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Coordinates: 42°48′N 141°21′E / 42.800°N 141.350°E / 42.800; 141.350
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{{Short description|Caldera lake on the island of Hokkaido in Japan}}
{{Infobox lake
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Lake Shikotsu <br> 支笏湖
| name = Lake Shikotsu <br> 支笏湖
| image = Shikotsuko1.jpg
| image = Lake Shikotsu, Hokkaido, Japan by Planet Labs.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| image_bathymetry =
Line 7: Line 8:
| location =
| location =
| coords = {{coord|42|48|N|141|21|E|region:JP_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| coords = {{coord|42|48|N|141|21|E|region:JP_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Japan
| type = [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]
| type = [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]
| inflow = [[Bifue River|Bifue]], [[Okotanpe River|Okotanpe]], [[Ninaru River|Ninaru]], [[Furenai River|Furenai]]
| inflow = [[Bifue River|Bifue]], [[Okotanpe River|Okotanpe]], [[Ninaru River|Ninaru]], [[Furenai River|Furenai]]
Line 17: Line 19:
| depth = {{convert|265.4|m|ft|1}}
| depth = {{convert|265.4|m|ft|1}}
| max-depth = {{convert|363|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{convert|363|m|ft}}
| volume = {{convert|20.9|km3|mi3}}
| volume = {{convert|20.81|km3|cumi|abbr=on}}
| residence_time =
| residence_time =
| shore = {{convert|40.4|km|mi|1}}
| shore = {{convert|40.4|km|mi|1}}
Line 26: Line 28:
| reference =
| reference =
}}
}}
[[File:Shikotsu Caldera Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg|thumb|Shikotsu Caldera<br> [[Mount Eniwa]] (top left)<br>[[Mount Tarumae]] (bottom right)]]
[[File:Mount Tarumae.jpg|thumb|Lake Shikotsu with Mount Tarumae behind.]]


{{Nihongo|'''Lake Shikotsu'''|支笏湖|Shikotsu-ko}} is a [[caldera lake]] in [[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. It is a part of the [[Shikotsu-Toya National Park]].
{{Nihongo|'''Lake Shikotsu'''|支笏湖|Shikotsu-ko}} is a [[caldera lake]] in [[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. It is a part of the [[Shikotsu-Toya National Park]].


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Lake Shikotsu is located in the south-west part of Hokkaidō. It has an average depth of {{convert|265|m|ft}} and a maximum depth of {{convert|363|m|ft}}, making it the second deepest lake in Japan, after [[Lake Tazawa]]. It is the 8th-largest lake by surface area in Japan and the second largest of Japan's caldera lakes, surpassed only by Lake Kussharo. It is surrounded by three volcanos: [[Mount Eniwa]] to the north and [[Mount Fuppushi]] and [[Mount Tarumae]] to the south. The caldera formed in the [[holocene]] when the land between the volcanos subsided.
[[File:Shikotsu Caldera Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Topographic maps of Shikotsu Caldera<br> [[Mount Eniwa]] (top left)<br>[[Mount Tarumae]] (bottom right)]]
Lake Shikotsu is located in the south-west part of Hokkaidō. It has an average depth of {{convert|265|m|ft}} and a maximum depth of {{convert|363|m|ft}}, making it the second deepest lake in Japan, after [[Lake Tazawa]]. It is the 8th-largest lake by surface area in Japan and the second largest of Japan's caldera lakes, surpassed only by Lake Kussharo. It is surrounded by five volcanoes: [[Mount Eniwa]] and [[Mount Izari]] to the north and [[Mount Fuppushi]], [[Mount Tarumae]], and Kitayama to the south. The caldera formed in the [[holocene]] when the land between the volcanoes subsided.


Due to its depth, the volume of Lake Shikotsu reaches 3/4 of the volume of [[Lake Biwa]], Japan's largest lake, despite of having only 1/9 of that lake's surface area. Due to the small surface area to depth ratio, the water temperature remains quite constant throughout the year, making it the northernmost ice-free lake in Japan. The Bifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru and Furenai rivers feed into it, and its main outlet is the [[Chitose River]].
Due to its depth, the volume of Lake Shikotsu reaches 3/4 of the volume of [[Lake Biwa]], Japan's largest lake, despite having only 1/9 of that lake's surface area. Due to the small surface area to depth ratio, the water temperature remains quite constant throughout the year, making it the northernmost ice-free lake in Japan. The Bifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru and Furenai rivers feed into it, and its main outlet is the [[Chitose River]].
{{clear|left}}

