Jump to content

Irving Kaufman: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(166 intermediate revisions by 98 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American judge (1910 – 1992)}}
'''Irving Robert Kaufman''' ([[June 24]], [[1910]] - [[February 1]], [[1992]]) was a [[United States federal courts|federal]] [[judge]] in the [[United States]].
{{for|the singer|Irving Kaufman (singer)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Irving Kaufman
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Judge Irving R. Kaufman (1983).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Senior status|Senior Judge]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]
| term_start = July 1, 1987
| term_end = February 1, 1992
| office1 = Chief Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]
| term_start1 = 1973
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = [[Henry Friendly]]
| successor1 = [[Wilfred Feinberg]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]
| term_start2 = September 22, 1961
| term_end2 = July 1, 1987
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 = [[List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]
| predecessor2 = ''Seat established by 63 Stat. 493''
| successor2 = [[John M. Walker Jr.]]
| office3 = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]
| term_start3 = October 21, 1949
| term_end3 = September 22, 1961
| nominator3 =
| appointer3 = [[List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman|Harry S. Truman]]
| predecessor3 = ''Seat established by 75 Stat. 80''
| successor3 = [[John M. Cannella]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Irving Robert Kaufman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|06|24}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|02|01|1910|06|24}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party =
| otherparty =
| height =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| residence =
| education = [[Fordham University School of Law|Fordham University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->
| footnotes =
}}
'''Irving Robert Kaufman''' (June 24, 1910 – February 1, 1992) was a [[United States federal judge|United States circuit judge]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] and a United States district judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]].


==Early life and education==
Kaufman graduated from [[Fordham Law School]] at the age of 21 and worked for two decades as a [[lawyer]] in [[New York City]], mostly in private practice but also as an Assistant [[United States Attorney]]. From 1949 to 1961, Kaufman served as a judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], to which he was appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry S Truman]]. In 1961, President [[John F. Kennedy]] promoted Kaufman an appellate position on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]. He served as an active Second Circuit judge from 1961 to 1987, including a term as [[Chief Judge]] from 1973 to 1980. Kaufman assumed [[senior status]] in 1987 but continued to hear some cases until his death four years later.


Born to a [[American Jews|Jewish]] family<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ronald |last=Radosh |title=Cold Case: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg |publisher=[[The Tablet]]|date=March 29, 2011 |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/62998/cold-case |quote=The Rosenberg case was a family affair—almost everyone involved was Jewish: the Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses, those who became government witnesses against the two couples, as well as the prosecutors, [[Myles Lane]], [[Irving Saypol]], and [[Roy Cohn]], and the justice who presided at the trial, Irving Kaufman}}</ref> in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], Kaufman received a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Fordham University School of Law]] in 1931. Although he was Jewish, Kaufman earned the nickname "Pope Kaufman" for his achievement in the required Christian doctrine classes at Fordham, a Catholic school.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nBV5BAAAQBAJ&dq=judge+irving+kaufman+%22pope+kaufman%22&pg=PA304 ''The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case''], (Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2014), p. 304</ref>
Kaufman is best remembered as the judge who presided over the espionage trial of [[Julius Rosenberg|Julius]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]] and imposed their controversial death sentences. [[Roy Cohn]], one of the [[prosecutor]]s in the case, claimed in his autobiography that his influence led to Kaufman's being appointed to the case, and that Kaufman had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice. These claims have not been verified.


==Career==
Years later, Kaufman presided over the deportation hearing of [[John Lennon]] and rejected the government's attempt to deport him from the United States to England based upon his having pleaded guilty in England to possession of [[hashish]]. After a widely publicized hearing, Kaufman found that Lennon had been singled out for deportation for political reasons, allowed him to remain in the United States on what some observers characterized as a technicality, and criticized what he called the "labyrinthine provisions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act."


