Omsk hemorrhagic fever: Difference between revisions

Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
	Flavivirus structure and genome
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Kitrinoviricota
Class:	Flasuviricetes
Order:	Amarillovirales
Family:	Flaviviridae
Genus:	Flavivirus
Species:	Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
Synonyms
	Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus, Orthoflavivirus omskense

Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Specialty	Infectious disease

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Omsk hemorrhagic fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a Flavivirus.^[1]

It was found in Siberia^[2] and was named for an outbreak in the city of Omsk. First records of the new virus appeared around 1940–1943.

Signs and symptoms

There are a number of symptoms of the virus. In the first 1–8 days the first phase begins. The symptoms in this phase are:

chills
headache
pain in the lower and upper extremities and severe prostration
a rash on the soft palate
swollen glands in the neck
appearance of blood in the eyes (conjunctival suffusion)
dehydration
hypotension
gastrointestinal symptoms (symptoms relating to the stomach and intestines)
patients may also experience effects on the central nervous system

In 1–2 weeks, some people may recover, although others might not. They might experience a focal hemorrhage in mucosa of gingival, uterus, and lungs, a papulovesicular rash on the soft palate, cervical lymphadenopathy (it occurs in the neck which that enlarges the lymph glandular tissue), and occasional neurological involvement. If the patient still has OHF after 3 weeks, then a second wave of symptoms will occur. It also includes signs of encephalitis. In most cases if the sickness does not fade away after this period, the patient will die. Patients that recover from OHF may experience hearing loss, hair loss, and behavioral or psychological difficulties associated with neurological conditions.

Cause

Omsk hemorrhagic fever is caused by Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), a member of the Flavivirus family. The current species name is Orthoflavivirus omskense^[4] according to International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses taxonomy standards. The virus was discovered by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues between 1945 and 1947 in Omsk, Russia. The infection is found in Western Siberia, in places including Omsk Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast. The virus survives in water and is transferred to humans via contaminated water or an infected tick.

Spread

The main hosts of OHFV are rodents like the non-native muskrat. OHFV originates in ticks, who then transmit it to rodents by biting them. Humans become infected through tick bites or contact with a muskrat. Humans can also become infected through contact with blood, feces or urine of a dead or sick muskrat (or any type of rat). The virus can also spread through milk from infected goats or sheep. There is no evidence that the virus is contagious among humans.

Evolution

The virus appears to have evolved within the last 1000 years.^[5] The viral genomes can be divided into 2 clades—A and B. Clade A has five genotypes and clade B has one. These clades separated about 700 years ago. This separation appears to have occurred in the Kurgan province. Clade A subsequently underwent division into clade C, D and E 230 years ago. Clade C and E appear to have originated in the Novosibirsk and Omsk Provinces respectively. The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus which is highly susceptible to this virus was introduced into this area in the 1930s.

Diagnosis

Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever could be diagnosed by isolating virus from blood, or by serologic testing using immunosorbent serological assay. OHF rating of fatality is 0.5–3%. Treatment is supportive; there is no specific treatment for OHF. This helps maintain hydration and provides precautions for patients with bleeding disorders.

Prevention

Preventing Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever consists primarily in avoiding being exposed to tick. Persons engaged in camping, farming, forestry, hunting (especially the Siberian muskrat) are at greater risk and should wear protective clothing or use insect repellent for protection. The same is generally recommended for persons at sheltered locations.

References

^ Holbrook MR, Aronson JF, Campbell GA, Jones S, Feldmann H, Barrett AD (January 2005). "An animal model for the tickborne flavivirus--Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". J. Infect. Dis. 191 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1086/426397. PMID 15593010.
^ Lin D, Li L, Dick D, et al. (August 2003). "Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". Virology. 313 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0. PMID 12951023.
^ ICTV 2nd Report Fenner, F. (1976). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 7: 1-115. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf
^ "Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". www.genome.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
^ Karan LS, Ciccozzi M, Yakimenko VV, Presti AL, Cella E, Zehender G, Rezza G, Platonov AE (2013). "The deduced evolution history of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". J Med Virol. 86 (7): 1181–7. doi:10.1002/jmv.23856. PMID 24259273. S2CID 36929638.

