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Zerah C. Whipple (1 September 1849 – 12 September 1879) was a Rogerene American Christian pacifist, war tax resister, and developer of educational methods for the deaf.

Peace work

Whipple was publisher of The Voice of Peace (formerly The Bond of Peace) from 1872 to 1874, the newsletter of the Connecticut Peace Society and later of the Universal Peace Union.^[1]

In the Summer of 1874, Whipple was jailed by the Ledyard, Connecticut tax collector, Christopher Gallup, for his refusal to pay a military tax (in this case, a fine assessed on men who did not participate in the state militia).^[1]^[2] After several days, a stranger who had heard about the case paid the tax and costs in order to have Whipple released.^[3] His jailing became a cause célèbre in the American peace movement of the time.^[4]

Whipple's grandfather Jonathan Whipple had also been threatened with arrest many years before, for the same reason (refusal either to serve in or pay a fine to the militia, for reasons of conscientious objection to war), but in his case the threat was not carried through.^[5]

Work with the deaf

Whipple was known for his work with the deaf. He was inspired by his grandfather who had patiently taught his deaf son (Zerah's uncle) to speak and lip-read proficiently. Zerah's method emphasized lip-reading and learning to speak by using tactile and visible feedback, something he called the “Pure Oral Method” to distinguish it from attempts to teach sign language to the deaf, which he felt ghettoized their speech.

Whipple also developed a phonetic alphabet for the deaf to use when learning pronunciation. The letters in this alphabet were schematic representations of the position and motion of the vocal organs when pronouncing the sound.

Whipple's school operated until 1980, originally as “Whipple Home School for Deaf Mutes”, then “Mystic Oral School”, and later as “Mystic Educational Center.”

Miscellaneous

In 1873, Whipple unsuccessfully petitioned U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant to commute the death sentences of prisoners captured in the Modoc War.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b Williams, Anna Bolles (1904). "Quakertown". The Rogerenes: Some Hitherto Unpublished Annals Belonging to the Colonial History of Connecticut. Stanhope Press. pp. 315–316.
^ "Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 8. November 1874. pp. 120–22.
^ "A Recent Imprisonment in Connecticut". The British Friend. 1 February 1875. p. 33.
^ see e.g. "Whipple in Jail: The Rights of Conscience". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 7. p. 104.
^ "Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment (continued)". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 9. December 1874. pp. 141–144.
^ ^a ^b Way, Daisy M. (1892). The Whipple Natural Alphabet, with a Memoir of the Inventor. Rochester, N.Y.: Western N.Y. Institution for Deaf Mutes.
^ Ferraro, William M.; Lisec, Aaron M.; Ruark, Dawn (2000). The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 24. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 205.

[therogerenes-1] Williams, Anna Bolles (1904). "Quakertown". The Rogerenes: Some Hitherto Unpublished Annals Belonging to the Colonial History of Connecticut. Stanhope Press. pp. 315–316.

[2] "Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 8. November 1874. pp. 120–22.

[3] "A Recent Imprisonment in Connecticut". The British Friend. 1 February 1875. p. 33.

[4] see e.g. "Whipple in Jail: The Rights of Conscience". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 7. p. 104.

[5] "Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment (continued)". The Voice of Peace. Vol. 1, no. 9. December 1874. pp. 141–144.

[Way-6] Way, Daisy M. (1892). The Whipple Natural Alphabet, with a Memoir of the Inventor. Rochester, N.Y.: Western N.Y. Institution for Deaf Mutes.

[7] Ferraro, William M.; Lisec, Aaron M.; Ruark, Dawn (2000). The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 24. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 205.