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed = Y
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|location = Lake Shikotsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1977−present)
|Jan record high C = 6.2
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C = 13.8
|Apr record high C = 22.9
|May record high C = 29.7
|Jun record high C = 30.0
|Jul record high C = 31.8
|Aug record high C = 31.9
|Sep record high C = 29.1
|Oct record high C = 23.6
|Nov record high C = 18.6
|Dec record high C = 12.5
|Jan high C = -1.9
|Feb high C = -1.2
|Mar high C = 2.4
|Apr high C = 8.7
|May high C = 15.2
|Jun high C = 18.7
|Jul high C = 22.0
|Aug high C = 23.2
|Sep high C = 20.0
|Oct high C = 14.2
|Nov high C = 7.0
|Dec high C = 0.4
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = -4.8
|Feb mean C = -4.5
|Mar mean C = -1.0
|Apr mean C = 4.4
|May mean C = 9.9
|Jun mean C = 14.0
|Jul mean C = 18.0
|Aug mean C = 19.4
|Sep mean C = 16.1
|Oct mean C = 10.2
|Nov mean C = 3.5
|Dec mean C = -2.5
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -7.9
|Feb low C = -7.9
|Mar low C = -4.4
|Apr low C = 0.6
|May low C = 5.6
|Jun low C = 10.4
|Jul low C = 15.1
|Aug low C = 16.6
|Sep low C = 12.9
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 0.2
|Dec low C = -5.4
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -15.9
|Feb record low C = -18.2
|Mar record low C = -15.8
|Apr record low C = -6.9
|May record low C = -1.7
|Jun record low C = 2.1
|Jul record low C = 7.7
|Aug record low C = 8.7
|Sep record low C = 3.8
|Oct record low C = -2.6
|Nov record low C = -10.5
|Dec record low C = -15.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 89.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 93.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 103.0
|May precipitation mm = 143.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 138.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 163.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 216.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 262.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 193.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 137.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 97.3
|year precipitation mm = 1711.3
|Jan rain days = 10.4
|Feb rain days = 10.4
|Mar rain days = 12.2
|Apr rain days = 10.4
|May rain days = 10.7
|Jun rain days = 9.7
|Jul rain days = 10.8
|Aug rain days = 12.3
|Sep rain days = 13.4
|Oct rain days = 12.2
|Nov rain days = 12.0
|Dec rain days = 10.5
|Jan sun = 117.9
|Feb sun = 116.6
|Mar sun = 148.5
|Apr sun = 179.3
|May sun = 185.3
|Jun sun = 149.0
|Jul sun = 123.3
|Aug sun = 132.0
|Sep sun = 148.6
|Oct sun = 152.3
|Nov sun = 112.1
|Dec sun = 103.6
|year sun = 1668.6
|source 1 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_a.php?prec_no=14&block_no=0037&year=&month=&day=&view=h0
|script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）
| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]
| access-date = February 20, 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=14&block_no=0037&year=&month=&day=&view=h0
|script-title=ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）
| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]
| access-date = February 20, 2022}}</ref>}}


==Geology==
==Geology==
The [[caldera]] on which Lake Shikotsu sits was formed 40 to 50 thousand years ago.<ref name="QVJ" /> According to the Global Volcanism Program, the caldera was formed 31 to 34 thousand years ago by one of Hokkaidō's largest quaternary eruptions.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0805-04=|title=Shikotsu|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithosonian National Museum of Natural History|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The caldera consists mainly of [[dacite]], [[rhyolite]], and [[andesite]]. The volcanoes [[Mount Tarumae]], [[Mount Eniwa]], and [[Mount Fuppushi]] formed on the rim of this caldera.<ref name="QVJ">{{cite web|url=http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/vol/198a.htm|title=SHIKOTSU Caldera|year=2006|work=Quaternary Volcanoes in Japan|publisher=Geological Survey of Japan, AIST|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
The [[caldera]] on which Lake Shikotsu sits was formed 40 to 50 thousand years ago.<ref name="QVJ" /> According to the Global Volcanism Program, the caldera was formed 31 to 34 thousand years ago by one of Hokkaidō's largest quaternary eruptions.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite gvp|name=Shikotsu|vn=285040|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref> The caldera consists mainly of [[dacite]], [[rhyolite]], and [[andesite]]. The volcanoes [[Mount Eniwa]], [[Mount Fuppushi]], [[Mount Izari]], Kitayama, and [[Mount Tarumae]] formed on the rim of this caldera.<ref name="QVJ">{{cite web|url=http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/vol/198a.htm|title=SHIKOTSU Caldera|year=2006|work=Quaternary Volcanoes in Japan|publisher=Geological Survey of Japan, AIST|accessdate=2008-09-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219015436/http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/vol/198a.htm|archive-date=2012-12-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Origin of the name==
==Origin of the name==
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The [[sockeye salmon|red salmon]] (locally called "chippu"), introduced from Lake Akan in 1895, has become a noted product of the area and chippu fishing is now a favourite pastime in summer. A visitor centre, various campgrounds and [[Onsen]] provide facilities for tourists coming to the area.
The [[sockeye salmon|red salmon]] (locally called "chippu"), introduced from Lake Akan in 1895, has become a noted product of the area and chippu fishing is now a favourite pastime in summer. A visitor centre, various campgrounds and [[Onsen]] provide facilities for tourists coming to the area.