External links

"Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)". Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9 December 2013.

[pmid15593010-1] Holbrook MR, Aronson JF, Campbell GA, Jones S, Feldmann H, Barrett AD (January 2005). "An animal model for the tickborne flavivirus--Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". J. Infect. Dis. 191 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1086/426397. PMID 15593010.

[pmid12951023-2] Lin D, Li L, Dick D, et al. (August 2003). "Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". Virology. 313 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0. PMID 12951023.

[3] ICTV 2nd Report Fenner, F. (1976). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 7: 1-115. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf

[4] "Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". www.genome.jp. Retrieved 2023-11-01.

[Karan2013-5] Karan LS, Ciccozzi M, Yakimenko VV, Presti AL, Cella E, Zehender G, Rezza G, Platonov AE (2013). "The deduced evolution history of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus". J Med Virol. 86 (7): 1181–7. doi:10.1002/jmv.23856. PMID 24259273. S2CID 36929638.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox medical condition (new)
-{{Inappropriate tone|date=March 2009}}
+| name            = Omsk hemorrhagic fever
-{{Infobox disease
- | Name            = Omsk hemorrhagic fever
+| synonyms        =
- | Image           =
+| image           =
- | Caption         =
+| caption         =
- | DiseasesDB      = 31095
+| pronounce       =
- | ICD10           = {{ICD10|A|98|1|a|90}}
+| field           = [[Infectious disease (medical speciality)|Infectious disease]]
- | ICD9            = {{ICD9|065.1}}
+| symptoms        =
- | ICDO            =
+| complications   =
- | OMIM            =
+| onset           =
- | MedlinePlus     =
+| duration        =
- | eMedicineSubj   =
+| types           =
- | eMedicineTopic  =
+| causes          =
- | MeshID          = D006481
+| risks           =
+| diagnosis       =
+| differential    =
+| prevention      =
+| treatment       =
+| medication      =
+| prognosis       =
+| frequency       =
+| deaths          =
 }}
-{{Taxobox
-<!-- Color parameter is not needed -- automatically assigned -->
-| name = ''Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus''
-| virus_group = iv
-| familia = [[Flaviviridae]]
-| genus = ''[[Flavivirus]]''
-| species = '''''Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus'''''
-}}
-'''Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever''' is a [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] caused by a [[Flavivirus]].<ref name="pmid15593010">{{cite journal |author=Holbrook MR, Aronson JF, Campbell GA, Jones S, Feldmann H, Barrett AD |title=An animal model for the tickborne flavivirus--Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=100–8 |year=2005 |month=January |pmid=15593010 |doi=10.1086/426397 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?JID33019}}</ref>
-It is found in [[Siberia]].<ref name="pmid12951023">{{cite journal |author=Lin D, Li L, Dick D, ''et al.'' |title=Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=Virology |volume=313 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |year=2003 |month=August |pmid=12951023 |doi= 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042682203002460}}</ref> It is named for an outbreak in [[Omsk]].
+'''Omsk hemorrhagic fever''' is a [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] caused by a [[Flavivirus]].<ref name="pmid15593010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbrook MR, Aronson JF, Campbell GA, Jones S, Feldmann H, Barrett AD |title=An animal model for the tickborne flavivirus--Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=100–8 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15593010 |doi=10.1086/426397 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+It was found in [[Siberia]]<ref name="pmid12951023">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lin D, Li L, Dick D, etal |title=Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=Virology |volume=313 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12951023 |doi= 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> and was named for an outbreak in the city of [[Omsk]]. First records of the new virus appeared around 1940–1943.
-==Virology==
-Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by the Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (OHFV), a member of the [[Flavivirus]] family.  The virus was discovered by [[Mikhail Chumakov]] and his colleagues between 1945 and 1947 in Omsk, Russia.  The infection could be found in western [[Siberia]], in places including Omsk, [[Novosibirsk]], [[Kurgan]], and [[Tyumen]].  The virus survives in water and is transferred to humans via contaminated water or an infected tick.
+==Signs and symptoms==
-==Symptoms==
 There are a number of symptoms of the virus. In the first 1–8 days the first phase begins. The symptoms in this phase are:
-*[[chill]]s
+*[[Chills|chill]]s
 *[[headache]]
-*pain in the lower and upper extremities and severe [[prostration]]
+*pain in the lower and upper extremities and severe [[prostration (medical)|prostration]]
 *a rash on the soft [[palate]]
 *swollen [[gland]]s in the neck
-*appearance of blood in the eyes ([[conjunctiva suffusion]])
+*appearance of blood in the eyes ([[conjunctival suffusion]])
 *[[dehydration]]
 *[[hypotension]]
@@ Line 42: / Line 40: @@
 *patients may also experience effects on the [[central nervous system]]
-In 1–2 weeks, some patients may recover, although others might not. They might experience a focal [[hemorrhage]] in mucosa of gingival (relating to the gums of your mouth), [[uterus]], and [[lung]]s, a [[papulovesicular rash]] (a rash in [[papules]] and [[Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicles]]) on the soft palate, cervical lymph adenopathy (it occurs in the neck which that enlarges the lymph glandular tissue), and occasional [[neurology|neurological]] involvement. If the patient still has OHF after 3 weeks, then a second wave of symptoms will occur. It also includes signs of encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). If they recover from OHF they may experience hearing loss, hair loss, and behavioral or psychological difficulties associated with neurological conditions. If the sickness does not fade away, the patient will die.
+In 1–2 weeks, some people may recover, although others might not. They might experience a focal [[hemorrhage]] in mucosa of gingival, [[uterus]], and [[lung]]s, a [[papulovesicular]] rash on the soft palate, [[cervical lymphadenopathy]] (it occurs in the neck which that enlarges the lymph glandular tissue), and occasional [[neurology|neurological]] involvement. If the patient still has OHF after 3 weeks, then a second wave of symptoms will occur. It also includes signs of encephalitis. In most cases if the sickness does not fade away after this period, the patient will die. Patients that recover from OHF may experience hearing loss, hair loss, and behavioral or psychological difficulties associated with neurological conditions.
+==Cause==
+{{Virusbox
+| image = Ijms-20-04657-g002.webp
+| image_alt = Flavivirus structure and genome
+| image_caption = Flavivirus structure and genome
+| parent = Flavivirus
+| species = Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
+| synonyms = ''Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus'',
+''Orthoflavivirus omskense''
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>ICTV 2nd Report Fenner, F. (1976). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 7: 1-115. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf</ref>
+| subdivision_ranks =
+| subdivision =
+}}
+Omsk hemorrhagic fever is caused by ''Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus'' (OHFV), a member of the ''[[Flavivirus]]'' family. The current species name is Orthoflavivirus omskense<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |url=https://www.genome.jp/virushostdb/12542 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.genome.jp}}</ref> according to International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses taxonomy standards. The virus was discovered by [[Mikhail Chumakov]] and his colleagues between 1945 and 1947 in [[Omsk]], [[Russia]]. The infection is found in [[Western Siberia]], in places including [[Omsk Oblast]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]], [[Kurgan Oblast]], [[Tyumen Oblast]]. The virus survives in water and is transferred to humans via contaminated water or an infected tick.
+===Spread===
+The main hosts of OHFV are rodents like the non-native [[muskrat]]. OHFV originates in ticks, who then transmit it to rodents by biting them. Humans become infected through tick bites or contact with a muskrat. Humans can also become infected through contact with [[blood]], [[feces]] or [[urine]] of a dead or sick muskrat (or any type of rat). The virus can also spread through milk from infected goats or sheep.  There is no evidence that the virus is contagious among humans.