Kaufman entered private practice of law in New York City from 1932 to 1935. He was a Special [[Assistant United States Attorney]] of the Southern District of New York from 1935 to 1939. He returned to private practice in New York City from 1940 to 1949. He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1939 to 1940. He was Special Assistant to the [[Attorney General of the United States]] from 1947 to 1948.<ref name="auto">{{FJC Bio|1231|nid=1383086|name=Irving Robert Kaufman<!--(1910–1992)-->}}</ref>
Judge Kaufman also wrote a famous opinion in the case of ''Filartiga v. Pena-Irala'' 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980). The case opened U.S. courts to foreigners who were tortured in other countries. The case has had a wide ranging impact on human rights and the role of corporations and their foreign operations.


===United States District Court===
With regard to the role of the judge, Kaufman was once quoted as saying:
[[File:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ethel Rosenberg]] and [[Julius Rosenberg]] (1951)]]


Kaufman received a [[recess appointment]] from President [[Harry S. Truman]] on October 21, 1949, to the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493. He was nominated to the same seat by Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on April 4, 1950, and received his commission on April 7, 1950. His service was terminated on September 22, 1961, when he was elevated to the Court of Appeals.<ref name="auto"/> Notable cases include:
:''The judge is forced for the most part to reach his audience through the medium of the press whose reporting of judicial decisions is all too often inaccurate and superficial'' (see [http://www.bartleby.com/63/48/1548.html]).
* 1951: Kaufman is best remembered as the judge who presided over the espionage trial of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] and imposed their controversial death sentences. [[Roy Cohn]], one of the [[prosecutor]]s in the case, claimed in his autobiography that his influence led to Kaufman's being appointed to the case and that Kaufman had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice. This claim has not been verified, although it has been shown that after Kaufman learned that the FBI and Justice Department opposed death penalties in the case, he asked the prosecution to withhold its recommendation before issuing his death sentence. In his summing up Kaufman was considered by many to have been highly subjective: "Judge Kaufman tied the crimes the Rosenbergs were being accused of to their ideas and the fact that they were sympathetic to the Soviet Union. He stated that they had given the atomic bomb to the Russians, which had triggered Communist aggression in Korea resulting in over 50,000 American casualties. He added that, because of their treason, the Soviet Union was threatening America with an atomic attack and this made it necessary for the United States to spend enormous amounts of money to build underground bomb shelters."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/Irving_Kaufman.htm|title=Irving Kaufman}}</ref> Kaufman said that he had gone to [[synagogue]] to pray before issuing his death sentence; this enraged [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], who later wrote to Judge [[Learned Hand]], "I despise a judge who feels God told him to impose a death sentence," and also told Hand that he was "mean enough" to stay on the court long enough to prevent Kaufman from having a chance to take Frankfurter's place in the so-called "[[List of Jewish United States Supreme Court justices|Jewish seat]]" on the court.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>George Anastoplo, ''On Trial: From Adam & Eve to O.J. Simpson'' ([[Lexington Books]], 2004), {{ISBN|978-0739107805}}. pp. 369-370. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q0c7EWU_ooEC&q=irving%20kaufman&pg=PA369 Excerpts available] at [[Google Books]].</ref>
* 1959: Kaufman presided over the jury trial in the federal government's conspiracy case against 21 of the [[Apalachin meeting]] delegates. The guilty verdicts of 20 of the men, and the stiff sentences Kaufman meted out, were later reversed and invalidated by the Court of Appeals.