[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]] is famous for its “[[Fish wheel|Indian Fish Wheel]]”, a device situated in [[Chitose River]] to collect salmon returning to spawn at Lake Shikotsu.
[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]] is famous for its “[[Fish wheel|Indian Fish Wheel]]”, a device situated in the [[Chitose River]] to collect salmon returning to spawn at Lake Shikotsu.


== Transport ==
== Transport ==
National Highway 276 runs along the southern bank, connecting the lake with [[Tomakomai, Hokkaidō|Tomakomai]] and [[Date, Hokkaidō|Date]]. Highway 453 runs from the eastern and northern parts of the lake to [[Sapporo]].
National Highway 276 runs along the southern bank, connecting the lake with [[Tomakomai, Hokkaidō|Tomakomai]] and [[Date, Hokkaidō|Date]]. Highway 453 runs from the eastern and northern parts of the lake to [[Sapporo]].


City bus routes from Chitose lead to the lake. Hokkaidō-Chūō buses connect Shikotsu-ko with [[Chitose Station (Hokkaido)|Chitose Station]] and [[New Chitose Airport]]. In the summer, there is also a bus from Sapporo Terminal. The former bus service between the lake and Tomakomai has been discontinued.
City bus routes from Chitose lead to the lake. [[Hokkaido Chuo Bus]] connect Shikotsu-ko with [[Chitose Station (Hokkaido)|Chitose Station]] and [[New Chitose Airport]]. In the summer, there is also a bus from Sapporo Terminal. The former bus service between the lake and Tomakomai has been discontinued.


==References==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
{{reflist}}
Mount Tarumae.jpg|Lake Shikotsu with Mount Tarumae in the background.
ShikotsuKo-Slides 02 016.jpg|Lake Shikotsu in July 1997.
Shikotsuko1.jpg|Lake Shikotsu
Lake Shikotsu 2016 8 15.webm|Several scenes from around and on the lake, 2016
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[List of volcanoes in Japan]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Japan]]
* [[List of lakes in Japan]]
* [[List of lakes in Japan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lake Shikotsu}}
{{Commons category|Lake Shikotsu}}
* [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-16.html World Lakes Database: Shikotsu-ko]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304215111/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-16.html World Lakes Database: Shikotsu-ko]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208032012/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/shikotsu.html Volcano World: Shikotsu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208032012/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/shikotsu.html Volcano World: Shikotsu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213062423/http://www15.ocn.ne.jp/~sikotuvc/ Shikotsu-ko Visitor Centre] (in Japanese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213062423/http://www15.ocn.ne.jp/~sikotuvc/ Shikotsu-ko Visitor Centre] (in Japanese)
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Hokkaido|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Hokkaido|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Calderas of Japan|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Calderas of Hokkaido|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Crater lakes|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Shikotsu-Tōya National Park]]
[[Category:Shikotsu-Tōya National Park]]
[[Category:Lakes of Hokkaido|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Lakes of Hokkaido|Shikotsu]]
[[Category:Pleistocene calderas]]
[[Category:Holocene calderas]]

Latest revision as of 07:56, 28 August 2024

Lake Shikotsu
支笏湖
Lake Shikotsu 支笏湖 is located in Japan
Lake Shikotsu 支笏湖
Lake Shikotsu
支笏湖
Coordinates42°48′N 141°21′E / 42.800°N 141.350°E / 42.800; 141.350
Typecrater lake
Primary inflowsBifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru, Furenai
Primary outflowsChitose
Catchment area223 km2 (86 sq mi)
Basin countriesJapan
Surface area78.4 km2 (30.3 sq mi)
Average depth265.4 metres (870.7 ft)
Max. depth363 metres (1,191 ft)
Water volume20.81 km3 (4.99 cu mi)
Shore length140.4 kilometres (25.1 mi)
Surface elevation247 metres (810 ft)
Islands0
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Shikotsu (支笏湖, Shikotsu-ko) is a caldera lake in Chitose, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is a part of the Shikotsu-Toya National Park.

