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| employer =
| employer =
| spouse = Walter Hughes (1922–37)<br />Frederick Elphick (1940–69)
| spouse = Walter Hughes (1922–37)<br />Frederick Elphick (1940–69)
| children = Timothy and Alfred Hughes
| children = 2
| parents = John Herbert Walters and Gertrude Adams
| parents =
| relatives = [[Kudnarto]] (great-great-great grandmother); [[Vince Copley]] (cousin); Winnie Branson (cousin)
| relatives = [[Kudnarto]] (great-great-great grandmother); [[Vince Copley]] (cousin)
| family =
| family =
| awards = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) (1971),<br />South Australian Aborigine of the Year (1984)
| awards = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) (1971),<br />South Australian Aborigine of the Year (1984)
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]]
]]


'''Gladys Elphick''' {{postnominals|country=AUS|MBE}} (27 August 1904 – 19 January 1988), also known as '''Auntie Glad''', was an [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] woman of [[Kaurna people|Kaurna]] and [[Ngadjuri]] descent, best known as the founding president of the '''Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia''', which became the '''Aboriginal Council of South Australia''' in 1973.
'''Gladys Elphick''' {{postnominals|country=AUS|MBE}} (née '''Walters'''; 27 August 1904 – 19 January 1988), also known as '''Gladys Hughes''' and '''Auntie Glad''', was an [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] woman of [[Kaurna people|Kaurna]] and [[Ngadjuri]] descent, best known as the founding president of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia, which became the Aboriginal Council of South Australia in 1973.


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Gladys Elphick was born Gladys Walters in [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], the daughter of John Herbert Walters, [[Gas meter|gas-meter]] inspector, and Gertrude Adams.<ref name=ADB/>
Gladys Walters was born on 27 August 1904 in [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], the daughter of John Herbert Walters, [[Gas meter|gas-meter]] inspector, and Gertrude Adams.<ref name=ADB/>


Her maternal great-grandmother was [[Kudnarto]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/kudnarto-29704|title=Biography - Kudnarto |website=Indigenous Australia,'Kudnarto (c. 1832–1855)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, by Peggy Brock}}</ref> who was known for having been the wife of a white man, Tom Adams, in the first approved mixed-race marriage in South Australia. She was descended from their son Tim, and was related to the family of [[Vince Copley]] on his mother's side, who was descended from his brother Tom. The families were close and Copley refers to "Aunty Glad" (actually his older cousin) many times throughout his memoir, ''The Wonder of Little Things''.<ref name=book1>{{cite web | last=Copley | first=Vince | title=The Wonder of Little Things | website=[[HarperCollins Australia]] | date=12 December 2022 | url=https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780733342448/the-wonder-of-little-things/ | access-date=23 January 2024| p=8,10,12,28| quote =And then there were cousins older than me who I called Aunty too, like Aunty Gladys.}}</ref>
Her maternal great-grandmother was [[Kudnarto]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/kudnarto-29704|title=Biography - Kudnarto |website=Indigenous Australia,'Kudnarto (c. 1832–1855)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, by Peggy Brock}}</ref> who was known for having been the wife of a white man, Tom Adams, in the first approved mixed-race marriage in South Australia. She was descended from their son Tim, and was related to the family of [[Vince Copley]] on his mother's side, who was descended from his brother Tom. The families were close and Copley refers to "Aunty Glad" (actually his older cousin) many times throughout his memoir, ''The Wonder of Little Things''.<ref name=book1>{{cite web | last=Copley | first=Vince | title=The Wonder of Little Things | website=[[HarperCollins Australia]] | date=12 December 2022 | url=https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780733342448/the-wonder-of-little-things/ | access-date=23 January 2024| p=8,10,12,28| quote =And then there were cousins older than me who I called Aunty too, like Aunty Gladys.}}</ref>
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While still an infant of eight months, Gladys was taken to live with relations at [[Point Pearce]] Aboriginal mission on the [[Yorke Peninsula]]. There she attended the local school, and taught herself to play the organ.<ref name=ADB/>
While still an infant of eight months, Gladys was taken to live with relations at [[Point Pearce]] Aboriginal mission on the [[Yorke Peninsula]]. There she attended the local school, and taught herself to play the organ.<ref name=ADB/>


