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{{short description|Australian missionary}}
{{tone|date=November 2014}}
{{tone|date=July 2021}}
'''Tony Glynn''' (1926–1994) was an Australian missionary priest in Japan whose work for postwar reconciliation between former enemies earned him imperial and national honours from both countries.
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend
| name = Father Tony Glynn
| honorific_suffix = SM, AO, MBE, ORS
| image =
| birth_date = 1926
| birth_place = [[Casino, New South Wales]], Australia
| death_date = 1 December 1994
| death_place = Nara, Japan
| relatives = [[Paul Glynn]] (brother)
John Glynn (brother)
| awards = Order of Australia, Order of the British Empire, Order of the Rising Sun
}}
'''Anthony Joachim Glynn''' (1926–1994) was an [[Australia|Australian]] Catholic [[Catholic missionaries|missionary priest]] in [[Japan]] whose work for [[post-war]] reconciliation between Australia and Japan earned him imperial and national honors from both countries.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==


Anthony Joachim (Tony) Glynn was born in [[Casino]], northern New South Wales in 1926, one of eight children of Harold Marcus Glynn, a successful store owner, and Nina Rose Glynn née Dougherty. Following the death of his mother, when he was six, her younger sister Molly stepped in to help raise the children. His aunt's decision to sacrifice her career and her own marriage plans offered a model of selflessness that deeply influenced the boy.<ref>Glynn, Paul. ''"Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story''. Sydney: Marist Fathers Books, 2008.</ref> Tony was attending boarding school in Sydney at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill when the British colony of [[Singapore]] fell to the Imperial Japanese Army in 1942. Because of widespread fear of a possible Japanese invasion of Australia, he and his younger brother [[Paul Glynn]] were called back to Lismore to finish their schooling at [[St John's College, Woodlawn]].<ref>Brigginshaw, Jim. ''Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate''. Lismore: Marist Fathers' Province of Australia, 1996.</ref>
Glynn was born in [[Casino, New South Wales|Casino]], in the [[Northern Rivers]] area of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] in 1926. He was one of eight children of Harold Marcus Glynn, a successful store owner, and Nina Rose Glynn (née Dougherty). Following her death in 1932, when Anthony was six, Nina's sister Molly stepped in to help raise the children.<ref>Glynn, Paul. ''"Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story''. Sydney: Marist Fathers Books, 2008.</ref> Glynn was attending boarding school in Sydney at [[St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill]] when the British colony of [[Singapore]] fell to the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1942. Due to widespread fear of a possible Japanese invasion of Australia, he and his younger brother [[Paul Glynn]] were called back to [[Lismore, New South Wales|Lismore]] to finish their schooling at [[St John's College, Woodlawn]].<ref>Brigginshaw, Jim. ''Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate''. Lismore: Marist Fathers' Province of Australia, 1996.</ref>


== Religious vocation ==
== Religious vocation ==
The Glynns were a devout [[Roman Catholic]] family of [[Irish immigrant]] stock. Three of the boys, John, Tony and Paul, would train for the priesthood at the Toongabbie (Sydney) seminary of the [[Society of Mary]] or [[Marist Brothers|Marist]] order. While studying at Toongabbie in 1946 Tony met [[Fr Lionel Marsden]] who while serving as a chaplain in the [[8th Division Australian Imperial Force (AIF)]] had become a prisoner-of-war and been put to work on the notorious [[Thai-Burma Railway]]. Marsden later experienced a spiritual crisis in revulsion at his feelings of hatred for his former captors and decided to establish a mission in Japan with the aim of healing the wounds of war and promoting reconciliation. The newly-ordained Fr Tony Glynn was accepted for the Japanese mission in January 1952.
The Glynns were a devout [[Roman Catholic]] family of [[Irish Australians|Irish immigrant]] heritage. Three of the boys, John, Tony and Paul, trained for the priesthood at the [[Toongabbie]] (Sydney) seminary of the [[Society of Mary (Marists)|Society of Mary]] or [[Marist Brothers|Marist]] order. While studying at Toongabbie in 1946 Glynn met [[Fr Lionel Marsden]] who, while serving as a chaplain in the [[8th Division (Australia)|8th Division Australian Imperial Force (AIF)]], became a prisoner-of-war and was put to work on the notorious [[Thai-Burma Railway]]. The newly-ordained Fr Tony Glynn was accepted for the Japanese mission in January 1952.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


