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{{short description|Puerto Rico has become a major transshipment point for drugs}}
{{Short description|Puerto Rico is a transshipment point for drugs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{update|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox UCR
{{Infobox UCR
|city_name = Puerto Rico
|city_name = Puerto Rico
|year = 2008
|year = 2008
|homicide = 26.2(2011)<ref name="UNODC Homicide Statistics">{{cite web|title=UNODC Homicide Statistics|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html|publisher=UNODC}}</ref>
|homicide = 26.2(2011)<ref name="UNODC Homicide Statistics">{{cite web|title=UNODC Homicide Statistics|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.html|publisher=UNODC|access-date=4 November 2013|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226010448/http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|forcible_rape = 2.4
|forcible_rape = 2.4
|robbery = 138.3
|robbery = 138.3
Line 18: Line 19:
}}
}}


'''Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico''' are a problem from a criminal, social, and medical perspective. Located in the [[Caribbean]], Puerto Rico has become a major [[transshipment]] point for drugs into the [[United States]].<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003">{{cite web|title=National Drug Intelligence Center. "Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Drug Threat Assessment."|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]|date=2003|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3950/3950p.pdf|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref> [[Violent crime|Violent]] and [[property crimes]] have increased due in part to [[Drug dealer|dealers]] trying to keep their drug business afloat, using guns and violence to protect themselves, their [[wikt:turf war|turfs]], and drug habits.<ref name="Montalvo-Barbot, Alfredo 1997">Montalvo-Barbot, Alfredo. "Crime in Puerto Rico: [[drug trafficking]], [[money laundering]], and the poor." Crime and Delinquency 43.4 (1997): 533–548. print.</ref>
The '''Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico''' is a problem from a criminal, social, and medical perspective. Located in the [[Caribbean]], Puerto Rico has become a major [[transshipment]] point for drugs into the [[United States]].<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003">{{cite web|title=National Drug Intelligence Center. "Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Drug Threat Assessment."|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]|date=2003|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3950/3950p.pdf|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502162234/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3950/3950p.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Violent crime|Violent]] and [[property crimes]] have increased due in part to [[Drug dealer|dealers]] trying to keep their drug business afloat, using guns and violence to protect themselves, their [[wikt:turf war|turfs]], and drug habits.<ref name="Montalvo-Barbot, Alfredo 1997">Montalvo-Barbot, Alfredo. "Crime in Puerto Rico: [[drug trafficking]], [[money laundering]], and the poor." Crime and Delinquency 43.4 (1997): 533–548. print.</ref>


Crimes related to drugs are not the only crimes that have plagued the island. [[Police corruption|Police]] and [[political corruption]] have also been problematic, as have [[gangs]], which further contribute to the drug problem and associated crime in Puerto Rico.<ref>Leandry-Vega, I. (2012).[http://www.worldcat.org/title/puerto-rico-criadero-de-narcos-sicarios-agresores-y-embusteros/oclc/779521102 Puerto Rico: criadero de narcos, sicarios, agresores y embusteros] Charleston, SC.: Editorial Espacio Creativo, pp.165–167. {{ISBN|978-1470110277}}.</ref>
Crimes related to drugs are not the only crimes plaguing the island. Along with gang violence the island has also been victim to [[Police corruption|Police]] and [[political corruption]].<ref>Leandry-Vega, I. (2012).[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779521102 Puerto Rico: criadero de narcos, sicarios, agresores y embusteros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521195601/http://www.worldcat.org/title/puerto-rico-criadero-de-narcos-sicarios-agresores-y-embusteros/oclc/779521102 |date=21 May 2014 }} Charleston, SC.: Editorial Espacio Creativo, pp.165–167. {{ISBN|978-1470110277}}.</ref>


==Chronology==
==Chronology==
===1970–2008===
===1970–2008===
The [[Government of Puerto Rico]] has struggled to combat illegal drug use and the resulting crime since the mid-1970s.<ref name=grif164/> Their efforts have been referred to as a "War on Drugs".<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=On My Mind;Dispatch From the Drug War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/26/opinion/on-my-mind-dispatch-from-the-drug-war.html|accessdate=20 October 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 1996|first=M.|last=Rosenthal}}</ref> Though drug use was uncommon in Puerto Rico in the 1950s, it markedly increased in the late 1960s. In the 1970s the increase in drug use, particularly among those under the age of 25, became a major concern in Puerto Rican society.<ref name=grif164/> During this era, a person named [[Rafael Dones|Rafi Dones]] surfaced as one of the first, alleged major drug traffickers in Puerto Rico;<ref>https://archive.org/stream/RAE--LosMacheteros--porArmandoAndrer--EdicioinRAE--2014/RAE%E2%80%94Los%20Macheteros%E2%80%94por%20Armando%20Andre%CC%81%E2%80%94Edicio%CC%81n%20RAE%E2%80%942014_djvu.txt</ref> he was sentenced to a jail term on 30 September 1977,<ref>https://vlex.com.pr/vid/106-d-p-r-684570861</ref> and has since died. A number of drug cartels have since used Puerto Rico as a transfer point while trafficking cocaine to the mainland United States.<ref name=nyt/>
The [[Government of Puerto Rico]] has struggled to combat illegal drug use and the resulting crime since the mid-1970s.<ref name=grif164/> Their efforts have been referred to as a "[[War on Drugs]]".<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=On My Mind;Dispatch From the Drug War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/26/opinion/on-my-mind-dispatch-from-the-drug-war.html|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 1996|first=M.|last=Rosenthal|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172024/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/26/opinion/on-my-mind-dispatch-from-the-drug-war.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though drug use was uncommon in Puerto Rico in the 1950s, it markedly increased in the late 1960s. In the 1970s the increase in drug use, particularly among those under the age of 25, became a major concern in Puerto Rico.<ref name=grif164/> During this era, a person named [[Rafael Dones|Rafy Dones]] surfaced as one of the first, alleged major drug traffickers operating in Puerto Rico;<ref>{{cite web | title= Los Macheteros|first= Armando|last= André | website=Internet Archive | date=10 June 2020 | url=https://archive.org/details/RAE--LosMacheteros--porArmandoAndrer--EdicioinRAE--2014 | access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> he was sentenced to a jail term on 30 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vlex.com.pr/vid/106-d-p-r-684570861 |title=Sentencia de Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de 30 de Septiembre de 1977 - 106 D.P.R. 303 - Jurisprudencia - VLEX 684570861 |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831000031/https://vlex.com.pr/vid/106-d-p-r-684570861 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of drug cartels have used Puerto Rico as a transfer point for trafficking cocaine to the mainland United States.<ref name=nyt/>


