses of Science, (Chicago University Press, Chicago 1994
  • Senza radici/Without Roots, Pera M., Ratzinger J., Mondadori, Milano 2004, Basic Books, New York 2006; German edition: Sankt Ulrich Verlag, Augsburg 2005; Spanish edition: Peninsula, Barcelona 2006
    • Ratzinger, Joseph; Pera, Marcello (2006). Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465006342.
  • Perché dobbiamo dirci cristiani ("Why We Must Call Ourselves Christians"), Mondadori, Milano 2008; with a letter-preface by Pope Benedict XVI

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "pera". Dipionline.it.
  2. ^ a b c d Page at Senate website (in Italian).
  3. ^ a b "Senato.it - Il Presidente - Relativism, Christianity and the West". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  4. ^ Senate page for Pera as a member of the XIV Legislature (in French).
  5. ^ Curzio Maltese, Come ti sei ridotto: modesta proposta di sopravvivenza al declino di una nazione, Feltrinelli, 2006, p. 57. ISBN 978-88-07-84068-5
  6. ^ Joseph Ratzinger, Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2006), copyright page, table of contents. ISBN 978-1-58617-142-1
  7. ^ "Il Papa, la Chiesa e i migranti. Parla Marcello Pera". Formiche. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Marcello Pera vs Papa Francesco/ "Bergoglio fa politica, è in atto uno scisma nella Chiesa"". Il Sussi Diario. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  9. ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan".
  10. ^ "Resolución N° 1438/003". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by President of the Italian Senate
2001–2006 		Succeeded by
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