On leaving school at age twelve, she worked in Point Pearce's dairy. Elphick married Walter Hughes, a [[sheep shearing|shearer]], in 1922. After her husband's death in 1937, Elphick moved to Adelaide, lived with her cousin Gladys O'Brien, and worked as a domestic. Elphick worked at the [[Islington Railway Workshops]] in Adelaide's northern suburbs during [[World War II]] creating shells and other munitions. She married Frederick Elphick, a soldier, in 1940.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web |author= E. M. Fisher |title= Elphick, Gladys (1904–1988) |work= Australian Dictionary of Biography |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/elphick-gladys-12460 |year= 2007 |volume=17 |publisher= MUP |access-date= 8 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name=book1/>
On leaving school at age twelve, she worked in Point Pearce's dairy. She married Walter Hughes, a [[sheep shearing|shearer]], in 1922. After her husband's death in 1937, she (then Gladys Hughes) moved to Adelaide, lived with her cousin Gladys O'Brien (mother of [[Lewis Yarlupurka O'Brien]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=O'Brien |first1=Lewis Yerloburka | last2=Gale |first2=Mary-Anne | title=And the clock struck thirteen: the life and thoughts of Kaurna Elder Uncle Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien | publication-date=2007 | publisher=[[Wakefield Press (Australia) |Wakefield Press]] | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/26398922 |isbn=9781862547308}} [https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/files/extracts/And_the_Clock_Struck_Thirteen_extract.pdf Extract], see Contents list, p.3 in the preface, and pp.67-70.</ref>), and worked as a domestic servant. She then worked at the [[Islington Railway Workshops]] in Adelaide's northern suburbs during [[World War II]] creating shells and other munitions.<ref name=ADB/>

She married Frederick Elphick, a soldier, in 1940.<ref name=ADB>{{cite web |author= E. M. Fisher |title= Elphick, Gladys (1904–1988) |work= Australian Dictionary of Biography |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/elphick-gladys-12460 |year= 2007 |volume=17 |publisher= MUP |access-date= 8 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name=book1/>


==Community work==
==Community work==
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She was known to the community as Auntie Glad.
She was known to the community as Auntie Glad.


==Awards, honours and legacy==
==Awards, honours, and legacy==
Elphick was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in 1971 in recognition of service to the Aboriginal community.<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1085175 The Order of the British Empire - Member] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185627/https://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1085175&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=8 May 2018 }} (MBE), 1 January 1971, It's An Honour. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</ref>
Elphick was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in 1971 in recognition of service to the Aboriginal community.<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1085175 The Order of the British Empire - Member] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185627/https://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1085175&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=8 May 2018 }} (MBE), 1 January 1971, It's An Honour. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</ref>


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Numkuwarrin Yunti, the cultural and community centre established by Elphick, continues today.<ref name=Kerin/><ref name=ny/>
Numkuwarrin Yunti, the cultural and community centre established by Elphick, continues today.<ref name=Kerin/><ref name=ny/>


A [[Google Doodle]] released on 27 August 2019 was dedicated to her.<ref name=google>{{cite web |title=Gladys Elphick's 115th Birthday |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/gladys-elphicks-115th-birthday |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref>
A [[Google Doodle]] released on 27 August 2019 was dedicated to her.<ref name=google>{{cite web |title=Gladys Elphick's 115th Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/gladys-elphicks-115th-birthday/ |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref>


The first Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was scheduled to be given in July 2021 by journalist [[Stan Grant (journalist) |Stan Grant]] as a [[keynote address]] of the [[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]], in collaboration with the [[History Trust of South Australia]] and [[Reconciliation SA]]. The title of the inaugural address was "Flagging Intentions", referring to the [[Aboriginal flag]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration: Flagging Intentions | website=[[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]] | url=https://www.illuminateadelaide.com/events/gladys-elphick-memorial-oration-flagging-intentions | access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> However, it was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]]. The inaugural Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was held in July 2022 with academic, artist, and community leader Simone Tur, pro vice chancellor Indigenous at [[Flinders University]], giving the Oration. Tur explored "First Nation Matriarchs: The Role of First Nations Women in Elevating Voices".<ref >{{cite web | title=First Nation Matriarchs Talk | website=Historical Society of South Australia | date=17 June 2022 | url=https://historicalsocietysa.com/2022/06/17/first-nation-matriarchs-talk/ | access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{youtube|ZWfkphRzzEw|The Gladys Elphick Oration 2022}}</ref>
The first Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was scheduled to be given in July 2021 by journalist [[Stan Grant (journalist) |Stan Grant]] as a [[keynote address]] of the [[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]], in collaboration with the [[History Trust of South Australia]] and [[Reconciliation SA]]. The title of the inaugural address was "Flagging Intentions", referring to the [[Aboriginal flag]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration: Flagging Intentions | website=[[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]] | url=https://www.illuminateadelaide.com/events/gladys-elphick-memorial-oration-flagging-intentions | access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> However, it was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]]. The inaugural Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was held in July 2022 with academic, artist, and community leader Simone Tur, pro vice chancellor Indigenous at [[Flinders University]], giving the Oration. Tur explored "First Nation Matriarchs: The Role of First Nations Women in Elevating Voices".<ref >{{cite web | title=First Nation Matriarchs Talk | website=Historical Society of South Australia | date=17 June 2022 | url=https://historicalsocietysa.com/2022/06/17/first-nation-matriarchs-talk/ | access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{youtube|ZWfkphRzzEw|The Gladys Elphick Oration 2022}}</ref>