Many Puerto Ricans have attributed increases in crime to the drug trade. This led to a major focus on crime and drugs in Puerto Rican politics.<ref name=grif164>{{citation|last=Griffith|first=Ivelaw L.|title=The political economy of drugs in the Caribbean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLv5aNvsAk4C&pg=PA164|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-23258-0|pages=164–165}}</ref> In response, federal and local law enforcement agencies have attempted to integrate their efforts to fight drug crime.<ref name=grif176/> Other strategies used by the government of Puerto Rico include longer sentences for criminals, increased funding for law enforcement equipment, and the construction of new prisons.<ref name=rosin>{{citation|first=Eileen | last=Rosin|title=Drugs and democracy in Latin America: the impact of U.S. policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA324|year=2005|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-58826-254-7|page=324}}</ref> At times, however, the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] and the Puerto Rican police have struggled to work together<ref name=grif176>Griffith 2000, p. 176</ref> and some commentators have questioned the effectiveness of government drug policy.<ref name=rosin/>
Many Puerto Ricans have attributed the increase in crime to the drug trade. This led to a major focus on crime and drugs in Puerto Rican politics.<ref name=grif164>{{citation|last=Griffith|first=Ivelaw L.|title=The political economy of drugs in the Caribbean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLv5aNvsAk4C&pg=PA164|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-23258-0|pages=164–165}}</ref> In response, federal and local law enforcement agencies have attempted to integrate their efforts to fight drug crime.<ref name=grif176/>


Strategies used by the government of Puerto Rico include long sentences for criminals, increased funding for law enforcement equipment, and the construction of new prisons.<ref name=rosin>{{citation|first=Eileen | last=Rosin|title=Drugs and democracy in Latin America: the impact of U.S. policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA324|year=2005|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-58826-254-7|page=324}}</ref> At times, however, the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] and the Puerto Rican police have struggled to work together<ref name=grif176>Griffith 2000, p. 176</ref> and some commentators have questioned the effectiveness of government drug policy.<ref name=rosin/>
⚫
In the early 1990s, law enforcement began specifically targeting [[White-collar worker|white collar]] drug users.<ref name=ap>{{cite news|title=Puerto Rico Enlists Mail Carriers in Drug War|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=2461,5066898&dq=drug-war+puerto-rico&hl=en|accessdate=20 October 2011|newspaper=Associated Press|date=23 June 1993}}</ref> By 2008 the tension was rising.


⚫
In the early 1990s, law enforcement began targeting [[White-collar worker|white collar]] drug users.<ref name=ap>{{cite news|title=Puerto Rico enlists mail carriers in drug war|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=2461,5066898&dq=drug-war+puerto-rico&hl=en|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=Associated Press|date=23 June 1993|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231344/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=2461%2C5066898&dq=drug-war+puerto-rico&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
===2009–2012===

