Gunpowder Incident: Difference between revisions

Gunpowder Incident
	Part of the American Revolutionary War
	; The powder magazine in Williamsburg from which the gunpowder was removed
Date	April 21, 1775
Location	Williamsburg, Virginia37°16′14.66″N 76°41′59.98″W / 37.2707389°N 76.6999944°W
Result	British sailors remove military supplies; Militia uprising peacefully resolved

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The Gunpowder Incident (or Powder Alarm or Gunpowder Affair) was a conflict early in the American Revolutionary War between Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia, and militia led by Patrick Henry. On April 21, 1775, two days after the Battles of Lexington and Concord (and well before news of those events reached Virginia), Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg, Virginia to a Royal Navy ship.

This action sparked local unrest, and militia companies began mustering throughout the colony. Patrick Henry led a small militia force toward Williamsburg to force return of the gunpowder to the colony's control. The matter was resolved without conflict when a payment of £330 was made to Henry. Dunmore, fearing for his personal safety, later retreated to a naval vessel, ending royal control of the colony.

Background

Military tensions began to rise in the British colonies of North America in 1774 when a series of legislative acts by the British Parliament known as the Intolerable Acts began to be implemented in the colonies. The colonies, in solidarity with the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which had been singled out for punishment by those acts in the wake of the Boston Tea Party, had organized a Congress to meet in September 1774.^[1] During the meeting of the First Continental Congress word arrived of a militia uprising in Massachusetts that became known as the Powder Alarm. In early September, General Thomas Gage, the royal governor of Massachusetts, had removed gunpowder from a powder magazine in Charlestown (in a location now in Somerville), and militia from all over New England had flocked to the area in response to false rumors that violence had been involved.^[2]^[3] One consequence of this action was that the Congress called for the colonies to organize militia companies for their defense.^[3] Another was that Lord Dartmouth, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, advised the colonial governors to secure their military supplies, and prohibited importation of further supplies of powder.^[4]

In early 1775, Virginians began to organize militia companies and seek out military supplies (weapons, ammunition, and gunpowder) to arm and equip them. Lord Dunmore, Virginia's royal governor, saw this rising unrest in his colony and sought to deprive Virginia militia of these supplies.^[4] It was not until after Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech at the Second Virginia Convention on March 23 that Dunmore "[thought] it prudent to remove some Gunpowder which was in a Magazine in this place."^[5] Although British Army troops had been withdrawn from Virginia in the wake of the Powder Alarm, there were several Royal Navy ships in the Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay. On April 19, Lord Dunmore quietly brought a company of British sailors into Williamsburg and quartered them in the governor's mansion. Dunmore then ordered Captain Henry Collins, commander of HMS Magdalen, to remove the gunpowder from the magazine in Williamsburg.^[6]

Removing the gunpowder

On the early morning of April 21, 1775 Royal Navy sailors went to the Williamsburg powder magazine, loaded fifteen half barrels of powder into the governor's wagon, and transported it to the eastern end of the Quarterpath Road to be loaded aboard the Magdalen in the James River. The act was discovered by townsfolk while underway, and they sounded an alarm. Local militia rallied to the scene, and riders spread word of the incident across the colony. Dunmore had as a precaution armed his servants with muskets, and it was only the calming words of Patriot leaders, including the Speaker of the House of Burgesses, Peyton Randolph, that prevented the assembling crowd from storming Dunmore's mansion.^[6] The city council demanded the return of the powder, claiming it was the property of the colony and not the Crown. Dunmore demurred, stating that he was moving the powder as protection against its seizure during a rumored slave uprising, and would eventually return it. This seemed to satisfy the assembled crowd, and it dispersed peacefully.^[7]

Unrest however persisted in Williamsburg and spread throughout the countryside. After a second crowd was convinced to disperse by Patriot leaders, Dunmore reacted angrily, warning on April 22 that if attacked, he would "declare Freedom to the Slaves, and reduce the City of Williamsburg to Ashes."^[6] He also told a Williamsburg alderman that he had "once fought for the Virginians" but "By God, I would let them see that I could fight against them."^[8]