After arriving at the Marist headquarters in [[Kyoto]], Glynn studied the Japanese language. His early pastoral duties included ministering to the sick at a leprosarium near [[Tokyo]]. In 1953 Glynn was appointed to a parish in the city of [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. He visited both the sick and prisoners, taught Bible studies, ran youth groups, and organised aid deliveries from abroad. During his career, he delivered more than 150,000 items, such as winter clothing, to the poor. In this last endeavour, he was assisted by his brother and fellow Marist priest [[Fr John Glynn]], editor of magazine ''[[The Harvest (magazine)|The Harvest]]'', which publicized the order's overseas missions. Glynn also made a point of forging close ties with members of the [[Buddhist]] and [[Shinto]] faiths, and would eventually lead seven pioneering Buddhist/Christian prayer pilgrimages to Pacific War sites, from [[Lae]], in [[Papua New Guinea]], to [[Nagasaki]].<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"''.</ref>
== Nara ==
After arriving at the Marist headquarters in [[Kyoto]], Tony went to work studying the Japanese language. His early pastoral duties included ministering to the sick at a leprosarium near Tokyo. The Allied military [[Occupation of Japan]] had just ended, and the defeated country showed many signs of the ravages of war. In 1953 Tony was appointed to a parish in the city of [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. He visited the sick and prisoners in jail, taught Bible studies, ran youth groups and organised aid deliveries from abroad. During his career he delivered more than 150,000 items, such as winter clothing, to the poor. In this last endeavour he was assisted by his brother and fellow Marist priest, [[Fr John Glynn]], who edited a magazine, ''[[The Harvest (magazine)|The Harvest]]'', that publicised the order's overseas missions. Tony also made a point of forging close ties with members of the [[Buddhist]] and [[Shinto]] faiths and he would lead seven pioneering Buddhist/Christian prayer pilgrimages to Pacific War sites, from [[Lae]], in Papua New Guinea, to [[Nagasaki]].<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"''.</ref>


In May 1956, Glynn was called by American actor [[Glenn Ford]] who was in Japan filming ''[[The Teahouse of the August Moon (film)|The Teahouse of the August Moon]]''. Another member of the cast, [[Louis Calhern]], had suffered a heart attack and died. Ford and fellow actor [[Marlon Brando]] arranged Calhern's funeral at Glynn's church.<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"'', p. 78.</ref>
== Marlon Brando and Glenn Ford ==
One night in May 1956 Tony Glynn took a telephone call at the Nara presbytery. On the other end of the line was the American actor [[Glenn Ford]] who was in Japan filming ''[[The Teahouse of the August Moon]]''. Another member of the cast, [[Louis Calhern]], had suffered a heart attack and died, explained Ford, could the priest come immediately? The next day Ford and fellow actor Marlon Brando arrived at the church to arrange Calhern's funeral. Ever eager to promote Japanese-American friendship, Tony alerted the press to the story. As Tony's brother, [[Fr Paul Glynn]], writes: "After the obsequies, Glenn Ford joined Tony and his 45 boy scouts and American children from the US Marine Camp in a suki-yaki party."<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"'', p. 78.</ref>