⚫
The start of the "Drug Wars" in Puerto Rico was in 2009 in a conflict between Police and drug dealers which police wounded and killed two men. This occurred in Naranjito, Puerto Rico, the place where the drug dealers distributed their drugs to many places in Puerto Rico. In the house they found AK-47, M9 pistols and the drugs. Also they found that they were working with corrupt politicians to approve marijuana legalization and the export of exotic animals. In 2010 police captured 16 drug dealer "clans" that had the same information and they worked together to defeat opposing dealers. They also started to "clean house" in 2010, when they killed about 44 men attached to some drug dealers or those that were compromising the dealer. In 2011 the death toll was 1,266 at one point, due to many big drug arrests different gangs went into war with each other for the control of drugs in the island. In 2011 it was discovered that many of the killings were to cover up some corrupt politicians. In 2012, around 1,000 murders were reported. Also in Bayamon, a major city of Puerto Rico, many drug cartels started to defend their dealers by getting snipers and attackers on rooftops. "Sikarios" would be put on the rooftops to defend their drug turf in different housing projects due to wars against rival gangs that would try to take over the drug turf. Police captured a sniper in late 2011, the sniper had a [[Dragunov sniper rifle|Dragunov Caliber Sniper Rifle]] and was arrested with 5 other drug dealers. In early 2012, two assassinations occurred in Humacao involving the Carteli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com|title=El Nuevo Día|website=El Nuevo Dia|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com|title=Primera Hora – Portada|website=Primera Hora|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eloriental.com|title=eloriental.com|website=www.eloriental.com|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref>
===2009–present===
⚫
The start of the "Drug Wars" in Puerto Rico was in 2009 in a conflict between Police and drug dealers which police wounded and killed two men. This occurred in Naranjito, Puerto Rico, the place where the drug dealers distributed their drugs to many places in Puerto Rico. In the house they found AK-47, M9 pistols and the drugs. Also they found that they were working with corrupt politicians to approve marijuana legalization and the export of exotic animals. In 2010 police captured 16 drug dealer "clans" that had the same information and they worked together to defeat opposing dealers. They also started to "clean house" in 2010, when they killed about 44 men attached to some drug dealers or those that were compromising the dealer. In 2011 the death toll was 1,266 at one point, due to many big drug arrests different gangs went into war with each other for the control of drugs in the island. In 2011 it was discovered that many of the killings were to cover up some corrupt politicians. In 2012, around 1,000 murders were reported. Also in Bayamon, a major city of Puerto Rico, many drug cartels started to defend their dealers by getting snipers and attackers on rooftops. "Sikarios" would be put on the rooftops to defend their drug turf in different housing projects due to wars against rival gangs that would try to take over the drug turf. Police captured a sniper in late 2011, the sniper had a [[Dragunov sniper rifle|Dragunov Caliber Sniper Rifle]] and was arrested with 5 other drug dealers. In early 2012, two assassinations occurred in Humacao involving the Carteli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com|title=El Nuevo Día|website=El Nuevo Dia|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827182223/https://www.elnuevodia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com|title=Primera Hora – Portada|website=Primera Hora|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825221401/http://www.primerahora.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eloriental.com|title=eloriental.com|website=www.eloriental.com|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811154920/http://eloriental.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The FBI, with its field office in San Juan, along with the Department of Homeland Security, and the DEA<ref name="DEA">{{cite web | title=Caribbean | website=DEA | url=https://www.dea.gov/domestic-divisions/caribbean | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=18 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231344/https://www.dea.gov/domestic-divisions/caribbean | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Department of Homeland Security 2012">{{cite web | title=Hoja informativa: La Lucha Contra el Crimen en Puerto Rico | website=Department of Homeland Security | date=26 October 2012 | url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2012/10/26/hoja-informativa-la-lucha-contra-el-crimen-en-puerto-rico | language=es | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=18 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018055405/https://www.dhs.gov/news/2012/10/26/hoja-informativa-la-lucha-contra-el-crimen-en-puerto-rico | url-status=live }}</ref> have multiple task forces working on the illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Federal Bureau of Investigation 2016">{{cite web | title=FBI San Juan History - Federal Bureau of Investigation | website=Federal Bureau of Investigation | date=5 August 2016 | url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/sanjuan | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620152400/https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/sanjuan | url-status=live }}</ref>


==Drug trafficking==
==Drug trafficking==
[[File:San Juan Port with Cargo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Port of San Juan]] is one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean and [[Latin America]].]]
[[File:San Juan Port with Cargo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Port of San Juan]] is one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean and [[Latin America]].]]


As early as 1978, Puerto Rico had already become a transshipment point for illegal drugs that are [[Drug smuggling|smuggled]] from source countries like [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]] into the U.S. mainland. Most of it is transported to and through the island from drug trafficking organizations in the [[Dominican Republic]] and Colombia, and [[criminal organizations]] in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/><ref name="Times Sept 21 1978">{{cite news |last1=De La Mata |first1=Beatriz |title=New drug route develops through the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2dPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7|page=7|work=Associated Press |agency=The Times – News |date=21 September 1978}}</ref>
As early as 1978, Puerto Rico had already become a transshipment point for illegal drugs that are [[Drug smuggling|smuggled]] from source countries like [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Peru]] into the U.S. mainland. Most of it is transported to and through the island from drug trafficking organizations in the [[Dominican Republic]] and Colombia, and [[criminal organizations]] in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/><ref name="Times Sept 21 1978">{{cite news |last1=De La Mata |first1=Beatriz |title=New drug route develops through the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2dPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7 |page=7 |work=Associated Press |agency=The Times – News |date=21 September 1978 |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231344/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2dPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Cocaine===
===Cocaine===
[[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP) seized 1,176.74 pounds of [[cocaine]] in 2001 from commercial maritime vessels and 14, 932.53 pounds of cocaine from private maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. [[Go-fast boats]] are the most favorable, as they are fast and stealthy, and have been used to intercept drug shipments that have been dropped off into the open water from other larger ships or airdropped from aircraft.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/>
[[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP) seized 1,176.74 pounds of [[cocaine]] in 2001 from commercial maritime vessels and 14, 932.53 pounds of cocaine from private maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. [[Go-fast boats]] are the most favorable, as they are fast and stealthy, and have been used to intercept drug shipments that have been dropped off into the open water from other larger ships or airdropped from aircraft.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/>
In June 2012, 36 people were arrested in Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland for smuggling 61,000 pounds of cocaine into the U.S through Puerto Rico's [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] aboard flights operated by [[American Airlines]]. The smuggling had been taking place since 1999.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606211501/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47709806/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/ ''36 arrested in Puerto Rico airport drug running ring.''] MSN. 6 June 2012.</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRhGjithvlg</ref>
In June 2012, 36 people were arrested in Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland for smuggling 61,000 pounds of cocaine into the U.S through Puerto Rico's [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] aboard flights operated by [[American Airlines]]. The smuggling had been taking place since 1999.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606211501/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47709806/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/ ''36 arrested in Puerto Rico airport drug running ring.''] MSN. 6 June 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRhGjithvlg |title=Operación desmantelada en Puerto Rico que permitía envió de cocaína a EU - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRhGjithvlg |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 1996, a group of researchers from Puerto Rico's Mental Health and Anti Addiction Services Administration, published the results of a study involving 849 out-of-treatment drug users in the San Juan area. Their study found that 36.5% of the drug users in the study were crack cocaine users only, 42.4% were drug injectors only and 21.1% were both drug injectors and crack users.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8994288 | volume=15 | title=Crack use in Puerto Rico: evidence of a recent epidemic | journal=P R Health Sci J | pages=221–5 | last1 = Matos | first1 = TD | last2 = Robles | first2 = RR | last3 = Marrero | first3 = CA | last4 = Colón | first4 = HM| year=1996 | issue=3 }}</ref>
In 1996, a group of researchers from Puerto Rico's Mental Health and Anti Addiction Services Administration, published the results of a study involving 849 out-of-treatment drug users in the San Juan area. Their study found that 36.5% of the drug users in the study were crack cocaine users only, 42.4% were drug injectors only and 21.1% were both drug injectors and crack users.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8994288 | volume=15 | title=Crack use in Puerto Rico: evidence of a recent epidemic | journal=P R Health Sci J | pages=221–5 | last1 = Matos | first1 = TD | last2 = Robles | first2 = RR | last3 = Marrero | first3 = CA | last4 = Colón | first4 = HM| year=1996 | issue=3 }}</ref>