Geography

[edit]
Topographic maps of Shikotsu Caldera
Mount Eniwa (top left)
Mount Tarumae (bottom right)

Lake Shikotsu is located in the south-west part of Hokkaidō. It has an average depth of 265 metres (869 ft) and a maximum depth of 363 metres (1,191 ft), making it the second deepest lake in Japan, after Lake Tazawa. It is the 8th-largest lake by surface area in Japan and the second largest of Japan's caldera lakes, surpassed only by Lake Kussharo. It is surrounded by five volcanoes: Mount Eniwa and Mount Izari to the north and Mount Fuppushi, Mount Tarumae, and Kitayama to the south. The caldera formed in the holocene when the land between the volcanoes subsided.

Due to its depth, the volume of Lake Shikotsu reaches 3/4 of the volume of Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, despite having only 1/9 of that lake's surface area. Due to the small surface area to depth ratio, the water temperature remains quite constant throughout the year, making it the northernmost ice-free lake in Japan. The Bifue, Okotanpe, Ninaru and Furenai rivers feed into it, and its main outlet is the Chitose River.

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Lake Shikotsu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1977−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		29.1
(84.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		31.9
(89.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		10.7
(51.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		4.4
(39.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		6.9
(44.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		3.5
(38.4)
Record low °C (°F) −15.9
(3.4) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−18.2
(−0.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 89.4
(3.52) 		72.2
(2.84) 		93.8
(3.69) 		103.0
(4.06) 		143.9
(5.67) 		138.0
(5.43) 		163.8
(6.45) 		216.9
(8.54) 		262.0
(10.31) 		193.8
(7.63) 		137.4
(5.41) 		97.3
(3.83) 		1,711.3
(67.37)
Average rainy days 10.4 10.4 12.2 10.4 10.7 9.7 10.8 12.3 13.4 12.2 12.0 10.5 135
Mean monthly sunshine hours 117.9 116.6 148.5 179.3 185.3 149.0 123.3 132.0 148.6 152.3 112.1 103.6 1,668.6
Source 1: JMA[1]
Source 2: JMA[2]

Geology

[edit]

The caldera on which Lake Shikotsu sits was formed 40 to 50 thousand years ago.[3] According to the Global Volcanism Program, the caldera was formed 31 to 34 thousand years ago by one of Hokkaidō's largest quaternary eruptions.[4] The caldera consists mainly of dacite, rhyolite, and andesite. The volcanoes Mount Eniwa, Mount Fuppushi, Mount Izari, Kitayama, and Mount Tarumae formed on the rim of this caldera.[3]

Origin of the name

[edit]

The name of Lake Shikotsu derives from the Ainu language shikot, meaning big depression or hollow. To the Japanese, this sounded too much like dead bones (死骨, shikotsu), so they attempted to rename it engi, but this name did not stick.[5]

Use

[edit]

The red salmon (locally called "chippu"), introduced from Lake Akan in 1895, has become a noted product of the area and chippu fishing is now a favourite pastime in summer. A visitor centre, various campgrounds and Onsen provide facilities for tourists coming to the area.

Chitose is famous for its “Indian Fish Wheel”, a device situated in the Chitose River to collect salmon returning to spawn at Lake Shikotsu.

Transport

[edit]

National Highway 276 runs along the southern bank, connecting the lake with Tomakomai and Date. Highway 453 runs from the eastern and northern parts of the lake to Sapporo.

City bus routes from Chitose lead to the lake. Hokkaido Chuo Bus connect Shikotsu-ko with Chitose Station and New Chitose Airport. In the summer, there is also a bus from Sapporo Terminal. The former bus service between the lake and Tomakomai has been discontinued.

[edit]
  • Lake Shikotsu with Mount Tarumae in the background.
    Lake Shikotsu with Mount Tarumae in the background.
  • Lake Shikotsu in July 1997.
    Lake Shikotsu in July 1997.
  • Lake Shikotsu
    Lake Shikotsu
  • Several scenes from around and on the lake, 2016

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  2. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "SHIKOTSU Caldera". Quaternary Volcanoes in Japan. Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  4. ^ "Shikotsu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  5. ^ Akagi Sanpei (赤木 三兵), Journey of Hokkaidō Place Names—Notes on Ainu Language Place Names (北海道 地名の旅—アイヌ語地名解, Hokkaidō Chimei no Tabi — Ainugo Chimei Kai), page 60
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Shikotsu.
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