By April 29, militia mobilizing in the countryside had learned of the battles at Lexington and Concord. Nearly 700 men mustered at Fredericksburg, and decided to send a messenger to Williamsburg to assess the situation before marching on the capital. Peyton Randolph advised against violence, and George Washington, a longtime leader of the Virginia militia, concurred. In response to their advice, the Fredericksburg militia voted by a narrow margin not to march.^[9] However, militia from other parts of the colony did march to Williamsburg. The Hanover County militia, led by Patrick Henry, voted on May 2 to march on Williamsburg. Henry dispatched a small company to the home of Richard Corbin, who was the Deputy Collector of the Royal Revenue in Virginia, in a bid to force him to pay for the powder from Crown revenue in his possession; the remainder of the Hanover County militia, numbering about 150, marched toward Williamsburg, arriving about 15 miles (24 km) away on May 3.^[10] That day Dunmore's family escaped Williamsburg to Porto Bello, Lord Dunmore's hunting lodge on the York River, and from there to HMS Fowey, lying at anchor in the York River.^[11]

Corbin was not at home—he was in Williamsburg, meeting with Dunmore.^[10] Henry was advised by Carter Braxton, Corbin's son-in-law and a Patriot member of the House of Burgesses, not to enter the city, while Braxton rode into the city and negotiated a payment.^[12] The next day, May 4, Henry received a bill of exchange for £330 signed by a wealthy plantation owner, as payment for the powder (he refused the offer of payment from Crown accounts).^[9] Henry then departed to take his place as a member of Virginia's delegation to the Second Continental Congress, promising to deliver the money to "the Virginia Delegates at the General congress".^[13] On May 6 Dunmore issued a proclamation charging Henry with extortion of the £330, and forbidding the citizenry to assist Henry in any way.^[9] Henry was offered protection by several counties, and was escorted by several companies of militia to the Maryland border as he made his way to Philadelphia.^[12]

Aftermath

The incident burnished Henry's reputation while worsening Dunmore's popularity.^[12]^[14] Although his family briefly returned to Williamsburg on May 12 as a sign of good faith, relations between Dunmore and the House of Burgesses continued to deteriorate. During the night of June 3 or early morning of June 4, 1775, a spring-gun set by the British to protect the military stores in the Magazine in Williamsburg, Virginia,^[15] wounded two young men who had broken in. The subsequent outrage by the local population proved to be the final act of the Gunpowder Incident, leading Governor Dunmore to flee the city to a British warship and declare the Commonwealth of Virginia in a state of rebellion. On June 8, Dunmore and his family fled the Governor's Palace in the middle of the night and took up residence aboard the Fowey.^[16] The Burgesses had been deliberating the Conciliatory Resolution, a proposal that was an attempt by the North Ministry to divide the colonies. In the wake of Dunmore's flight, the Burgesses rejected the proposal.^[17]

Dunmore continued to make vigorous attempts to regain control of the colony, but after a decisive defeat of British forces at Great Bridge in December, he was reduced to raiding operations and eventually abandoned the colony for good in August 1776.^[18] Virginia's government was first taken over by a Committee of Safety, chosen by the Third Virginia Convention in July 1775; Patrick Henry became the independent state's first governor in July 1776.^[19]

Notes

^ Russell, pp. 45–46
^ Richmond, p. 6
^ ^a ^b Russell, p. 48
^ ^a ^b Selby and Higginbotham, p. 1
^ Williamson, p. 54
^ ^a ^b ^c Russell, p. 52
^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2
^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 3
^ ^a ^b ^c Russell, p. 53
^ ^a ^b Selby and Higginbotham, p. 4
^ Kibler, J. Luther (April 1931). "Numerous Errors in Wilstach's 'Tidewater Virginia' Challenge Criticism". William and Mary Quarterly. 2nd Ser. 11 (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 152–156. doi:10.2307/1921010. JSTOR 1921010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Selby and Higginbotham, p. 5
^ Vaughan, p. 88
^ Vaughan, p. 89
^ Colonial Williamsburg Magazine Archived 2005-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 41–43
^ Selby and Higginbotham, p. 44
^ Russell, pp. 68–76
^ Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 52,121