Father Glynn was temporarily posted back to Australia in 1957. When news circulated of his impending departure, he was showered with gifts by parishioners, community organizations, and local dignitaries grateful for his services to the people of Nara. This gave Glynn the idea of making a public exhibition of the gifts, which included many valuable works of art. Back in Sydney, he approached several potential venues, but none would accept the proposal. One store executive commented that ill-feeling towards the Japanese was so great "we couldn't guarantee safety".<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"'', p. 85.</ref> The Glynns appealed to Prime Minister [[Robert Menzies]] for help. Menzies personally arranged for [[Mark Foy's]] department store to provide space and took time out to open the exhibition in August 1958. Glynn toured the cultural display to more than 40 cities and towns in Australia and New Zealand.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
== Breaking down prejudice ==
Tony Glynn was posted back to Australia temporarily in 1957. When news circulated of his impending departure he was showered with gifts by parishioners, community organisations and local dignitaries grateful for his services to the people of Nara. This gave Tony the idea of making a public exhibition of the gifts, which included many valuable works of art. Back in Sydney he approached several potential venues, but none would accept the proposal. One store executive commented that ill-feeling towards the Japanese was so great "we couldn't guarantee safety".<ref>Glynn, ''"Like a Samurai"'', p. 85.</ref> The Glynns appealed to Prime Minister [[Robert Menzies]] for help. Menzies personally arranged for [[Mark Foy's]] department store to provide space and took time out to open the exhibition in August 1958. Tony toured the cultural display to more than 40 cities and towns in Australia and New Zealand.


The publicity generated by the exhibition allowed the priest to spread a message of reconciliation. Some war veterans remained hostile, but others responded by coming forward with traditional Japanese swords they had picked up on battlefields in the Pacific or confiscated from surrendering Japanese soldiers. Father Glynn undertook to return them to the families of their owners in Japan, and for this purpose collected around 80 swords during his lifetime.<ref>''Canberra Times'', 28 April 1959.</ref>
== Japanese swords ==
The publicity generated by the exhibition gave the priest an opportunity to spread the message of reconciliation. Some war veterans remained hostile, but others responded by coming forward with traditional Japanese swords they had picked up on battlefields in the Pacific or confiscated from surrendering Japanese soldiers. Tony Glynn undertook to return them to the families of their owners in Japan and for this purpose collected around 80 swords during his lifetime.<ref>''Canberra Times'', 28 April 1959.</ref>


On his return to Japan in 1959, Glynn took up the cause of mixed-race children who had been left behind in the city of [[Kure]] where the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] was based between 1946 and 1952. A welfare agency identified around 100 children—many fathered by Australian servicemen—who were in desperate need due to poverty and social prejudice. The priest advocated for their adoption and entry into Australia, but government officials refused to grant an exception to the [[White Australia policy]]. Glynn campaigned to raise money to provide living allowances and pay for the education of the children in Japan.<ref>Hamilton, Walter. ''Children of the Occupation: Japan's Untold Story''. Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2012/New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.</ref>
== Mixed-race children ==
On his return to Japan in 1959 Tony Glynn took up the cause of mixed-race children who had been left behind in the city of [[Kure]] where the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] was based between 1946 and 1952. A welfare agency identified around 100 children—many fathered by Australian servicemen—who were in desperate need due to poverty and social prejudice. The priest thought they should be allowed into Australia to be adopted, but government officials refused to grant an exception to the [["White Australia" policy]]. Tony campaigned to raise money to provide living allowances and pay for the education of the children in Japan.<ref>Hamilton, Walter. ''Children of the Occupation: Japan's Untold Story''. Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2012/New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.</ref>


== Honours ==
== Honours ==
For the last 26 years of his life, Tony was pastor of [[Tomigaoka]], a new suburb on the outskirts of Nara. He raised more than US$1 million to build a new church, convent and kindergarten and in the process won many admirers from both high and low of society. He drew hundreds, if not thousands, of Japanese to the Catholic faith—in a country where Christians make up less than 1% of the population. In the 1964 New Years' Honours List he was named a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE). He was made a Member of the [[Order of Australia]] (AO) in 1982 and also received the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] from the Japanese Emperor in 1985.
For the last 26 years of his life, Father Glynn was the pastor of [[Tomigaoka]], a new suburb on the outskirts of Nara. He raised more than US$1 million to build a new church, convent, and kindergarten, in the process winning many admirers across a variety of demographics. He drew many Japanese citizens to the Catholic faith in a country where Christians represent less than 1% of the population. In the 1964 New Year's Honours List he was named a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE). He was made a Member of the [[Order of Australia]] (AO) in 1982 and also received the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] from the Japanese Emperor in 1985.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