===United States Court of Appeals===
Kaufman was nominated by President [[John F. Kennedy]] on September 14, 1961, to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]], to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 21, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. He served as chief judge from 1973 to 1980. He assumed [[senior status]] on July 1, 1987. His service was terminated on February 1, 1992, at his death.<ref name="auto"/> Notable cases included:
* 1964: Kaufman wrote the Second Circuit's opinion in ''[[Irving Berlin et al. v. E.C. Publications, Inc.]]'', a case that helped establish the legal precedent for the right to [[parody]].
* 1966: Kaufman wrote an opinion in the case of ''United States v. Freeman'' 357 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1966). The judgment over-turned the rigid [[M'Naghten rules|M'Naghten standard]] for insanity defense and adopted the modern insanity defense described in Section 4.01 of [[Model Penal Code]] developed by the [[American Law Institute]]. The judgment embraced advances in psychiatry and emphatically rejected the M'Naghten test by stating that, "the outrage of a [[Queen Victoria|frightened Queen]] has for far too long caused us to forego the expert guidance that modern psychiatry is able to provide."
* 1974: Kaufman was the chief judge in the decision (''[[Angelo F. Coniglio|Coniglio]] v. Highwood Services, 1974'') that prevents [[Professional Football]] fans from gaining redress against the NFL's policy requiring them to purchase seats for [[NFL preseason|exhibition games]] at regular-season prices in order to qualify for season tickets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Second Circuit|first=United States Court of Appeals|title=Angelo F. Coniglio, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Highwood Services, Inc., Et Al., Defendants-Appellees., 495 F.2d 1286 (2nd Cir. 1974)|url=http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/angelo-coniglio-highwood-services-defendants-36788540|work=Docket Number: 73-2448|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604074228/http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/angelo-coniglio-highwood-services-defendants-36788540|archive-date=2015-06-04}}</ref>
* 1975: Kaufman presided over the three-judge appeals court panel reviewing the deportation of [[John Lennon]] and rejected the government's attempt to deport him from the United States to the [[United Kingdom]] based upon his having pleaded guilty in England to possession of [[hashish]]. After a widely publicized argument, Kaufman found that Lennon had been singled out for deportation for political reasons, allowed him to remain in the United States on what some observers characterized as a technicality, and criticized what he called the "labyrinthine provisions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act."
* 1980: Kaufman also wrote an opinion in the case of ''[[Filártiga v. Peña-Irala]],'' 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980). The case opened U.S. courts to foreigners who were [[torture]]d in other countries. The case has had a wide-ranging impact on human rights and the role of corporations and their foreign operations.


==Death and legacy==


Kaufman died age 81 on February 1, 1992, at [[Mount Sinai Medical Center]] in [[Manhattan]] of [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |first= Marilyn|last= Berger|title=Judge Irving Kaufman, of Rosenberg Spy Trial and Free-Press Rulings, Dies at 81 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFD6113FF930A35751C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work=[[New York Times]] |date= February 3, 1992|access-date=2008-07-09 }}</ref>
A substantial collection of Kaufman's personal and judicial papers is archived at the [[Library of Congress]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], but is not yet fully open for research.


On October 7, 1987, Kaufman was presented with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/100787c.htm |title=''Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Irving R. Kaufman - October 7, 1987'' |access-date=October 12, 2009 |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724131334/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/100787c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A substantial collection of Kaufman's personal and judicial papers is archived at the [[Library of Congress]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], but is not yet fully open for research.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} Kaufman had been known to lament what he regarded as the distortion of judicial opinion and finding, as it passed through the filter of the media: "The judge is forced for the most part to reach his audience through the medium of the press whose reporting of judicial decisions is all too often inaccurate and superficial."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/63/48/1548.html |title=1548. Irving R Kaufman, Judge, US Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit. Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. 1988 |access-date=2004-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113122807/http://www.bartleby.com/63/48/1548.html |archive-date=2005-01-13 }}</ref>
==External links==
* [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BIK.HTM University of Missouri-Kansas City law school biography]


==See also==
[[Category:1910 births|Kaufman, Irving]]
* [[List of Jewish American jurists]]
[[Category:1992 deaths|Kaufman, Irving]]
* [[List of United States federal judges by longevity of service]]
[[Category:New York judges|Kaufman, Irving]]

[[Category:Jewish-American jurists|Kaufman, Irving]]
==References==
[[Category:United States District Court judges|Kaufman, Irving]]
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Kaufman, Irving]]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Siegel | first = Martin J. | year = 2023 | title = Judgment and Mercy: The Turbulent Life and Times of the Judge Who Condemned the Rosenbergs | publisher = Three Hills | location = Ithaca | isbn = 9781501768521 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OblwEAAAQBAJ }}