References

Richmond, Robert P (1971). Powder Alarm 1774. Princeton, NJ: Auerbach. ISBN 978-0-87769-073-3. OCLC 162197.
Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern colonies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0783-5. OCLC 248087936.
Selby, John E; Higginbotham, Don (2007). The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg. ISBN 978-0-87935-233-2. OCLC 124076712.
Vaughan, David (1997). Give Me Liberty: the Uncompromising Statesmanship of Patrick Henry. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-888952-22-3. OCLC 36372369.

External links

[1] Russell, pp. 45–46

[2] Richmond, p. 6

[R48-3] Russell, p. 48

[SH1-4] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 1

[5] Williamson, p. 54

[R52-6] Russell, p. 52

[7] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2

[8] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 3

[R53-9] Russell, p. 53

[SB4-10] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 4

[11] Kibler, J. Luther (April 1931). "Numerous Errors in Wilstach's 'Tidewater Virginia' Challenge Criticism". William and Mary Quarterly. 2nd Ser. 11 (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 152–156. doi:10.2307/1921010. JSTOR 1921010.

[SB5-12] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 5

[13] Vaughan, p. 88

[14] Vaughan, p. 89

[15] Colonial Williamsburg Magazine Archived 2005-12-03 at the Wayback Machine

[16] Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 41–43

[17] Selby and Higginbotham, p. 44

[18] Russell, pp. 68–76

[19] Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 52,121

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1775 conflict of the American Revolutionary War}}
-{{Infobox Military Conflict
+{{distinguish|Gunpowder Plot}}
-| image       = [[File:PowderMagazineinWilliamsburg.jpg|300px]]
+{{Infobox military conflict
-| caption     = The powder magazine in Williamsburg from which the gunpowder was removed
+| image             = PowderMagazineinWilliamsburg.jpg
-| conflict    = Gunpowder Incident
-| partof      = the [[American Revolutionary War]]
+| image_size        = 300
+| caption           = The powder magazine in Williamsburg from which the gunpowder was removed
-| date        = April 20, 1775
-| place       = [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]
+| conflict          = Gunpowder Incident
+| partof            = the [[American Revolutionary War]]
-| coordinates = {{coord|37|16|15|N|76|42|25|W|type:city_region:US-VA|display=title}}
+| date              = April 21, 1775
-| result      = British sailors remove military supplies<br>Militia uprising peacefully resolved
+| place             = [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]
-| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Southern 1775-1779}}
+| coordinates       = {{coord|37|16|14.66|N|76|41|59.98|W|type:event_region:US-VA_dim:20|display=title}}
+| result            = British sailors remove military supplies<br>Militia uprising peacefully resolved
+| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Southern 1775-1779}}
 }}
-The '''Gunpowder Incident''' (or '''Gunpowder Affair''') was a conflict early in the [[American Revolutionary War]] between [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore|Lord Dunmore]], the Royal Governor of the [[Colony of Virginia]], and [[militia]] led by [[Patrick Henry]]. On April 20, 1775, one day after the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] (and well before news of that event reached Virginia), Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of the [[gunpowder]] from the [[gunpowder magazine|magazine]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] to a [[Royal Navy]] ship.
+The '''Gunpowder Incident''' (or '''Powder Alarm''' or '''Gunpowder Affair''') was a conflict early in the [[American Revolutionary War]] between [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore|Lord Dunmore]], the Royal Governor of the [[Colony of Virginia]], and [[militia]] led by [[Patrick Henry]]. On April 21, 1775, two days after the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] (and well before news of those events reached Virginia), Lord Dunmore ordered the removal of the [[gunpowder]] from the [[gunpowder magazine|magazine]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] to a [[Royal Navy]] ship.
 This action sparked local unrest, and militia companies began mustering throughout the colony.  [[Patrick Henry]] led a small militia force toward Williamsburg to force return of the gunpowder to the colony's control.  The matter was resolved without conflict when a payment of [[Pound sterling|£]]330 was made to Henry.  Dunmore, fearing for his personal safety, later retreated to a naval vessel, ending royal control of the colony.
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 ==Removing the gunpowder==
-[[File:Williamsburg magazine drawing exterior.gif|thumb|right|Drawing of the octagonal Williamsburg Magazine]]
+[[File:Williamsburg magazine drawing exterior.gif|thumb|right|Drawing of the octagonal Williamsburg Magazine]]<!--this illustration seems redundant, as it does not date from the 18th century, and there is a photo of the same building in this article-->