In April 2021, a shipment of cocaine with an estimated value of $50 million was intercepted in Yabucoa.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ocupan el cargamento más grande de cocaína valorado en $50 millones en Yabucoa | website=El Nuevo Día | date=2021-04-08 | url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/seguridad/notas/ocupan-un-cargamento-de-cocaina-valorado-en-50-millones-en-yabucoa/ | language=es | access-date=2021-04-09}}</ref>


===Heroin===
===Heroin===
In 2001, [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] in Puerto Rico seized 56 kilograms of [[heroin]] from commercial aircraft at airports and 28 kilograms of heroin from commercial maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. That same year, government officials arrested seven individuals in Puerto Rico, for swallowing between 36 and 98 condoms full of heroin, when they arrived from [[Aruba]] on a [[cruise ship]]. In June 2002, [[Drug dog|drug detecting dogs]] detected and CBP seized 24 kilograms of heroin in a cargo storage area on a [[pier]] in San Juan. That same year federal law enforcement officials in San Juan seized 1.4 kilograms of heroin from a passenger arriving from Aruba on a cruise ship.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/>
In 2001, [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] in Puerto Rico seized 56 kilograms of [[heroin]] from commercial aircraft at airports and 28 kilograms of heroin from commercial maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. That same year, government officials arrested seven individuals in Puerto Rico, for swallowing between 36 and 98 condoms full of heroin, when they arrived from [[Aruba]] on a [[cruise ship]]. In June 2002, [[Drug dog|drug detecting dogs]] detected and CBP seized 24 kilograms of heroin in a cargo storage area on a [[pier]] in San Juan. That same year federal law enforcement officials in San Juan seized 1.4 kilograms of heroin from a passenger arriving from Aruba on a cruise ship.<ref name="Drug Threat Assessment 2003"/>

Addicts "shooting up" with dirty needles has created a public health emergency in Puerto Rico with an HIV positive rate that is 4 times higher than the U.S. national average.<ref name="Hotz 2013">{{cite web | last=Hotz | first=Alexander | title=Puerto Rico's drug addicts: 'Nobody wants to know them' – video | website=the Guardian | date=15 July 2013 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/15/puerto-rico-hiv-heroin-video | access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> [[Hogares CREA]] is one of the few organizations offering addicts rehabilitation services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/losnumerosnodanpararehabilitarlos-1371220/|title=Los números no dan para rehabilitarlos|date=October 20, 2019|website=Primera Hora|language=es}}</ref>


===Marijuana===
===Marijuana===
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In 2001, one of the biggest [[police corruption]] busts in U.S. history took place in Puerto Rico, when 28 [[Puerto Rico Police Department|state police]] officers in Puerto Rico were arrested for drug-running charges. The yearlong [[undercover operation]] was initiated by the FBI, after authorities got a tip about the police possibly being involved in drug dealing, and protecting cocaine dealers and shipments and movement throughout the island.<ref>Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." ''Los Angeles Times'' 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.</ref> Between 1993 and 2000, 1,000 police officers in Puerto Rico lost their jobs from the department due to criminal charges.<ref name="Miami Herald 2007"/> Police corruption in Puerto Rico stems from the fact that police officers make small [[wages]] and are so close to the [[cocaine trafficking]].<ref>Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." Los Angeles Times 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.</ref>
In 2001, one of the biggest [[police corruption]] busts in U.S. history took place in Puerto Rico, when 28 [[Puerto Rico Police Department|state police]] officers in Puerto Rico were arrested for drug-running charges. The yearlong [[undercover operation]] was initiated by the FBI, after authorities got a tip about the police possibly being involved in drug dealing, and protecting cocaine dealers and shipments and movement throughout the island.<ref>Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." ''Los Angeles Times'' 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.</ref> Between 1993 and 2000, 1,000 police officers in Puerto Rico lost their jobs from the department due to criminal charges.<ref name="Miami Herald 2007"/> Police corruption in Puerto Rico stems from the fact that police officers make small [[wages]] and are so close to the [[cocaine trafficking]].<ref>Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." Los Angeles Times 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.</ref>