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+{{Short description|American education reformer for deaf people (1849–1879)}}
-'''Zerah C. Whipple''' (1 September 1849–12 September 1879) was a [[Rogerene]] American [[Christian pacifism|Christian pacifist]], [[war tax resistance|war tax resister]], and developer of educational methods for the deaf.
+'''Zerah C. Whipple''' (1 September 1849 – 12 September 1879) was a [[Rogerene]] American [[Christian pacifism|Christian pacifist]], [[war tax resistance|war tax resister]], and developer of educational methods for the deaf.
 [[File:Zerah Colburn Whipple.png|thumb|Zerah Colburn Whipple]]
 == Peace work ==
-Whipple was publisher of ''The Voice of Peace'' (formerly ''The Bond of Peace'') from 1872 to 1874, the newsletter of the Connecticut Peace Society and later of the Universal Peace Union.<ref name="therogerenes">{{cite book|title=The Rogerenes: Some Hitherto Unpublished Annals Belonging to the Colonial History of Connecticut|date=1904|pages=315–316|last1=Bolles|first1=John Rogers|last2=Williams|first2=Anna Bolles|publisher=Stanhope Press}}</ref>
+Whipple was publisher of ''The Voice of Peace'' (formerly ''The Bond of Peace'') from 1872 to 1874, the newsletter of the Connecticut Peace Society and later of the [[Universal Peace Union]].<ref name="therogerenes">{{cite book|chapter=Quakertown|title=The Rogerenes: Some Hitherto Unpublished Annals Belonging to the Colonial History of Connecticut|year=1904|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rogerenessomehit00boll/page/315/mode/1up 315]–316|last=Williams|first=Anna Bolles|publisher=Stanhope Press|url=https://archive.org/details/rogerenessomehit00boll}}</ref>
-In the Summer of 1874, Whipple was jailed by the [[Ledyard, Connecticut]] tax collector, Christopher Gallup, for his refusal to pay a military tax (in this case, a fine assessed on men who did not participate in the state militia).<ref name="therogerenes" /><ref>{{cite magazine|work=The Voice of Peace|volume=1|number=7|title=Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment|date=November 1874|pages=120}}</ref> After several days, a stranger who had heard about the case paid the tax and costs in order to have Whipple released.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=A Recent Imprisonment in Connecticut|work=The British Friend|pages=33|date=1 February 1875}}</ref> His jailing became a cause célèbre in the American [[peace movement]] of the time.<ref>see e.g. {{cite magazine|work=The Voice of Peace|volume=1|number=7|title=Whipple in Jail}}</ref>
+In the Summer of 1874, Whipple was jailed by the [[Ledyard, Connecticut]] tax collector, Christopher Gallup, for his refusal to pay a military tax (in this case, a fine assessed on men who did not participate in the state militia).<ref name="therogerenes" /><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The Voice of Peace|volume=1|number=8|title=Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment|date=November 1874|pages=120–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcREAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA120}}</ref> After several days, a stranger who had heard about the case paid the tax and costs in order to have Whipple released.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=A Recent Imprisonment in Connecticut|magazine=The British Friend|pages=33|date=1 February 1875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33}}</ref> His jailing became a cause célèbre in the American [[peace movement]] of the time.<ref>see e.g. {{cite magazine|magazine=The Voice of Peace|volume=1|number=7|title=Whipple in Jail: The Rights of Conscience|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcREAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA104}}</ref>
-Whipple's grandfather Jonathan Whipple had also been threatened with arrest many years before, for the same reason (refusal either to serve in or pay a fine to the militia for reasons of conscientious objection to war), but in his case the threat was not carried through.<ref>{{cite magazine|work=The Voice of Peace|title=Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment|date=December 1874|pages=142-143|volume=1|number=9}}</ref>
+Whipple's grandfather Jonathan Whipple had also been threatened with arrest many years before, for the same reason (refusal either to serve in or pay a fine to the militia, for reasons of conscientious objection to war), but in his case the threat was not carried through.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The Voice of Peace|title=Account of Z.C. Whipple's Imprisonment (continued)|date=December 1874|pages=141–144|volume=1|number=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcREAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA141}}</ref>
 == Work with the deaf ==
-[[File:Whipple's natural alphabet.png|thumb|The various pictograms that make up Zerah C. Whipple's pronunciation learning alphabet for the deaf.]]
+[[File:Whipple's natural alphabet.png|thumb|The various pictograms that make up Zerah C. Whipple's pronunciation learning alphabet for the deaf.<ref name=Way>{{cite book|title=The Whipple Natural Alphabet, with a Memoir of the Inventor|first=Daisy M.|last=Way|location=Rochester, N.Y.|publisher=Western N.Y. Institution for Deaf Mutes|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8sDxQzWYO8C}}</ref>{{rp|24}}]]
-Whipple was known for his work with the deaf. He was inspired by his grandfather who had patiently taught his deaf son (Zerah’s uncle) to speak and lip-read proficiently. Zerah’s method emphasized lip-reading and learning to speak by using tactile and visible feedback, something he called the “Pure Oral Method” to distinguish it from attempts to teach sign language to the deaf, which he felt ghettoized their speech.
+Whipple was known for his work with the deaf. He was inspired by his grandfather who had patiently taught his deaf son (Zerah's uncle) to speak and lip-read proficiently. Zerah's method emphasized lip-reading and learning to speak by using tactile and visible feedback, something he called the “Pure Oral Method” to distinguish it from attempts to teach sign language to the deaf, which he felt ghettoized their speech.
-Whipple also developed a phonetic alphabet for the deaf to use when learning pronunciation. The letters in this alphabet were schematic representations of the position and motion of the vocal organs when pronouncing the sound. Whipple's school still exists, now called the “[[Mystic Educational Center]].”
+Whipple also developed a phonetic alphabet for the deaf to use when learning pronunciation. The letters in this alphabet were schematic representations of the position and motion of the vocal organs when pronouncing the sound.
-[[File:Homework assignment using Zerah C. Whipple's alphabet.png|thumb|From a homework assignment using Whipple's phonetic alphabet: “Some foolish persons drink rum and gin and other strong liquors to keep them warm in Winter.”]]
+[[File:Homework assignment using Zerah C. Whipple's alphabet.png|thumb|From a homework assignment using Whipple's phonetic alphabet: “Some foolish persons drink rum and gin and other strong liquors to keep them warm in Winter.”{{r|Way|page=41}}]]
+Whipple's school operated until 1980, originally as “Whipple Home School for Deaf Mutes”, then “Mystic Oral School”, and later as “Mystic Educational Center.”
 == Miscellaneous ==
-In 1873, Whipple unsuccessfully petitioned U.S. president [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to commute the death sentences of prisoners captured in the [[Modoc War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant|volume=24|pages=205|last1=Ferraro|first1=William M.|last2=Lisec|first2=Aaron M.|last3=Ruark|first3=Dawn|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|date=2000}}</ref>
+In 1873, Whipple unsuccessfully petitioned U.S. president [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to commute the death sentences of prisoners captured in the [[Modoc War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant|volume=24|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iDmqzAid0VUC&pg=PA205 205]|last1=Ferraro|first1=William M.|last2=Lisec|first2=Aaron M.|last3=Ruark|first3=Dawn|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=2000}}</ref>
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Whipple, Zerah Colburn}}
+[[Category:1849 births]]
+[[Category:1879 deaths]]
+[[Category:American Christian pacifists]]
 [[Category:American tax resisters]]
-[[Category:Deafness]]
 [[Category:Mystic, Connecticut]]
-[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
 [[Category:Phoneticians]]
-[[Category:Special education]]
-[[Category:1849 births]]
-[[Category:1879 deaths]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Vatican