== Death ==
== Death ==
[[File:DIN 5493.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Father Tony Glynn's Grave in Nara]]
In 1982 Tony Glynn was first diagnosed with cancer, leading to a series of operations over the following decade. Concerned that if he went back to Australia for treatment he would never be able to return to Japan, he resolved to keep working in his parish at Tomigaoka until the end. In the last weeks of his life he was made an honorary citizen of Nara. He died on 1 December 1994. An estimated 5,000 mourners attended the wake and funeral mass.
In 1982, Father Glynn was diagnosed with cancer, leading to a series of operations over the following decade. Concerned that if he went back to Australia for treatment he would never be able to return to Japan, he resolved to keep working in his parish at Tomigaoka until his death. In the last weeks of his life, he was made an honorary citizen of Nara. He died on 1st December 1994. An estimated 5,000 mourners attended the wake and funeral mass.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


[[John Menadue]], a former Ambassador to Japan, commented: "In his very direct way, Tony focused on the power of symbols and used them more effectively than any other person. He was the first to see a means to meet the need for reconciliation and forgiveness after the bitter war years and he became the heart and soul of it".<ref>Sydney ''Sunday Telegraph'', 11 December 1994.</ref> Another friend, the author [[Morris West]], said: "He believed what he taught [as a Marist missionary] and taught by his own example the essential message of the Gospel: reconciliation and love".<ref>Brigginshaw, ''Shimpu-san''.</ref> [[Paul Glynn|Fr Paul Glynn]], who has likewise been honoured for his achievements as a missionary and author, recalled: "Tony told me there is no cheap grace. We must struggle and sometimes suffer if we and others are to experience Christ's grace in ourselves and in those for whom we are responsible."{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
== Tributes ==
[[John Menadue]], a former Ambassador to Japan, commented: "In his very direct way, Tony focused on the power of symbols and used them more effectively than any other person. He was the first to see a means to meet the need for reconciliation and forgiveness after the bitter war years and he became the heart and soul of it".<ref>Sydney ''Sunday Telegraph'', 11 December 1994.</ref> Another friend, the author [[Morris West]], said: "He believed what he taught [as a Marist missionary] and taught by his own example the essential message of the Gospel: reconciliation and love".<ref>Brigginshaw, ''Shimpu-san''.</ref> Fr Paul Glynn, who has likewise been honoured for his achievements as a missionary and author, recalled: "Tony told me there is no cheap grace. We must struggle and sometimes suffer if we and others are to experience Christ's grace in ourselves and in those for whom we are responsible."


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
[[File:FatherTonyGlynnInItsSettingAtCowra1993-4.jpg|thumb|The Father Tony Glynn Memorial Plaque at the Australian World Peace Bell in Cowra NSW]]
Tony Glynn has been the subject of two biographies: ''Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate'' by Jim Brigginshaw (1996) and ''"Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story'' by Paul Glynn (2008). He was featured in a Japanese film documentary ''The Railroad of Love'' (1999) made by director Shigeki Chiba. His name was given to the Tony Glynn Australia-Japan Centre at the Lismore campus of Southern Cross University, which was dedicated in 2004. His image is preserved in a bronze plaque erected at Cowra, a city in country New South Wales that maintains close relations with Japan.
[[File:CowraTonyGlynnPlaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque text]]
Glynn has been the subject of two biographies: ''Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate'' by Jim Brigginshaw (1996) and ''"Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story'' by Paul Glynn (2008). He was featured in a Japanese film documentary ''The Railroad of Love'' (1999) made by director Shigeki Chiba. His name was given to the Tony Glynn Australia-Japan Centre at the Lismore campus of [[Southern Cross University]], which was dedicated in 2004. His image is preserved in a bronze plaque erected at [[Cowra]], a city in country New South Wales that maintains close relations with Japan.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{authority control}}
{{Persondata
| NAME =Glynn, Tony
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Australian missionary
| DATE OF BIRTH = , 1926
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = , 1994
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Glynn, Tony}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Australian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in Japan]]