[[Operation Guard Shack]] was a two-year FBI investigation into law enforcement corruption in Puerto Rico.<ref name="fbi.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct10/sanjuan_100610.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007064701/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct10/sanjuan_100610.html |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref> The operation came to a conclusion on 6 October 2010 with a series of pre-dawn raids that led to over 130<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/06/puerto.rico.arrests/index.html | work=CNN | title=FBI: Puerto Rico cops protected cocaine dealers | date=7 October 2010}}</ref> arrests of members of the [[Puerto Rico Police Department]], various municipal departments, and the [[Puerto Rico Corrections Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/06/national/main6932519.shtml|title=89 Puerto Rico Cops Arrested in Corruption Probe|website=Cbsnews.com|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref> The operation began at 3&nbsp;a.m., when 65 tactical teams, including [[FBI SWAT]] and the [[Hostage Rescue Team]] (HRT), fanned out across the island in a series of sneak attack arrests. On hand were a range of Bureau personnel—crisis negotiators, evidence response team members, canines and their handlers, and 80 medical personnel from first responders and nurses to a trauma surgeon and a veterinarian. The central thread of the corruption was law enforcement officers providing protection and other services to drug traffickers. Over 1,000 agents of the FBI conducted the raids. Many of them were flown in secretly. The agency characterized the action as, "likely the largest police corruption case in the FBI's history."<ref name="fbi.gov"/>
[[Operation Guard Shack]] was a two-year FBI investigation into law enforcement corruption in Puerto Rico.<ref name="fbi.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct10/sanjuan_100610.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007064701/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct10/sanjuan_100610.html |archive-date=7 October 2010 }}</ref> The operation came to a conclusion on 6 October 2010 with a series of pre-dawn raids that led to over 130<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/06/puerto.rico.arrests/index.html | work=CNN | title=FBI: Puerto Rico cops protected cocaine dealers | date=7 October 2010 | access-date=20 January 2011 | archive-date=26 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526015305/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/06/puerto.rico.arrests/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref> arrests of members of the [[Puerto Rico Police Department]], various municipal departments, and the [[Puerto Rico Corrections Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/89-puerto-rico-cops-arrested-in-corruption-probe/|title=89 Puerto Rico Cops Arrested in Corruption Probe|website=Cbsnews.com|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711043824/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/06/national/main6932519.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The operation began at 3&nbsp;a.m., when 65 tactical teams, including [[FBI SWAT]] and the [[Hostage Rescue Team]] (HRT), fanned out across the island in a series of sneak attack arrests. On hand were a range of Bureau personnel—crisis negotiators, evidence response team members, canines and their handlers, and 80 medical personnel from first responders and nurses to a trauma surgeon and a veterinarian. The central thread of the corruption was law enforcement officers providing protection and other services to drug traffickers. Over 1,000 agents of the FBI conducted the raids. Many of them were flown in secretly. The agency characterized the action as, "likely the largest police corruption case in the FBI's history."<ref name="fbi.gov"/>


==Gangs==
==Gangs==
It is cheap and easy to buy and deal to the public in housing projects in Puerto Rico, leading to the second highest [[homicide]] rates in the United States or its territories.<ref name="Torres-Rivera 2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Torres-Rivera | first1 = Edil | last2 = Phan | first2 = Loan T | year = 2005 | title = The Gang Problem in Puerto Rico | journal = Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 90–96 }}</ref> New gangs like [[La ONU]] and [[Rompe ONU]] are also prominent in Puerto Rico. They have been known to be involved in the selling of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Torres-Rivera 2005"/>
It is cheap and easy to buy and deal to the public in housing projects in Puerto Rico, leading to the second highest [[homicide]] rates in the United States or its territories.<ref name="Torres-Rivera 2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Torres-Rivera | first1 = Edil | last2 = Phan | first2 = Loan T | year = 2005 | title = The Gang Problem in Puerto Rico | journal = Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 90–96 }}</ref> New gangs like [[La ONU]] and [[Rompe ONU]] are also prominent in Puerto Rico. They are in the illegal drug trade.<ref name="Torres-Rivera 2005"/>


