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{{Chembox
{{unreferenced|date=June 2012}}
| ImageFile = Tetrasilan.svg
{{Chembox
| ImageFile1 = Tetrasilane-3D-vdW.png
| ImageFile = tetrasilane.jpg.gif
|IUPACName=Tetrasilane
| ImageSize = 125px
| OtherNames = ''n''-Tetrasilane
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7783-29-1
| CASNo= 7783-29-1
| CASNo_Ref = {{Cascite|correct|CAS}}
| ChemSpiderID = 122662
| ChemSpiderID = 122662
| EINECS = 616-515-4
| SMILES = [SiH3][SiH2][SiH2][SiH3]
| PubChem = 6327668
}}
| UNII = OI9DXJ0BL4
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| SMILES=[SiH3][SiH2][SiH2][SiH3]
| Formula = Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>
| StdInChI=1S/H10Si4/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
| MolarMass = 122.421 g/mol
| StdInChIKey=MBDFFBCLMHNNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| Appearance = Liquid
|
}}
}}
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|Si=4|H=10
| Appearance= colourless liquid that self ignite in air<ref name="voltaix">Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>) ([http://www.voltaix.com/images/doc/Mssi056_tetrasilane.pdf PDF-Datei])</ref>
| Density= 0.792 g·cm<sup>−3</sup><ref name="CRC-Handbook" />
| MeltingPt= −89.9 °C<ref name="CRC-Handbook">{{RubberBible86th |page=81 }}</ref>
| BoilingPt= 108.1 °C<ref name="CRC-Handbook" />
| Solubility=reacts<ref name="voltaix" />
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| GHS_ref=
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|250}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|}}
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|OtherCompounds=[[butane]]
}}
}}

'''Tetrasilane''' is a [[silane]] with the [[structure formula]] SiH<sub>3</sub>–(SiH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–SiH<sub>3</sub>. It is the silane analog of [[butane]].

== Preparation ==
Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting [[magnesium silicide]] (Mg<sub>2</sub>Si) with acids like 20% [[phosphoric acid]] in 50–60&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Steudel2014">{{citation |surname1=Steudel |first=Ralf |title=Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmnnBQAAQBAJ |at=pp.&nbsp;294–295 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-030797-9 |author-link=Ralf Steudel}}</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{Mg_2Si + \ 4 H^+\ \longrightarrow \ Si_nH_{2n+2}}</math>

The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% [[hydrochloric acid]] produces 40% [[monosilane]], 30% [[disilane]], 15% [[trisilane]], 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.<ref name="Wiberg2011">{{citation |surname1=Wiberg |first=Egon |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Kwd55aEqMC |at=pp.&nbsp;319–320 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=German |isbn=978-3-11-023832-7}}</ref> The mixture can be separated by [[fractional distillation]].

In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:<ref name="Steudel2014" />
:<math>\mathrm{SiH_4 \ \rightarrow \ SiH_2 \ + \ H_2}</math>
:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ SiH_4 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_3}</math>
:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ H_3Si{-}SiH_3 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3}</math>
:<math>\mathrm{SiH_2 \ + \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3 \rightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3}</math>

== Properties==
Tetrasilane is a colourless, [[pyrophoric]] liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54&nbsp;°C, it will still spontaneous combust.<ref name="voltaix" /> It is even more unstable than [[trisilane]], slowly decomposing at [[room temperature]], releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.<ref name="Siliciumwasserstoffe XVI">{{citation |surname1=Stock |first1=Alfred |title=Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride |date=1923-07-04 |periodical=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |volume=56 |issue=7 |at=pp.&nbsp;1695–1705 |language=German |doi=10.1002/cber.19230560735 |last2=Stiebeler |first2=Paul |last3=Zeidler |first3=Friedrich}}</ref>

== Reactions==
Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce [[3-silylpentasilane]] and disilane.<ref name="ZAAC_1976_9">{{citation |surname1=Fehér |first1=F. |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan |date=March 1976 |periodical=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=421 |issue=1 |at=pp.&nbsp;9–14 |language=German |doi=10.1002/zaac.19764210103 |last2=Fischer |first2=I.}}</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{2 \ Si_4H_{10} \rightarrow \ Si_2H_6 \ + H_3Si{-}SiH(Si_2H_6)_2 }</math>