===Gladys Elphick Awards===
<!---redirect targets this section--->
Gladys Elphick Awards were established in 2003, with the following aims:<ref name=gea>{{cite web | title=Home| website=Gladys Elphick Awards | url=https://www.gladyselphickawards.com/ | access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>{{blockquote|...to celebrate the life achievements of the late Aunty Gladys Elphick and her fellow members of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia. The awards acknowledge the contemporary achievements of Aboriginal women who work tirelessly to advance the status of Aboriginal people through a wide range of mediums.}}

The awards are run by a group of volunteers, who make up the Gladys Elphick Awards Ceremony Committee.<ref>{{cite web | title=Our Story | website=Gladys Elphick Awards | url=https://www.gladyselphickawards.com/our-story | access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> {{as of|2024}} the awards are given in the following categories:<ref>{{cite web | title=Award Categories | website=Gladys Elphick Awards | url=https://www.gladyselphickawards.com/categories | access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
*Perpetual Gladys Elphick Award (Lifetime Achievement)
*Shirley Peisley Award – Aboriginal woman who is leading positive change for Aboriginal people in the workplace
*Regional Award – (actively contributing to the community and initiating positive change to the lives of others)
*Young Sister Rising Star Award – up to 30 years
*Quiet Achiever Award - Aboriginal woman who contributes substantially to the empowerment of Aboriginal people
*Young sister dreaming award - Up to the age of 18


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
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[[Category:People from Adelaide]]
[[Category:People from Adelaide]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Australian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian social workers]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian social workers]]
[[Category:Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]

Latest revision as of 06:02, 30 August 2024

Gladys Elphick
MBE
Born
Gladys Walters

(1904-08-27)27 August 1904
Adelaide, South Australia
Died19 January 1988(1988-01-19) (aged 83)
Daw Park, South Australia
MonumentsPlaque on Jubilee 150 Walkway
Gladys Elphick Park
Other namesGladys Hughes
Gladys Adams
Spouse(s)Walter Hughes (1922–37)
Frederick Elphick (1940–69)
Children2
RelativesKudnarto (great-great-great grandmother); Vince Copley (cousin)
AwardsMember of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) (1971),
South Australian Aborigine of the Year (1984)
Websitewww.gladyselphickawards.com
Jubilee 150 Walkway Plaque commemorating Gladys Elphick

Gladys Elphick MBE (née Walters; 27 August 1904 – 19 January 1988), also known as Gladys Hughes and Auntie Glad, was an Australian Aboriginal woman of Kaurna and Ngadjuri descent, best known as the founding president of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia, which became the Aboriginal Council of South Australia in 1973.

Early life and education

[edit]

Gladys Walters was born on 27 August 1904 in Adelaide, South Australia, the daughter of John Herbert Walters, gas-meter inspector, and Gertrude Adams.[1]

Her maternal great-grandmother was Kudnarto,[2] who was known for having been the wife of a white man, Tom Adams, in the first approved mixed-race marriage in South Australia. She was descended from their son Tim, and was related to the family of Vince Copley on his mother's side, who was descended from his brother Tom. The families were close and Copley refers to "Aunty Glad" (actually his older cousin) many times throughout his memoir, The Wonder of Little Things.[3]

While still an infant of eight months, Gladys was taken to live with relations at Point Pearce Aboriginal mission on the Yorke Peninsula. There she attended the local school, and taught herself to play the organ.[1]