Latest revision as of 01:29, 29 August 2024

The Reverend
Father Tony Glynn
SM, AO, MBE, ORS
Born1926
Died1 December 1994
Nara, Japan
RelativesPaul Glynn (brother) John Glynn (brother)
AwardsOrder of Australia, Order of the British Empire, Order of the Rising Sun

Anthony Joachim Glynn (1926–1994) was an Australian Catholic missionary priest in Japan whose work for post-war reconciliation between Australia and Japan earned him imperial and national honors from both countries.

Early life

[edit]

Glynn was born in Casino, in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales, Australia in 1926. He was one of eight children of Harold Marcus Glynn, a successful store owner, and Nina Rose Glynn (née Dougherty). Following her death in 1932, when Anthony was six, Nina's sister Molly stepped in to help raise the children.[1] Glynn was attending boarding school in Sydney at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill when the British colony of Singapore fell to the Imperial Japanese Army in 1942. Due to widespread fear of a possible Japanese invasion of Australia, he and his younger brother Paul Glynn were called back to Lismore to finish their schooling at St John's College, Woodlawn.[2]

Religious vocation

[edit]

The Glynns were a devout Roman Catholic family of Irish immigrant heritage. Three of the boys, John, Tony and Paul, trained for the priesthood at the Toongabbie (Sydney) seminary of the Society of Mary or Marist order. While studying at Toongabbie in 1946 Glynn met Fr Lionel Marsden who, while serving as a chaplain in the 8th Division Australian Imperial Force (AIF), became a prisoner-of-war and was put to work on the notorious Thai-Burma Railway. The newly-ordained Fr Tony Glynn was accepted for the Japanese mission in January 1952.[citation needed]

After arriving at the Marist headquarters in Kyoto, Glynn studied the Japanese language. His early pastoral duties included ministering to the sick at a leprosarium near Tokyo. In 1953 Glynn was appointed to a parish in the city of Nara. He visited both the sick and prisoners, taught Bible studies, ran youth groups, and organised aid deliveries from abroad. During his career, he delivered more than 150,000 items, such as winter clothing, to the poor. In this last endeavour, he was assisted by his brother and fellow Marist priest Fr John Glynn, editor of magazine The Harvest, which publicized the order's overseas missions. Glynn also made a point of forging close ties with members of the Buddhist and Shinto faiths, and would eventually lead seven pioneering Buddhist/Christian prayer pilgrimages to Pacific War sites, from Lae, in Papua New Guinea, to Nagasaki.[3]

In May 1956, Glynn was called by American actor Glenn Ford who was in Japan filming The Teahouse of the August Moon. Another member of the cast, Louis Calhern, had suffered a heart attack and died. Ford and fellow actor Marlon Brando arranged Calhern's funeral at Glynn's church.[4]

Father Glynn was temporarily posted back to Australia in 1957. When news circulated of his impending departure, he was showered with gifts by parishioners, community organizations, and local dignitaries grateful for his services to the people of Nara. This gave Glynn the idea of making a public exhibition of the gifts, which included many valuable works of art. Back in Sydney, he approached several potential venues, but none would accept the proposal. One store executive commented that ill-feeling towards the Japanese was so great "we couldn't guarantee safety".[5] The Glynns appealed to Prime Minister Robert Menzies for help. Menzies personally arranged for Mark Foy's department store to provide space and took time out to open the exhibition in August 1958. Glynn toured the cultural display to more than 40 cities and towns in Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]