==Crime reduction==
==Crime reduction==
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'''Regional:'''
'''Regional:'''
*[[Mexican Drug War|Mexican War on Drugs]], an armed conflict between the Mexican government and drug trafficking cartels
*[[Mexican Drug War|Mexican War on Drugs]], an armed conflict between the Mexican government and drug trafficking cartels
* [[Colombian conflict (1964–present)|Colombian War on Drugs]], an ongoing armed conflict involving the Colombian government, Colombian Drug gangs, narco-paramilitary groups and guerrillas (the guerrillas are known to use drug trafficking to finance their operations).<ref name="crisisgroup1">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/011-war-and-drugs-in-colombia.aspx?alt_lang=es War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020023452/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/011-war-and-drugs-in-colombia.aspx?alt_lang=es |date=20 October 2014 }}. Crisisgroup.org (27 January 2005). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref name="crisisgroup1"/><ref>[http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/10/daniel_loco_barrera_barrera_colombia_s_last_drug_lord_extradited_to_new_york 'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York]. Blog.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombia-bacrim-paramilitary-cartels-nuevo-arco-iris Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report – InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas]. InSight Crime (13 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/neo-paramilitaries-have-no-political-agenda-govt/ Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt – Colombia News | Colombia Reports]. Colombiareports.co (23 March 2011). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/tag/armed-conflict/ armed conflict Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports]. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/tag/peace-talks-2/ peace talks Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports]. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.shoah.org.uk/2012/10/26/the-colombian-war-on-drugs-a-family-affair/ The Colombian "War on Drugs", A Family Affair | SHOAH]. Shoah.org.uk (26 October 2012). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref>
* [[Colombian conflict (1964–present)|Colombian War on Drugs]], an ongoing armed conflict involving the Colombian government, Colombian Drug gangs, narco-paramilitary groups and guerrillas (the guerrillas are known to use drug trafficking to finance their operations).<ref name="crisisgroup1">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/011-war-and-drugs-in-colombia.aspx?alt_lang=es War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020023452/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/011-war-and-drugs-in-colombia.aspx?alt_lang=es |date=20 October 2014 }}. Crisisgroup.org (27 January 2005). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/10/daniel_loco_barrera_barrera_colombia_s_last_drug_lord_extradited_to_new_york 'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018213625/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/10/daniel_loco_barrera_barrera_colombia_s_last_drug_lord_extradited_to_new_york |date=18 October 2014 }}. Blog.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombia-bacrim-paramilitary-cartels-nuevo-arco-iris Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report – InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022115344/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombia-bacrim-paramilitary-cartels-nuevo-arco-iris |date=22 October 2014 }}. InSight Crime (13 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/neo-paramilitaries-have-no-political-agenda-govt/ Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt – Colombia News | Colombia Reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095323/http://colombiareports.co/neo-paramilitaries-have-no-political-agenda-govt/ |date=23 February 2014 }}. Colombiareports.co (23 March 2011). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/tag/armed-conflict/ armed conflict Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901112610/http://colombiareports.co/tag/armed-conflict/ |date=1 September 2014 }}. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://colombiareports.co/tag/peace-talks-2/ peace talks Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016173854/http://colombiareports.co/tag/peace-talks-2/ |date=16 October 2014 }}. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.shoah.org.uk/2012/10/26/the-colombian-war-on-drugs-a-family-affair/ The Colombian "War on Drugs", A Family Affair | SHOAH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301161118/http://www.shoah.org.uk/2012/10/26/the-colombian-war-on-drugs-a-family-affair/ |date=1 March 2015 }}. Shoah.org.uk (26 October 2012). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.policia.gobierno.pr/ Puerto Rico Police Department official website]
* [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/PRR0726-en.html Puerto Rico Herald Crime and Punishment]
* [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n26/PRR0726-en.html Puerto Rico Herald Crime and Punishment]
* [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n29/PRR0829-en.html Puerto Rico Herald Crime and Corruption]
* [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n29/PRR0829-en.html Puerto Rico Herald Crime and Corruption]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/hoja-informativa-la-lucha-contra-el-crimen-en-puerto-rico US DHS: Hoja informativa: La Lucha Contra el Crimen en Puerto Rico]


{{Puerto Rico topics}}
{{Puerto Rico topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
[[Category:Crime in Puerto Rico| ]]
[[Category:Crime in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Economic history of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Economic history of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Illegal drug trade in Latin America|Puerto Rico]]

Latest revision as of 18:51, 29 August 2024

Puerto Rico
Crime rates* (2008)
Violent crimes
Homicide26.2(2011)[1]
Rape2.4
Robbery138.3
Aggravated assault78.8
Total violent crime239.9
Property crimes
Burglary484
Larceny-theft837.4
Motor vehicle theft177.1
Total property crime1,498.5
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.


Source: FBI 2008 UCR data

The Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico is a problem from a criminal, social, and medical perspective. Located in the Caribbean, Puerto Rico has become a major transshipment point for drugs into the United States.[2] Violent and property crimes have increased due in part to dealers trying to keep their drug business afloat, using guns and violence to protect themselves, their turfs, and drug habits.[3]

Crimes related to drugs are not the only crimes plaguing the island. Along with gang violence the island has also been victim to Police and political corruption.[4]

Chronology

[edit]

1970–2008

[edit]

The Government of Puerto Rico has struggled to combat illegal drug use and the resulting crime since the mid-1970s.[5] Their efforts have been referred to as a "War on Drugs".[6] Though drug use was uncommon in Puerto Rico in the 1950s, it markedly increased in the late 1960s. In the 1970s the increase in drug use, particularly among those under the age of 25, became a major concern in Puerto Rico.[5] During this era, a person named Rafy Dones surfaced as one of the first, alleged major drug traffickers operating in Puerto Rico;[7] he was sentenced to a jail term on 30 September 1977.[8] A number of drug cartels have used Puerto Rico as a transfer point for trafficking cocaine to the mainland United States.[6]

Many Puerto Ricans have attributed the increase in crime to the drug trade. This led to a major focus on crime and drugs in Puerto Rican politics.[5] In response, federal and local law enforcement agencies have attempted to integrate their efforts to fight drug crime.[9]

Strategies used by the government of Puerto Rico include long sentences for criminals, increased funding for law enforcement equipment, and the construction of new prisons.[10] At times, however, the DEA and the Puerto Rican police have struggled to work together[9] and some commentators have questioned the effectiveness of government drug policy.[10]

In the early 1990s, law enforcement began targeting white collar drug users.[11]

2009–present

[edit]

The start of the "Drug Wars" in Puerto Rico was in 2009 in a conflict between Police and drug dealers which police wounded and killed two men. This occurred in Naranjito, Puerto Rico, the place where the drug dealers distributed their drugs to many places in Puerto Rico. In the house they found AK-47, M9 pistols and the drugs. Also they found that they were working with corrupt politicians to approve marijuana legalization and the export of exotic animals. In 2010 police captured 16 drug dealer "clans" that had the same information and they worked together to defeat opposing dealers. They also started to "clean house" in 2010, when they killed about 44 men attached to some drug dealers or those that were compromising the dealer. In 2011 the death toll was 1,266 at one point, due to many big drug arrests different gangs went into war with each other for the control of drugs in the island. In 2011 it was discovered that many of the killings were to cover up some corrupt politicians. In 2012, around 1,000 murders were reported. Also in Bayamon, a major city of Puerto Rico, many drug cartels started to defend their dealers by getting snipers and attackers on rooftops. "Sikarios" would be put on the rooftops to defend their drug turf in different housing projects due to wars against rival gangs that would try to take over the drug turf. Police captured a sniper in late 2011, the sniper had a Dragunov Caliber Sniper Rifle and was arrested with 5 other drug dealers. In early 2012, two assassinations occurred in Humacao involving the Carteli.[12][13][14]

The FBI, with its field office in San Juan, along with the Department of Homeland Security, and the DEA[15][16] have multiple task forces working on the illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico.[17]

Drug trafficking

[edit]
The Port of San Juan is one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean and Latin America.