==External links==
* {{FJC Bio|1231|nid=1383086|name=Irving Robert Kaufman<!--(1910–1992)-->}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051215141109/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BIK.HTM University of Missouri-Kansas City law school biography]
*{{C-SPAN|122645}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=Seat established by 63 Stat. 493}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]}}|years=1949–1961}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John M. Cannella]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Seat established by 75 Stat. 80}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]}}|years=1961–1987}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John M. Walker Jr.]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Friendly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Chief Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]}}|years=1973–1980}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wilfred Feinberg]]}}
{{s-end}}


{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaufman, Irving}}
{{law-bio-stub}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Harry S. Truman]]
[[Category:20th-century American judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]
[[Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]]
[[Category:Fordham University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Assistant United States Attorneys]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New York City]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer]]

Latest revision as of 00:19, 29 August 2024

Irving Kaufman
Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
In office
July 1, 1987 – February 1, 1992
Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
In office
1973–1980
Preceded byHenry Friendly
Succeeded byWilfred Feinberg
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
In office
September 22, 1961 – July 1, 1987
Appointed byJohn F. Kennedy
Preceded bySeat established by 63 Stat. 493
Succeeded byJohn M. Walker Jr.
Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
In office
October 21, 1949 – September 22, 1961
Appointed byHarry S. Truman
Preceded bySeat established by 75 Stat. 80
Succeeded byJohn M. Cannella
Personal details
Born
Irving Robert Kaufman

(1910-06-24)June 24, 1910
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 1, 1992(1992-02-01) (aged 81)
New York City, New York, U.S.
EducationFordham University (LLB)

Irving Robert Kaufman (June 24, 1910 – February 1, 1992) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Early life and education

[edit]

Born to a Jewish family[1] in Brooklyn, New York City, Kaufman received a Bachelor of Laws from Fordham University School of Law in 1931. Although he was Jewish, Kaufman earned the nickname "Pope Kaufman" for his achievement in the required Christian doctrine classes at Fordham, a Catholic school.[2]

Career

[edit]

Kaufman entered private practice of law in New York City from 1932 to 1935. He was a Special Assistant United States Attorney of the Southern District of New York from 1935 to 1939. He returned to private practice in New York City from 1940 to 1949. He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1939 to 1940. He was Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1947 to 1948.[3]

United States District Court

[edit]
Ethel Rosenberg and Julius Rosenberg (1951)

Kaufman received a recess appointment from President Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493. He was nominated to the same seat by Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4, 1950, and received his commission on April 7, 1950. His service was terminated on September 22, 1961, when he was elevated to the Court of Appeals.[3] Notable cases include:

  • 1951: Kaufman is best remembered as the judge who presided over the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and imposed their controversial death sentences. Roy Cohn, one of the prosecutors in the case, claimed in his autobiography that his influence led to Kaufman's being appointed to the case and that Kaufman had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice. This claim has not been verified, although it has been shown that after Kaufman learned that the FBI and Justice Department opposed death penalties in the case, he asked the prosecution to withhold its recommendation before issuing his death sentence. In his summing up Kaufman was considered by many to have been highly subjective: "Judge Kaufman tied the crimes the Rosenbergs were being accused of to their ideas and the fact that they were sympathetic to the Soviet Union. He stated that they had given the atomic bomb to the Russians, which had triggered Communist aggression in Korea resulting in over 50,000 American casualties. He added that, because of their treason, the Soviet Union was threatening America with an atomic attack and this made it necessary for the United States to spend enormous amounts of money to build underground bomb shelters."[4] Kaufman said that he had gone to synagogue to pray before issuing his death sentence; this enraged Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, who later wrote to Judge Learned Hand, "I despise a judge who feels God told him to impose a death sentence," and also told Hand that he was "mean enough" to stay on the court long enough to prevent Kaufman from having a chance to take Frankfurter's place in the so-called "Jewish seat" on the court.[5][6]
  • 1959: Kaufman presided over the jury trial in the federal government's conspiracy case against 21 of the Apalachin meeting delegates. The guilty verdicts of 20 of the men, and the stiff sentences Kaufman meted out, were later reversed and invalidated by the Court of Appeals.