-On the night of April 20, Royal Navy sailors went to the Williamsburg powder magazine, loaded fifteen half barrels of powder into the governor's wagon, and transported it to the eastern end of the [[Quarterpath Road]] to be loaded aboard the ''Magdalen'' in the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]].  The act was discovered by townsfolk while underway, and they sounded an alarm. Local militia rallied to the scene, and riders spread word of the incident across the colony.  Dunmore had as a precaution armed his servants with muskets, and it was only the calming words of Patriot leaders, including the Speaker of the [[Virginia House of Burgesses|House of Burgesses]], [[Peyton Randolph]], that prevented the assembling crowd from storming Dunmore's mansion.<ref name=R52>Russell, p. 52</ref>  The city council demanded the return of the powder, claiming it was the property of the colony and not [[the Crown]].  Dunmore demurred, stating that he was moving the powder as protection against its seizure during a rumored slave uprising, and would eventually return it.  This seemed to satisfy the assembled crowd, and it dispersed peacefully.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2</ref>
+On the early morning of April 21, 1775 Royal Navy sailors went to the Williamsburg powder magazine, loaded fifteen half barrels of powder into the governor's wagon, and transported it to the eastern end of the [[Quarterpath Road]] to be loaded aboard the ''Magdalen'' in the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]].  The act was discovered by townsfolk while underway, and they sounded an alarm. Local militia rallied to the scene, and riders spread word of the incident across the colony.  Dunmore had as a precaution armed his servants with muskets, and it was only the calming words of Patriot leaders, including the Speaker of the [[Virginia House of Burgesses|House of Burgesses]], [[Peyton Randolph]], that prevented the assembling crowd from storming Dunmore's mansion.<ref name=R52>Russell, p. 52</ref>  The city council demanded the return of the powder, claiming it was the property of the colony and not [[the Crown]].  Dunmore demurred, stating that he was moving the powder as protection against its seizure during a rumored slave uprising, and would eventually return it.  This seemed to satisfy the assembled crowd, and it dispersed peacefully.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 2</ref>
 Unrest however persisted in Williamsburg and spread throughout the countryside.  After a second crowd was convinced to disperse by Patriot leaders, Dunmore reacted angrily, warning on April 22 that if attacked, he would "declare Freedom to the Slaves, and reduce the City of Williamsburg to Ashes."<ref name=R52/> He also told a Williamsburg [[alderman]] that he had "once fought for the Virginians" but "By God, I would let them see that I could fight against them."<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 3</ref>
 [[File:Patrick henry.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.5|[[Patrick Henry]], portrait by George Bagby Matthews c. 1891 after an original by [[Thomas Sully]]]]
-By April 29, militia mobilizing in the countryside had learned of the battles at Lexington and Concord.  Nearly 700 men mustered at [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], and decided to send a messenger to Williamsburg to assess the situation before marching on the capital.  Peyton Randolph advised against violence, and [[George Washington]], a longtime leader of the Virginia militia, concurred.  In response to their advice, the Fredericksburg militia voted by a narrow margin not to march.<ref name=R53>Russell, p. 53</ref>  However, militia from other parts of the colony did march to Williamsburg.  The [[Hanover County, Virginia|Hanover County]] militia, led by Patrick Henry, voted on May 2 to march on Williamsburg.  Henry dispatched a small company to the home of Richard Corbin, who was the Deputy Collector of the Royal Revenue in Virginia, in a bid to force him to pay for the powder from Crown revenue in his possession;  the remainder of the Hanover County militia, numbering about 150, marched toward Williamsburg, arriving about {{convert|15|mi|km}} away on May 3.<ref name=SB4/>  That day Dunmore's family escaped Williamsburg to [[Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)|Porto Bello]], Lord Dunmore's hunting lodge on the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]], and from there to the {{HMS|Fowey|1749|6}}, lying at anchor in the York River.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerous Errors in Wilstach's 'Tidewater Virginia' Challenge Criticism |last= Kibler |first=J. Luther |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] | series =  2nd Ser. |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=April 1931 |pages=152–156 |doi=10.2307/1921010 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |jstor=1921010 }}</ref>