On leaving school at age twelve, she worked in Point Pearce's dairy. She married Walter Hughes, a shearer, in 1922. After her husband's death in 1937, she (then Gladys Hughes) moved to Adelaide, lived with her cousin Gladys O'Brien (mother of Lewis Yarlupurka O'Brien[4]), and worked as a domestic servant. She then worked at the Islington Railway Workshops in Adelaide's northern suburbs during World War II creating shells and other munitions.[1]

She married Frederick Elphick, a soldier, in 1940.[1][3]

Community work

[edit]

Elphick joined the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia in the 1940s and became active in committee work with the League in the 1960s. Most of the Aboriginal members of the AALSA left to join the Aborigines Progress Association (APA). Lowitja O'Donoghue reported that she and others, including Elphick, joined the new group because they felt the need for an all-Aboriginal group, but without any ill-feeling towards the League or founding president Charles Duguid.[5]

Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia

[edit]

In 1966, after Elphick clashed with Laurie Bryan, and others became disillusioned with the APA (which they said was run mainly by white people), she and a group of Aboriginal women broke away and formed the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia (CAWSA).[5] Maude Tongerie was a co-founder, and some of the other "Colebrook girls", including Lowitja O'Donoghue and Faith Coulthard, and Ruby Hammond from the Coorong, were actively involved with the Council.[6]

CAWSA worked closely with and received substantial support from the Department of Aboriginal Affairs.[5] Working out of an office in Pirie Street, Adelaide, the did a lot of work to support Aboriginal women and children, running programs such as the Sunday Mail blanket drive and organising a Christmas tree in Bonython Park each year.[6] The Council was active in campaigning for the 1967 Referendum.[7] The Council became the Aboriginal Council of South Australia in 1973, and from then included men in its remit and governance.

Aboriginal Cultural Centre/Nunkuwarrin Yunti

[edit]

After the disbandment of the APA in the 1970s,[5] the Aboriginal Cultural Centre (ACC) amalgamated with CAWSA, with Elphick as first president of the ACC.[5] The ACC was first incorporated in 1971, and evolved through a series of names, including Aboriginal Community Centre of South Australia and the Aboriginal Community Recreation and Health Services Centre of South Australia. In the early days, a health programme was established, funded by donations and a small amount of government funding, with the help of a dedicated doctor. The centre started accommodating several other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander programmes, including the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement, Aboriginal Child Care Agency, Aboriginal Sobriety Group, National Aboriginal Congress, Aboriginal Hostels Ltd, Trachoma and Eye Health Programme, WOMA, Aboriginal Housing Board, Aboriginal Home Care, and Kumangka Aboriginal Youth Service. The service was incorporated as Nunkuwarrin Yunti of South Australia Inc. in 1994, and was named NAIDOC Organisation of the Year in South Australia in 1998. It is community-controlled and governed by an all-Indigenous board, employing more than 100 staff, and delivers a range of health care and community support services as well as being a registered training organisation.[8]

Elphick helped to establish the College of Aboriginal Education (now Tauondi Aboriginal College) in 1973, and co-founded the Aboriginal Medical Service of South Australia in 1977.[9]

She was known to the community as Auntie Glad.

Awards, honours, and legacy

[edit]

Elphick was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1971 in recognition of service to the Aboriginal community.[10]

She was named South Australian Aborigine of the Year in 1984, during National Aborigines Week.[9]

A plaque honouring Elphick and her work for the community is part of the Jubilee 150 Walkway, a series of 150 bronze plaques set into the footpath of North Terrace, Adelaide commemorating "a selection of people who had made a significant contribution to the community or gained national and international recognition for their work".[11]

An award has been named in her honour by the International Women's Day Committee (South Australia). Presented since 2003, it is a Community Spirit Award Acknowledging Outstanding Aboriginal Women.[12] Known as the Gladys Elphick Award, it is awarded to recognise Aboriginal women working to advance the status of Indigenous people.[13][14]

One of the parks in the western parklands of Adelaide has been named Gladys Elphick Park in her honour.[15]

Numkuwarrin Yunti, the cultural and community centre established by Elphick, continues today.[5][8]

A Google Doodle released on 27 August 2019 was dedicated to her.[13]

The first Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was scheduled to be given in July 2021 by journalist Stan Grant as a keynote address of the Adelaide Festival of Ideas, in collaboration with the History Trust of South Australia and Reconciliation SA. The title of the inaugural address was "Flagging Intentions", referring to the Aboriginal flag.[16] However, it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. The inaugural Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration was held in July 2022 with academic, artist, and community leader Simone Tur, pro vice chancellor Indigenous at Flinders University, giving the Oration. Tur explored "First Nation Matriarchs: The Role of First Nations Women in Elevating Voices".[17][18]

Gladys Elphick Awards

[edit]

Gladys Elphick Awards were established in 2003, with the following aims:[19]

...to celebrate the life achievements of the late Aunty Gladys Elphick and her fellow members of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia. The awards acknowledge the contemporary achievements of Aboriginal women who work tirelessly to advance the status of Aboriginal people through a wide range of mediums.