United States Court of Appeals

[edit]

Kaufman was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on September 14, 1961, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 21, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. He served as chief judge from 1973 to 1980. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1987. His service was terminated on February 1, 1992, at his death.[3] Notable cases included:

  • 1964: Kaufman wrote the Second Circuit's opinion in Irving Berlin et al. v. E.C. Publications, Inc., a case that helped establish the legal precedent for the right to parody.
  • 1966: Kaufman wrote an opinion in the case of United States v. Freeman 357 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1966). The judgment over-turned the rigid M'Naghten standard for insanity defense and adopted the modern insanity defense described in Section 4.01 of Model Penal Code developed by the American Law Institute. The judgment embraced advances in psychiatry and emphatically rejected the M'Naghten test by stating that, "the outrage of a frightened Queen has for far too long caused us to forego the expert guidance that modern psychiatry is able to provide."
  • 1974: Kaufman was the chief judge in the decision (Coniglio v. Highwood Services, 1974) that prevents Professional Football fans from gaining redress against the NFL's policy requiring them to purchase seats for exhibition games at regular-season prices in order to qualify for season tickets.[7]
  • 1975: Kaufman presided over the three-judge appeals court panel reviewing the deportation of John Lennon and rejected the government's attempt to deport him from the United States to the United Kingdom based upon his having pleaded guilty in England to possession of hashish. After a widely publicized argument, Kaufman found that Lennon had been singled out for deportation for political reasons, allowed him to remain in the United States on what some observers characterized as a technicality, and criticized what he called the "labyrinthine provisions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act."
  • 1980: Kaufman also wrote an opinion in the case of Filártiga v. Peña-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980). The case opened U.S. courts to foreigners who were tortured in other countries. The case has had a wide-ranging impact on human rights and the role of corporations and their foreign operations.

Death and legacy

[edit]

Kaufman died age 81 on February 1, 1992, at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Manhattan of pancreatic cancer.[5]

On October 7, 1987, Kaufman was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan.[8] A substantial collection of Kaufman's personal and judicial papers is archived at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., but is not yet fully open for research.[citation needed] Kaufman had been known to lament what he regarded as the distortion of judicial opinion and finding, as it passed through the filter of the media: "The judge is forced for the most part to reach his audience through the medium of the press whose reporting of judicial decisions is all too often inaccurate and superficial."[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Radosh, Ronald (March 29, 2011). "Cold Case: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg". The Tablet. The Rosenberg case was a family affair—almost everyone involved was Jewish: the Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses, those who became government witnesses against the two couples, as well as the prosecutors, Myles Lane, Irving Saypol, and Roy Cohn, and the justice who presided at the trial, Irving Kaufman
  2. ^ The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case, (Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2014), p. 304
  3. ^ a b c Irving Robert Kaufman at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
  4. ^ "Irving Kaufman".
  5. ^ a b Berger, Marilyn (February 3, 1992). "Judge Irving Kaufman, of Rosenberg Spy Trial and Free-Press Rulings, Dies at 81". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  6. ^ George Anastoplo, On Trial: From Adam & Eve to O.J. Simpson (Lexington Books, 2004), ISBN 978-0739107805. pp. 369-370. Excerpts available at Google Books.
  7. ^ Second Circuit, United States Court of Appeals. "Angelo F. Coniglio, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Highwood Services, Inc., Et Al., Defendants-Appellees., 495 F.2d 1286 (2nd Cir. 1974)". Docket Number: 73-2448. Archived from the original on 2015-06-04.
  8. ^ "Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Irving R. Kaufman - October 7, 1987". Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  9. ^ "1548. Irving R Kaufman, Judge, US Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit. Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. 1988". Archived from the original on 2005-01-13. Retrieved 2004-12-14.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Legal offices
Preceded by
Seat established by 63 Stat. 493
Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
1949–1961
Succeeded by
Preceded by
Seat established by 75 Stat. 80
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1961–1987
Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1973–1980
Succeeded by