As early as 1978, Puerto Rico had already become a transshipment point for illegal drugs that are smuggled from source countries like Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru into the U.S. mainland. Most of it is transported to and through the island from drug trafficking organizations in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, and criminal organizations in Puerto Rico.[2][18]

Cocaine

[edit]

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) seized 1,176.74 pounds of cocaine in 2001 from commercial maritime vessels and 14, 932.53 pounds of cocaine from private maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. Go-fast boats are the most favorable, as they are fast and stealthy, and have been used to intercept drug shipments that have been dropped off into the open water from other larger ships or airdropped from aircraft.[2]

In June 2012, 36 people were arrested in Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland for smuggling 61,000 pounds of cocaine into the U.S through Puerto Rico's Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport aboard flights operated by American Airlines. The smuggling had been taking place since 1999.[19][20]

In 1996, a group of researchers from Puerto Rico's Mental Health and Anti Addiction Services Administration, published the results of a study involving 849 out-of-treatment drug users in the San Juan area. Their study found that 36.5% of the drug users in the study were crack cocaine users only, 42.4% were drug injectors only and 21.1% were both drug injectors and crack users.[21]

In April 2021, a shipment of cocaine with an estimated value of $50 million was intercepted in Yabucoa.[22]

Heroin

[edit]

In 2001, U.S. Customs and Border Protection in Puerto Rico seized 56 kilograms of heroin from commercial aircraft at airports and 28 kilograms of heroin from commercial maritime vessels in Puerto Rico. That same year, government officials arrested seven individuals in Puerto Rico, for swallowing between 36 and 98 condoms full of heroin, when they arrived from Aruba on a cruise ship. In June 2002, drug detecting dogs detected and CBP seized 24 kilograms of heroin in a cargo storage area on a pier in San Juan. That same year federal law enforcement officials in San Juan seized 1.4 kilograms of heroin from a passenger arriving from Aruba on a cruise ship.[2]

Addicts "shooting up" with dirty needles has created a public health emergency in Puerto Rico with an HIV positive rate that is 4 times higher than the U.S. national average.[23] Hogares CREA is one of the few organizations offering addicts rehabilitation services.[24]

Marijuana

[edit]

In 2001, CBP confiscated 205 kilos of marijuana at airports throughout Puerto Rico. In 2002, a resident of San Juan was arrested at the airport, when government officials found 12.7 kilograms of marijuana hidden in his luggage.[2]

Police corruption

[edit]

In 2008, four police officers in Puerto Rico were arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), including a Lieutenant with 33 years on the force, for extortion and distribution of cocaine and heroin.[25] In 2007, 9 police officers and their lieutenant were arrested for planting drug evidence, including cocaine, heroin, and crack, on people living in the city's low-income housing projects, prompting Puerto Rico's attorney general's office to review previous cases, making sure no innocent people were put in prison.[26] Between 2003 and 2007, 100 officers had been under investigation and 75 others convicted under federal court for police corruption.[27]

In 2001, one of the biggest police corruption busts in U.S. history took place in Puerto Rico, when 28 state police officers in Puerto Rico were arrested for drug-running charges. The yearlong undercover operation was initiated by the FBI, after authorities got a tip about the police possibly being involved in drug dealing, and protecting cocaine dealers and shipments and movement throughout the island.[28] Between 1993 and 2000, 1,000 police officers in Puerto Rico lost their jobs from the department due to criminal charges.[27] Police corruption in Puerto Rico stems from the fact that police officers make small wages and are so close to the cocaine trafficking.[29]

Operation Guard Shack was a two-year FBI investigation into law enforcement corruption in Puerto Rico.[30] The operation came to a conclusion on 6 October 2010 with a series of pre-dawn raids that led to over 130[31] arrests of members of the Puerto Rico Police Department, various municipal departments, and the Puerto Rico Corrections Department.[32] The operation began at 3 a.m., when 65 tactical teams, including FBI SWAT and the Hostage Rescue Team (HRT), fanned out across the island in a series of sneak attack arrests. On hand were a range of Bureau personnel—crisis negotiators, evidence response team members, canines and their handlers, and 80 medical personnel from first responders and nurses to a trauma surgeon and a veterinarian. The central thread of the corruption was law enforcement officers providing protection and other services to drug traffickers. Over 1,000 agents of the FBI conducted the raids. Many of them were flown in secretly. The agency characterized the action as, "likely the largest police corruption case in the FBI's history."[30]

Gangs

[edit]

It is cheap and easy to buy and deal to the public in housing projects in Puerto Rico, leading to the second highest homicide rates in the United States or its territories.[33] New gangs like La ONU and Rompe ONU are also prominent in Puerto Rico. They are in the illegal drug trade.[33]

Crime reduction

[edit]