With the presence of [[aluminium chloride]], heating tetrasilane in [[xylene]] will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fehér |first1=Franz |last2=Ocklenburg |first2=Franz |last3=Skrodzki |first3=Dieter |date=June 2014 |title=Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276416452 |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=869–872 |doi=10.1515/znb-1980-0715 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi-access=free}}</ref>
:<math>\mathrm{2 \ H_3Si{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_2{-}SiH_3 \longrightarrow \ H_3Si{-}SiH(SiH_3)_2 }</math>


== References==
'''Tetrasilane''' is a four-[[silicon]] [[silane]]. It has the [[chemical formula]] Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>.
<references />


[[Category:Silanes]]
[[Category:Silanes]]
[[Category:Inorganic silicon compounds]]
[[Category:Pyrophoric materials]]

Latest revision as of 07:27, 27 August 2024

Tetrasilane
Names
IUPAC name
Tetrasilane
Other names
n-Tetrasilane
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.132.456 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 616-515-4
UNII
  • InChI=1S/H10Si4/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
    Key: MBDFFBCLMHNNID-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [SiH3][SiH2][SiH2][SiH3]
Properties
H10Si4
Molar mass 122.420 g·mol−1
Appearance colourless liquid that self ignite in air[1]
Density 0.792 g·cm−3[2]
Melting point −89.9 °C[2]
Boiling point 108.1 °C[2]
reacts[1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS02: Flammable
Danger
H250
Related compounds
Related compounds
butane
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Tetrasilane is a silane with the structure formula SiH3–(SiH2)2–SiH3. It is the silane analog of butane.

Preparation

[edit]

Tetrasilane can be prepared by reacting magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) with acids like 20% phosphoric acid in 50–60 °C.[3]

The reaction can produce silanes up to n=15. The reaction of magnesium silicide with 25% hydrochloric acid produces 40% monosilane, 30% disilane, 15% trisilane, 10% tetrasilane and 5% higher silanes.[4] The mixture can be separated by fractional distillation.

In addition, higher silanes can also be obtained by discharges monosilane:[3]

Properties

[edit]

Tetrasilane is a colourless, pyrophoric liquid that has a disgusting odour. Even below 54 °C, it will still spontaneous combust.[1] It is even more unstable than trisilane, slowly decomposing at room temperature, releasing hydrogen and forming shorter chain silanes.[5]

Reactions

[edit]

Photochemical disproportionation of tetrasilane will produce 3-silylpentasilane and disilane.[6]

With the presence of aluminium chloride, heating tetrasilane in xylene will allow isomerization to isotetrasilane.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Material Safety Data Sheet for Tetrasilane (Si4H10) (PDF-Datei)
  2. ^ a b c Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  3. ^ a b Steudel, Ralf (2014), Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Synthesen - Strukturen - Bindung – Verwendung (in German), De Gruyter, pp. 294–295, ISBN 978-3-11-030797-9
  4. ^ Wiberg, Egon (2011), Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie: Mit einem Anhang: Chemiegeschichte (in German), Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319–320, ISBN 978-3-11-023832-7
  5. ^ Stock, Alfred; Stiebeler, Paul; Zeidler, Friedrich (1923-07-04), "Siliciumwasserstoffe, XVI.: Die höheren Siliciumhydride", Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German), vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 1695–1705, doi:10.1002/cber.19230560735
  6. ^ Fehér, F.; Fischer, I. (March 1976), "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXVIII. Die photochemische Disproportionierung von n-Tetrasilan, Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Silylpentasilan", Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German), vol. 421, no. 1, pp. 9–14, doi:10.1002/zaac.19764210103
  7. ^ Fehér, Franz; Ocklenburg, Franz; Skrodzki, Dieter (June 2014). "Beiträge zur Chemie des Siliciums und Germaniums, XXXII, Isomerisierung von höheren Silanen mit Aluminiumchlorid". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 35 (7): 869–872. doi:10.1515/znb-1980-0715 – via ResearchGate.