The publicity generated by the exhibition allowed the priest to spread a message of reconciliation. Some war veterans remained hostile, but others responded by coming forward with traditional Japanese swords they had picked up on battlefields in the Pacific or confiscated from surrendering Japanese soldiers. Father Glynn undertook to return them to the families of their owners in Japan, and for this purpose collected around 80 swords during his lifetime.[6]

On his return to Japan in 1959, Glynn took up the cause of mixed-race children who had been left behind in the city of Kure where the British Commonwealth Occupation Force was based between 1946 and 1952. A welfare agency identified around 100 children—many fathered by Australian servicemen—who were in desperate need due to poverty and social prejudice. The priest advocated for their adoption and entry into Australia, but government officials refused to grant an exception to the White Australia policy. Glynn campaigned to raise money to provide living allowances and pay for the education of the children in Japan.[7]

Honours

[edit]

For the last 26 years of his life, Father Glynn was the pastor of Tomigaoka, a new suburb on the outskirts of Nara. He raised more than US$1 million to build a new church, convent, and kindergarten, in the process winning many admirers across a variety of demographics. He drew many Japanese citizens to the Catholic faith in a country where Christians represent less than 1% of the population. In the 1964 New Year's Honours List he was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). He was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1982 and also received the Order of the Rising Sun from the Japanese Emperor in 1985.[citation needed]

Death

[edit]
Father Tony Glynn's Grave in Nara

In 1982, Father Glynn was diagnosed with cancer, leading to a series of operations over the following decade. Concerned that if he went back to Australia for treatment he would never be able to return to Japan, he resolved to keep working in his parish at Tomigaoka until his death. In the last weeks of his life, he was made an honorary citizen of Nara. He died on 1st December 1994. An estimated 5,000 mourners attended the wake and funeral mass.[citation needed]

John Menadue, a former Ambassador to Japan, commented: "In his very direct way, Tony focused on the power of symbols and used them more effectively than any other person. He was the first to see a means to meet the need for reconciliation and forgiveness after the bitter war years and he became the heart and soul of it".[8] Another friend, the author Morris West, said: "He believed what he taught [as a Marist missionary] and taught by his own example the essential message of the Gospel: reconciliation and love".[9] Fr Paul Glynn, who has likewise been honoured for his achievements as a missionary and author, recalled: "Tony told me there is no cheap grace. We must struggle and sometimes suffer if we and others are to experience Christ's grace in ourselves and in those for whom we are responsible."[citation needed]

Legacy

[edit]
The Father Tony Glynn Memorial Plaque at the Australian World Peace Bell in Cowra NSW
Plaque text

Glynn has been the subject of two biographies: Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate by Jim Brigginshaw (1996) and "Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story by Paul Glynn (2008). He was featured in a Japanese film documentary The Railroad of Love (1999) made by director Shigeki Chiba. His name was given to the Tony Glynn Australia-Japan Centre at the Lismore campus of Southern Cross University, which was dedicated in 2004. His image is preserved in a bronze plaque erected at Cowra, a city in country New South Wales that maintains close relations with Japan.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Glynn, Paul. "Like a Samurai": The Tony Glynn Story. Sydney: Marist Fathers Books, 2008.
  2. ^ Brigginshaw, Jim. Shimpu-san: Healer of Hate. Lismore: Marist Fathers' Province of Australia, 1996.
  3. ^ Glynn, "Like a Samurai".
  4. ^ Glynn, "Like a Samurai", p. 78.
  5. ^ Glynn, "Like a Samurai", p. 85.
  6. ^ Canberra Times, 28 April 1959.
  7. ^ Hamilton, Walter. Children of the Occupation: Japan's Untold Story. Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2012/New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
  8. ^ Sydney Sunday Telegraph, 11 December 1994.
  9. ^ Brigginshaw, Shimpu-san.