+===Evolution===
+The virus appears to have evolved within the last 1000 years.<ref name=Karan2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Karan LS, Ciccozzi M, Yakimenko VV, Presti AL, Cella E, Zehender G, Rezza G, Platonov AE |title=The deduced evolution history of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus |journal=J Med Virol |volume=86 |issue=7 |pages=1181–7 |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/jmv.23856 |pmid=24259273|s2cid=36929638 }}</ref> The viral [[genome]]s can be divided into 2 clades—A and B. Clade A has five [[genotype]]s and clade B has one. These clades separated about 700 years ago. This separation appears to have occurred in the Kurgan province. Clade A subsequently underwent division into clade C, D and E 230 years ago. Clade C and E appear to have originated in the Novosibirsk and Omsk Provinces respectively. The muskrat ''[[Ondatra zibethicus]]'' which is highly susceptible to this virus was introduced into this area in the 1930s.
 ==Diagnosis==
-Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever could be diagnosed by getting virus isolation from blood, or by [[serology|serologic testing]] using immunosorbent serological assay. OHF rating of fatality is 0.5 percent through 3 percent. There is no specific treatment for OHF so far but one way to help get rid of OHF is by supportive [[therapy]]. Supportive therapy helps maintain hydration and helps to provide precautions for patients with bleeding disorders.
+Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever could be diagnosed by isolating virus from blood, or by [[serology|serologic testing]] using immunosorbent serological assay. OHF rating of fatality is 0.5–3%. Treatment is supportive; there is no specific treatment for OHF. This helps maintain hydration and provides precautions for patients with bleeding disorders.
 ==Prevention==
-Preventing Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever consists of avoiding activity high in [[tick]] exposure. This puts persons engaged in camping, farming, forestry, and hunting (especially the Siberian [[muskrat]]) at great risk. Those spending time outdoors should wear protective clothing and use insect repellent for protection.
+Preventing Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever consists primarily in avoiding being exposed to [[tick]]. Persons engaged in camping, farming, forestry, hunting (especially the Siberian [[muskrat]]) are at greater risk and should wear protective clothing or use [[insect repellent]] for protection. The same is generally recommended for persons at sheltered locations.
-==Spread==
-The main hosts of OHFV are rodents like the non–native [[muskrat]]. OHFV originates in ticks, who then transmit it to rodents by biting them. Humans become infected through tick bites or contact with a muskrat. Humans can also become infected through contact with [[blood]], [[feces]] or [[urine]] of a dead or sick muskrat (or any type of rat). The virus can also spread through milk from infected goats or sheep.  The infection is highly contagious.  Those who follow all the procedures will have a smaller chance of getting the disease.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
+*{{cite web |title=Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) |date=9 December 2013 |work=Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/omsk/index.html}}
-* http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/omsk.htm
+{{Medical resources
+| DiseasesDB      = 31095
+| ICD11           = {{ICD11|1D4A}}
+| ICD10           = {{ICD10|A|98|1|a|90}}
+| ICD9            = {{ICD9|065.1}}
+| ICDO            =
+| OMIM            =
+| MedlinePlus     =
+| eMedicineSubj   =
+| eMedicineTopic  =
+| MeshID          = D006481
+| Orphanet        = 319266
+}}
 {{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
 {{Tick-borne diseases}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q18417346}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever}}
 [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
-[[Category:Flaviviruses]]
 [[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]]
+[[Category:Health in the Soviet Union]]

Classification	D ICD-11: 1D4A ICD-10: A98.1 ICD-9-CM: 065.1 MeSH: D006481 DiseasesDB: 31095
External resources	Orphanet: 319266