Tetrasilane: Difference between revisions
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| ImageFile = Tetrasilan.svg |
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| ImageFile1 = Tetrasilane-3D-vdW.png |
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| ImageSize = 125px |
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|IUPACName=Tetrasilane |
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| OtherNames = ''n''-Tetrasilane |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{Cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 122662 |
| ChemSpiderID = 122662 |
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| EINECS = 616-515-4 |
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| PubChem = 6327668 |
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| UNII = OI9DXJ0BL4 |
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| Formula = Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> |
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| StdInChI=1S/H10Si4/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 |
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| MolarMass = 122.421 g/mol |
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| StdInChIKey=MBDFFBCLMHNNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Appearance = Liquid |
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|Si=4|H=10 |
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| Appearance= colourless liquid that self ignite in air<ref name="voltaix">Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>) ([http://www.voltaix.com/images/doc/Mssi056_tetrasilane.pdf PDF-Datei])</ref> |
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| Density= 0.792 g·cm<sup>−3</sup><ref name="CRC-Handbook" /> |
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| MeltingPt= −89.9 °C<ref name="CRC-Handbook">{{RubberBible86th |page=81 }}</ref> |
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| BoilingPt= 108.1 °C<ref name="CRC-Handbook" /> |
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| Solubility=reacts<ref name="voltaix" /> |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| GHS_ref= |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Danger |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|250}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|}} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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|OtherCompounds=[[butane]] |
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'''Tetrasilane''' is a [[silane]] with the [[structure formula]] SiH<sub>3</sub>–(SiH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–SiH<sub>3</sub>. It is the silane analog of [[butane]]. |
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== Preparation == |
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Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting [[magnesium silicide]] (Mg<sub>2</sub>Si) with acids like 20% [[phosphoric acid]] in 50–60 °C.<ref name="Steudel2014">{{citation |surname1=Steudel |first=Ralf |title=Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmnnBQAAQBAJ |at=pp. 294–295 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-030797-9 |author-link=Ralf Steudel}}</ref> |
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:<math>\mathrm{Mg_2Si + \ 4 H^+\ \longrightarrow \ Si_nH_{2n+2}}</math> |
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The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% [[hydrochloric acid]] produces 40% [[monosilane]], 30% [[disilane]], 15% [[trisilane]], 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.<ref name="Wiberg2011">{{citation |surname1=Wiberg |first=Egon |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Kwd55aEqMC |at=pp. 319–320 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-023832-7}}</ref> The mixture can be separated by [[fractional distillation]]. |
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In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:<ref name="Steudel2014" /> |
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:<math>\mathrm{SiH_4 \ \rightarrow \ SiH_2 \ + \ H_2}</math> |
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:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ SiH_4 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_3}</math> |
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:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ H_3Si{-}SiH_3 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3}</math> |
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:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3}</math> |
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== Properties== |
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Tetrasilane is a colourless, [[pyrophoric]] liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54 °C, it will still spontaneous combust.<ref name="voltaix" /> It is even more unstable than [[trisilane]], slowly decomposing at [[room temperature]], releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.<ref name="Siliciumwasserstoffe XVI">{{citation |surname1=Stock |first1=Alfred |title=Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride |date=1923-07-04 |periodical=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |volume=56 |issue=7 |at=pp. 1695–1705 |language=German |doi=10.1002/cber.19230560735 |last2=Stiebeler |first2=Paul |last3=Zeidler |first3=Friedrich}}</ref> |
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== Reactions== |
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Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce [[3-silylpentasilane]] and disilane.<ref name="ZAAC_1976_9">{{citation |surname1=Fehér |first1=F. |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan |date=March 1976 |periodical=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=421 |issue=1 |at=pp. 9–14 |language=German |doi=10.1002/zaac.19764210103 |last2=Fischer |first2=I.}}</ref> |
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:<math>\mathrm{2 \ Si_4H_{10} \rightarrow \ Si_2H_6 \ + H_3Si{-}SiH(Si_2H_6)_2 }</math> |
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With the presence of [[aluminium chloride]], heating tetrasilane in [[xylene]] will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehér |first1=Franz |last2=Ocklenburg |first2=Franz |last3=Skrodzki |first3=Dieter |date=June 2014 |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276416452 |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=869–872 |doi=10.1515/znb-1980-0715 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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:<math>\mathrm{2 \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3 \longrightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH(SiH_3)_2 }</math> |
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== References== |
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'''Tetrasilane''' is a four-[[silicon]] [[silane]]. It has the [[chemical formula]] Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>. |
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<references /> |
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[[Category:Silanes]] |
[[Category:Silanes]] |
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[[Category:Inorganic silicon compounds]] |
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[[Category:Pyrophoric materials]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:27, 27 August 2024
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Tetrasilane
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| Other names
n-Tetrasilane
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.132.456 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| H10Si4 | |
| Molar mass | 122.420 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colourless liquid that self ignite in air[1] |
| Density | 0.792 g·cm−3[2] |
| Melting point | −89.9 °C[2] |
| Boiling point | 108.1 °C[2] |
| reacts[1] | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Danger | |
| H250 | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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butane |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Tetrasilane is a silane with the structure formula SiH3–(SiH2)2–SiH3. It is the silane analog of butane.
Preparation
[edit]Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) with acids like 20% phosphoric acid in 50–60 °C.[3]
The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% hydrochloric acid produces 40% monosilane, 30% disilane, 15% trisilane, 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.[4] The mixture can be separated by fractional distillation.
In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:[3]
Properties
[edit]Tetrasilane is a colourless, pyrophoric liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54 °C, it will still spontaneous combust.[1] It is even more unstable than trisilane, slowly decomposing at room temperature, releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.[5]
Reactions
[edit]Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce 3-silylpentasilane and disilane.[6]
With the presence of aluminium chloride, heating tetrasilane in xylene will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si4H10) (PDF-Datei)
- ^ a b c Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
- ^ a b Steudel, Ralf (2014), Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9
- ^ Wiberg, Egon (2011), Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7
- ^ Stock, Alfred; Stiebeler, Paul; Zeidler, Friedrich (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735
- ^ Fehér, F.; Fischer, I. (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103
- ^ Fehér, Franz; Ocklenburg, Franz; Skrodzki, Dieter (June 2014). "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 35 (7): 869–872. doi:10.1515/znb-1980-0715 – via ResearchGate.