+By April 29, militia mobilizing in the countryside had learned of the battles at Lexington and Concord.  Nearly 700 men mustered at [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], and decided to send a messenger to Williamsburg to assess the situation before marching on the capital.  Peyton Randolph advised against violence, and [[George Washington]], a longtime leader of the Virginia militia, concurred.  In response to their advice, the Fredericksburg militia voted by a narrow margin not to march.<ref name=R53>Russell, p. 53</ref>  However, militia from other parts of the colony did march to Williamsburg.  The [[Hanover County, Virginia|Hanover County]] militia, led by Patrick Henry, voted on May 2 to march on Williamsburg.  Henry dispatched a small company to the home of Richard Corbin, who was the Deputy Collector of the Royal Revenue in Virginia, in a bid to force him to pay for the powder from Crown revenue in his possession;  the remainder of the Hanover County militia, numbering about 150, marched toward Williamsburg, arriving about {{convert|15|mi|km}} away on May 3.<ref name=SB4/>  That day Dunmore's family escaped Williamsburg to [[Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)|Porto Bello]], Lord Dunmore's hunting lodge on the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]], and from there to {{HMS|Fowey|1749|6}}, lying at anchor in the York River.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Numerous Errors in Wilstach's 'Tidewater Virginia' Challenge Criticism |last= Kibler |first=J. Luther |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] | series =  2nd Ser. |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=April 1931 |pages=152–156 |doi=10.2307/1921010 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |jstor=1921010 }}</ref>
 Corbin was not at home&mdash;he was in Williamsburg, meeting with Dunmore.<ref name=SB4>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 4</ref>  Henry was advised by [[Carter Braxton]], Corbin's son-in-law and a Patriot member of the House of Burgesses, not to enter the city, while Braxton rode into the city and negotiated a payment.<ref name=SB5/>  The next day, May 4, Henry received a [[bill of exchange]] for £330 signed by a wealthy plantation owner, as payment for the powder (he refused the offer of payment from Crown accounts).<ref name=R53/>  Henry then departed to take his place as a member of Virginia's delegation to the [[Second Continental Congress]], promising to deliver the money to "the Virginia Delegates at the General congress".<ref>Vaughan, p. 88</ref>  On May 6 Dunmore issued a proclamation charging Henry with extortion of the £330, and forbidding the citizenry to assist Henry in any way.<ref name=R53/>  Henry was offered protection by several counties, and was escorted by several companies of militia to the Maryland border as he made his way to [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=SB5>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 5</ref>
@@ Line 33: / Line 36: @@
 ==Aftermath==
 [[File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|Portrait of Dunmore by Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]], 1765]]
-The incident burnished Henry's reputation while worsening Dunmore's popularity.<ref name=SB5/><ref>Vaughan, p. 89</ref>  Although his family briefly returned to Williamsburg on May 12 as a sign of good faith, relations between Dunmore and the House of Burgesses continued to deteriorate.  On June 8, Dunmore and his family fled the governor's mansion in the middle of the night and took up residence aboard the ''Fowey''.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 41–43</ref>  The Burgesses had been deliberating the [[Conciliatory Resolution]], a proposal that was an attempt by the [[North Ministry]] to divide the colonies.  In the wake of Dunmore's flight, the Burgesses rejected the proposal.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 44</ref>
+The incident burnished Henry's reputation while worsening Dunmore's popularity.<ref name=SB5/><ref>Vaughan, p. 89</ref>  Although his family briefly returned to Williamsburg on May 12 as a sign of good faith, relations between Dunmore and the House of Burgesses continued to deteriorate. During the night of June 3 or early morning of June 4, 1775, a spring-gun set by the British to protect the military stores in the Magazine in Williamsburg, Virginia,<ref>[http://www.colonialwilliamsburg.com/Almanack/places/hb/hbmag.cfm Colonial Williamsburg Magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203055908/http://colonialwilliamsburg.com/Almanack/places/hb/hbmag.cfm |date=2005-12-03 }}</ref> wounded two young men who had broken in.  The subsequent outrage by the local population proved to be the final act of the Gunpowder Incident, leading Governor Dunmore to flee the city to a British warship and declare the Commonwealth of Virginia in a state of rebellion. On June 8, Dunmore and his family fled the [[Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)|Governor's Palace]] in the middle of the night and took up residence aboard the ''Fowey''.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 41–43</ref>  The Burgesses had been deliberating the [[Conciliatory Resolution]], a proposal that was an attempt by the [[North Ministry]] to divide the colonies.  In the wake of Dunmore's flight, the Burgesses rejected the proposal.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, p. 44</ref>