The awards are run by a group of volunteers, who make up the Gladys Elphick Awards Ceremony Committee.[20] As of 2024 the awards are given in the following categories:[21]

  • Perpetual Gladys Elphick Award (Lifetime Achievement)
  • Shirley Peisley Award – Aboriginal woman who is leading positive change for Aboriginal people in the workplace
  • Regional Award – (actively contributing to the community and initiating positive change to the lives of others)
  • Young Sister Rising Star Award – up to 30 years
  • Quiet Achiever Award - Aboriginal woman who contributes substantially to the empowerment of Aboriginal people
  • Young sister dreaming award - Up to the age of 18

Personal life

[edit]

Elphick married Walter Hughes, a shearer, in 1922, who died in 1937. She married Frederick Elphick, a soldier, in 1940.[1][3] They had two sons, Timothy Hughes MBE (1919–1976) and Alfred Hughes. Timothy enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 4 December 1939 and fought in the Second World War, and afterwards (1953) he leased a soldier settler block of 979 acres (396 ha) at Conmurra and was highly regarded in the community. Alfred served in the regular army, and was posted to serve in the Korean War with the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment between 1951 and 54.[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e E. M. Fisher (2007). "Elphick, Gladys (1904–1988)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. MUP. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  2. ^ "Biography - Kudnarto". Indigenous Australia,'Kudnarto (c. 1832–1855)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, by Peggy Brock.
  3. ^ a b c Copley, Vince (12 December 2022). "The Wonder of Little Things". HarperCollins Australia. p. 8,10,12,28. Retrieved 23 January 2024. And then there were cousins older than me who I called Aunty too, like Aunty Gladys.
  4. ^ O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Gale, Mary-Anne (2007). And the clock struck thirteen: the life and thoughts of Kaurna Elder Uncle Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien. Wakefield Press. ISBN 9781862547308. Extract, see Contents list, p.3 in the preface, and pp.67-70.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kerin, Rani (2017). "6. Adelaide-based activism in the mid-twentieth century: Radical respectability". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia. Wakefield Press. pp. 113–130. ISBN 9781743054994.
  6. ^ a b Copley, Vince (12 December 2022). "The Wonder of Little Things". HarperCollins Australia. p. 178-179. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Aunty Gladys Elphick MBE". City of Adelaide. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b "History". Nunkuwarrin Yunti of South Australia. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  9. ^ a b O'Brien, Lewis; Hughes, Paul (December 2013). "Gladys Elphick MBE". SA History Hub. Retrieved 31 January 2024. This entry was first published in S.A.'s Greats: the men and women of the North Terrace plaques, edited by John Healey (Adelaide: Historical Society of South Australia Inc., 2001).
  10. ^ The Order of the British Empire - Member Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine (MBE), 1 January 1971, It's An Honour. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  11. ^ "J150 Plaque, Gladys Elphick". Adelaidia. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  12. ^ Gladys Elphick Awards
  13. ^ a b "Gladys Elphick's 115th Birthday". Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  14. ^ National Foundation for Australian Women. "The Gladys Elphick Awards". The Australian Women's Register (Australian Women's Archives Project. An initiative of The National Foundation for Australian Women (NFAW) in conjunction with The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Park 25". Adelaide Park Lands Association. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Gladys Elphick Memorial Oration: Flagging Intentions". Adelaide Festival of Ideas. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  17. ^ "First Nation Matriarchs Talk". Historical Society of South Australia. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  18. ^ The Gladys Elphick Oration 2022 on YouTube
  19. ^ "Home". Gladys Elphick Awards. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Our Story". Gladys Elphick Awards. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  21. ^ "Award Categories". Gladys Elphick Awards. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  22. ^ Hall, Robert (1996). "Timothy Hughes (1919–1976)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 31 January 2024. This article was published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 14, (Melbourne University Press), 1996
[edit]
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