The Puerto Rican government has implemented a series of law enforcement operations in relation to the federal "war on drugs" in order to minimize drug-related crimes and trafficking on the island. In 1985, the government started Operation Greenback, an investigation by the FBI, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), into the inconsistencies between the drastic increase of cash flow into the Puerto Rican economy and the double digit unemployment rate and bad economy in the 70s and early 1980s. The operation uncovered money laundering schemes from within financial institutions and from the sale of illegal lottery tickets. Federal agents raided 10 banks and arrested 17 people on money laundering charges.[3]

In 1990, Operation Lucky Strike was put in motion by the FBI and local law enforcement officials, when residents of Vega Baja unearthed $20 million on a nearby farm. They tried to stop the circulation of the illegal money and mobilized to arrest the individuals connected to the money.[3]

See also

[edit]

Regional:

  • Mexican War on Drugs, an armed conflict between the Mexican government and drug trafficking cartels
  • Colombian War on Drugs, an ongoing armed conflict involving the Colombian government, Colombian Drug gangs, narco-paramilitary groups and guerrillas (the guerrillas are known to use drug trafficking to finance their operations).[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "UNODC Homicide Statistics". UNODC. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e "National Drug Intelligence Center. "Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Drug Threat Assessment."" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Montalvo-Barbot, Alfredo. "Crime in Puerto Rico: drug trafficking, money laundering, and the poor." Crime and Delinquency 43.4 (1997): 533–548. print.
  4. ^ Leandry-Vega, I. (2012).Puerto Rico: criadero de narcos, sicarios, agresores y embusteros Archived 21 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Charleston, SC.: Editorial Espacio Creativo, pp.165–167. ISBN 978-1470110277.
  5. ^ a b c Griffith, Ivelaw L. (2000), The political economy of drugs in the Caribbean, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 164–165, ISBN 978-0-312-23258-0
  6. ^ a b Rosenthal, M. (26 March 1996). "On My Mind;Dispatch From the Drug War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  7. ^ André, Armando (10 June 2020). "Los Macheteros". Internet Archive. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  8. ^ "Sentencia de Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de 30 de Septiembre de 1977 - 106 D.P.R. 303 - Jurisprudencia - VLEX 684570861". Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  9. ^ a b Griffith 2000, p. 176
  10. ^ a b Rosin, Eileen (2005), Drugs and democracy in Latin America: the impact of U.S. policy, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 324, ISBN 978-1-58826-254-7
  11. ^ "Puerto Rico enlists mail carriers in drug war". Associated Press. 23 June 1993. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  12. ^ "El Nuevo Día". El Nuevo Dia. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  13. ^ "Primera Hora – Portada". Primera Hora. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  14. ^ "eloriental.com". www.eloriental.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Caribbean". DEA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Hoja informativa: La Lucha Contra el Crimen en Puerto Rico". Department of Homeland Security (in Spanish). 26 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  17. ^ "FBI San Juan History - Federal Bureau of Investigation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  18. ^ De La Mata, Beatriz (21 September 1978). "New drug route develops through the Caribbean". Associated Press. The Times – News. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  19. ^ 36 arrested in Puerto Rico airport drug running ring. MSN. 6 June 2012.
  20. ^ "Operación desmantelada en Puerto Rico que permitía envió de cocaína a EU - YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  21. ^ Matos, TD; Robles, RR; Marrero, CA; Colón, HM (1996). "Crack use in Puerto Rico: evidence of a recent epidemic". P R Health Sci J. 15 (3): 221–5. PMID 8994288.
  22. ^ "Ocupan el cargamento más grande de cocaína valorado en $50 millones en Yabucoa". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 8 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  23. ^ Hotz, Alexander (15 July 2013). "Puerto Rico's drug addicts: 'Nobody wants to know them' – video". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  24. ^ "Los números no dan para rehabilitarlos". Primera Hora (in Spanish). 20 October 2019.
  25. ^ "FBI arrests 4 Puerto Rican police for corruption." EFE World News Service 19 December 2008. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Prosecutors charge Puerto Rican police with corruption." Miami Herald [Miami, FL] 23 August 2007. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.
  27. ^ a b "Police corruption undermines Puerto Rican drug war." Miami Herald [Miami, FL] 18 July 2007. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.
  28. ^ Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." Los Angeles Times 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.
  29. ^ Lichtblau, Eric. "The Nation; 28 Puerto Rico Police Caught in Drug Sting." Los Angeles Times 15 August 2001: A-14. General OneFile. Web. 7 June 2010.
  30. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ "FBI: Puerto Rico cops protected cocaine dealers". CNN. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  32. ^ "89 Puerto Rico Cops Arrested in Corruption Probe". Cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  33. ^ a b Torres-Rivera, Edil; Phan, Loan T (2005). "The Gang Problem in Puerto Rico". Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling. 25 (2): 90–96.
  34. ^ War and Drugs in Colombia – International Crisis Group Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Crisisgroup.org (27 January 2005). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  35. ^ 'Loco,' Colombia's Last Drug Lord, Extradited to New York Archived 18 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Blog.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  36. ^ Neo-Paramilitary Groups Consolidating in Colombia: Report – InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. InSight Crime (13 March 2013). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  37. ^ Neo-paramilitaries do not deserve political status: Govt – Colombia News | Colombia Reports Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Colombiareports.co (23 March 2011). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  38. ^ armed conflict Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports Archived 1 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  39. ^ peace talks Archives – Colombia News | Colombia Reports Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Colombiareports.co. Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
  40. ^ The Colombian "War on Drugs", A Family Affair | SHOAH Archived 1 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Shoah.org.uk (26 October 2012). Retrieved on 20 March 2014.
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