-Dunmore continued to make vigorous attempts to regain control of the colony, but after a decisive defeat of British forces [[Battle of Great Bridge|at Great Bridge]] in December, he was reduced to raiding operations and eventually abandoned the colony for good in August 1776.<ref>Russell, pp. 68–76</ref>  Virginia's government was first taken over by a [[Committee of Safety (American Revolution)|Committee of Safety]], chosen by the Third Virginia Convention in July 1775; Patrick Henry became the independent state's first [[Governor of Virginia|governor]] in July 1776.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 52,121</ref>
+Dunmore continued to make vigorous attempts to regain control of the colony, but after [[Battle of Great Bridge|a decisive defeat of British forces at Great Bridge in December]], he was reduced to raiding operations and eventually abandoned the colony for good in August 1776.<ref>Russell, pp. 68–76</ref>  Virginia's government was first taken over by a [[Committee of Safety (American Revolution)|Committee of Safety]], chosen by the [[Third Virginia Convention]] in July 1775; Patrick Henry became the independent state's first [[Governor of Virginia|governor]] in July 1776.<ref>Selby and Higginbotham, pp. 52,121</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Powder Alarm]], a similar episode in Massachusetts
+* [[American Revolutionary War#Early engagements|American Revolutionary War §Early Engagements]]. The Gunpowder incident placed in sequence and strategic context.
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist|colwidth=24em}}
 ==References==
-*{{cite book|title=Powder Alarm 1774|first=Robert P|last=Richmond|publisher=Auerbach|year=1971|ref=Richmond|isbn=978-0-87769-073-3|location=Princeton, NJ|oclc=162197}}
+*{{cite book|title=Powder Alarm 1774|first=Robert P|last=Richmond|publisher=Auerbach|year=1971|ref=Richmond|isbn=978-0-87769-073-3|location=Princeton, NJ|oclc=162197|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/powderalarm177400rich}}
-*{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/?id=5DFy0eWaPxIC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72| title=The American Revolution in the Southern colonies | first=David Lee|last= Russell| publisher=McFarland| year=2000| isbn=978-0-7864-0783-5 |location=Jefferson, NC| oclc=248087936}}
+*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DFy0eWaPxIC&pg=PA72| title=The American Revolution in the Southern colonies | first=David Lee|last= Russell| publisher=McFarland| year=2000| isbn=978-0-7864-0783-5 |location=Jefferson, NC| oclc=248087936}}
-*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WfCBYZs_jIMC&pg=PA62|title=The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783|first=John E|last=Selby|author2=Higginbotham, Don|publisher=Colonial Williamsburg|year=2007|isbn=978-0-87935-233-2|ref=Selby|oclc=124076712|location=Williamsburg, VA}}
+*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfCBYZs_jIMC&pg=PA62|title=The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783|first=John E|last=Selby|author2=Higginbotham, Don|publisher=Colonial Williamsburg|year=2007|isbn=978-0-87935-233-2|ref=Selby|oclc=124076712|location=Williamsburg, VA}}
 *{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=David|title=Give Me Liberty: the Uncompromising Statesmanship of Patrick Henry|publisher=Cumberland House Publishing|year=1997|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=978-1-888952-22-3|oclc=36372369}}
@@ Line 52: / Line 57: @@
 *[http://research.history.org/pf/viewer.cfm?image=newspapers/lg_gunpowderart1.jpg|newspapers/lg_gunpowderart2.jpg&imageTitle=Virginia%20Gazette&imageSubTitle=The%20Gunpowder%20Incident Old Virginia Gazette article on the Gunpowder Incident]
 *[http://earlyamerica.com/review/2004_summer_fall/proclamation.htm Proclamation against Patrick Henry]
-*[http://www.colonialwilliamsburg.com/Almanack/places/hb/hbmag.cfm Colonial Williamsburg – Magazine (including the Gunpowder Incident)]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203055908/http://colonialwilliamsburg.com/Almanack/places/hb/hbmag.cfm Colonial Williamsburg – Magazine (including the Gunpowder Incident)]
 {{Virginia during the American Revolutionary War}}
+{{Patrick Henry}}
 {{Good article}}
 [[Category:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
-[[Category:American Revolution]]
+[[Category:Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War]]
-[[Category:American Revolutionary War]]
 [[Category:Virginia in the American Revolution]]
 [[Category:Williamsburg, Virginia]]
-[[Category:1775 in Virginia]]
+[[Category:1775 in the Colony of Virginia]]
-[[Category:Gun politics in the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Patrick Henry]]
 [[Category:Gunpowder]]
-[[Category:Controversies in the United States]]
+[[Category:18th-century controversies in the United States]]
 [[Category:Gun politics in the United States]]

v t e Virginia in the American Revolution
Early	Parson's Cause (1763) Virginia Resolves (1765) Virginia Association (1769)
1774	Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention
1775	Fincastle Resolutions Augusta Resolves "Give me liberty, or give me death!" Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention
1776	Burning of Norfolk Formation of Lee's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention Augusta Declaration Lee Resolution Virginia Declaration of Rights
1779	Chesapeake raid
1781	Raid on Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown

v t e Patrick Henry
1st and 6th Governor of Virginia (1776-1779, 1784-1786) Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774–1775)
Founding of the United States	Parson's Cause Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) Virginia Resolves Petition to the King (1774, co-wrote, signed) Continental Association (1774, signed) Second Virginia Convention "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention Gunpowder Incident Anti-Federalists papers Virginia Ratifying Convention
Elections	1776 Virginia gubernatorial election
Homes	Birthplace Pine Slash Hanover Tavern Scotchtown Governor's Palace Leatherwood Plantation Salisbury Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial (home and burial site)
Namesakes	Fort Henry Camp Patrick Henry Patrick Henry Building Emory and Henry University Patrick Henry College Patrick Henry High School Patrick Henry International Airport Patrick Henry (packet) CSS Patrick Henry SS Patrick Henry USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599)
Depictions	Give Me Liberty (1936 film) Old Glory (1939 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
Related	Sarah Shelton Henry (first wife) Dorothea Dandridge Henry (second wife) Sarah Winston Syme Henry (mother) William Henry (brother) Annie Henry Christian (sister) Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell (sister) William H. Roane (grandson) William Wirt Henry (grandson) Rural Plains St. John's Episcopal Church Founding Fathers