*Péh₂usōn: Difference between revisions

*Péh₂usōn
*Péh₂usōn
Equivalents
Greek	Hermes (most aspects), Pan (some aspects) see § Pan and Hermes for more info
Hindu	Pushan
Roman	Mercury (most aspects), Faunus (some aspects) see § Pan and Hermes for more info

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*Péh₂usōn ("Protector") was a proposed Proto-Indo-European pastoral god guarding roads and herds.^[1]^[2]^[3]

He may have had a bushy beard and keen sight.^[4]^[3] He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion).^[3]^[5]

History

The deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god Pan and the Vedic god Pūshān first identified in 1924 by German linguist Hermann Collitz.^[6]^[7]

The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan's original attributes were transferred over to Hermes,^[8]^[5] the two of which were likely originally the same deity.^[9]^[10]

According to West, the reflex may be at least of Graeco-Aryan origin: "Pūshān and Pan agree well enough in name and nature—especially when Hermes is seen as a hypostasis of Pan—to make it a reasonable conclusion that they are parallel reflexes of a prototypical god of ways and byways, a guide on the journey, a protector of flocks, a watcher of who and what goes where, one who can scamper up any slope with the ease of a goat."^[11]

References

^ Puhvel 1987, p. 63.
^ Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 415.
^ ^a ^b ^c West 2007, p. 282.
^ Jackson 2002, p. 84.
^ ^a ^b Jackson 2002, p. 85.
^ Beekes 2009, p. 1149.
^ Collitz 1924.
^ Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411 and 434.
^ Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411, 435.
^ West 2007.
^ West 2007, p. 302–303.

Bibliography

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Anthony, David W.; Brown, Dorcas R. (2019). "Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia". In Olsen, Birgit A.; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78925-273-6.
Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02860-7.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1.
Beekes, R.S.P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 461–2. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027211859.
Benveniste, Emile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. Translated by Palmer, Elizabeth. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0-87024-250-2.
Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-36281-0.
Collitz, H. (1924). "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan". Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924. pp. 574–587.
Danubian Historical Studies. 2. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó: 32. 1988 https://books.google.com/books?id=lukTAQAAMAAJ. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (in French). Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
Derksen, Rick (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 9789004155046.
Dumézil, Georges (1966). Archaic Roman Religion: With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans (1996 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5482-8.
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Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (1995). Winter, Werner (ed.). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 80. Berlin: M. De Gruyter.
Gulizio, Joann (2013). Hermes and e-m-a₂ (PDF) (Thesis). University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2011.^{[dead link‍]}
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Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. JSTOR 3270472.
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Watkins, Calvert (1995). How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514413-0.
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Winter, Werner (2003). Language in Time and Space. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017648-3.
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[FOOTNOTEPuhvel198763-1] Puhvel 1987, p. 63.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006415-2] Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 415.

[FOOTNOTEWest2007282-3] West 2007, p. 282.

[FOOTNOTEJackson200284-4] Jackson 2002, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEJackson200285-5] Jackson 2002, p. 85.

[FOOTNOTEBeekes20091149-6] Beekes 2009, p. 1149.

[FOOTNOTECollitz1924-7] Collitz 1924.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006411_and_434-8] Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411 and 434.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006411,_435-9] Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411, 435.

[FOOTNOTEWest2007-10] West 2007.

[FOOTNOTEWest2007302–303-11] West 2007, p. 302–303.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{italic title}}
+{{Short description|Proto-Indo-European pastoral god}}
 {{Infobox deity
-| type = Indo European
+| type = Indo-European
-| greek_equivalent = [[Hermes]] (most aspects), [[Panmegas|Pan]] (some aspects)  see {{section link||Pan and Hermes}} for more info
+| greek_equivalent = [[Hermes]] (most aspects), [[Panmegas|Pan]] (some aspects) see {{section link||Pan and Hermes}} for more info
 | roman_equivalent = [[Mercurius|Mercury]] (most aspects), [[Faunus]] (some aspects) see {{section link||Pan and Hermes}} for more info
-| hinduism_equivalent = [[Pūshān]]
+| hinduism_equivalent = [[Pushan]]
-| image = AGMA Tête d'Hermès.jpg
+| image =
+| caption =
-| caption = Archaic bearded head of [[Hermes]] from a [[herm (sculpture)|herm]], early 5th century BC. This is likely a preversation of the original appearance of Pehuson
+| name = ''*Péh₂usōn''
 }}
-'''''Péh₂usōn''''' ("Protector") was a proposed [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European]] pastoral god guarding roads and herds.{{Sfn|Puhvel|1987|p=63}}{{snf|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=411 and 434}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}}
+'''''*Péh₂usōn''''' ("Protector") was a proposed [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European]] pastoral god guarding roads and herds.{{Sfn|Puhvel|1987|p=63}}{{snf|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=415}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}}
-He may have had an unfortunate appearance, a bushy beard and a keen sight.{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=84}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}} He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion).{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=85}}
+He may have had a bushy beard and keen sight.{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=84}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}} He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion).{{Sfn|West|2007|p=282}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=85}}
 == History ==
-The deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god [[Pan (god)|Pan]] and the Vedic god [[Pushan|Pūshān]] first identified in 1924 by German linguist [[Hermann Collitz]].{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|p=1149}}<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," ''Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924'' 1924, pp 574–587.</ref>
+The deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god [[Pan (god)|Pan]] and the Vedic god [[Pushan|Pūshān]] first identified in 1924 by German linguist [[Hermann Collitz]].{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|p=1149}}{{sfn|Collitz|1924}}
-The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan's original attributes were transferred over to his father [[Hermes]]{{snf|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=411 and 434}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=85}}, the two of which were likely originally the same deity<ref name="Oxford University Press" /><ref name=":0" />
+The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan's original attributes were transferred over to [[Hermes]],{{snf|Mallory|Adams|2006|pages=411 and 434}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2002|p=85}} the two of which were likely originally the same deity.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|pp=411,435}}{{sfn|West|2007}}
 According to West, the reflex may be at least of [[Graeco-Aryan]] origin: "Pūshān and Pan agree well enough in name and nature—especially when Hermes is seen as a [[Hypostasis (linguistics)|hypostasis]] of Pan—to make it a reasonable conclusion that they are parallel reflexes of a prototypical god of ways and byways, a guide on the journey, a protector of flocks, a watcher of who and what goes where, one who can scamper up any slope with the ease of a goat."{{Sfn|West|2007|p=302–303}}
-== {{Anchor|Pan and Hermes}}Pan and Hermes ==
-The earliest form of the name ''Hermes'' is the [[Mycenaean Greek]] *''hermāhās'',<ref name="BeekesHermes">{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=R.S.P. |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00beek |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=Brill |others=With the assistance of Lucien van Beek |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-04-17418-4 |place=Leiden, Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00beek/page/n255 461]–2 |url-access=limited}}</ref> written {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀁𐀔𐁀}}}} ''e-ma-a<sub>2</sub>'' (''e-ma-ha'') in the [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{citation |author=Joann Gulizio |title=Hermes and e-m-a<sub>2</sub> |url=http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/hermes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005042939/http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/hermes.pdf |publisher=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Most scholars derive "Hermes" from Greek ἕρμα (''[[herma]]''),<ref name="Greekhistory&gods">{{cite book |url=http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/Greekhistory&gods.htm |title=Greek History and the Gods |publisher=Grand Valley State University (Michigan)}}</ref> "stone heap."<ref>Powell, p.177</ref>
-His cult was established in Greece in remote regions, likely making him originally a god of nature, farmers, and shepherds. It is also possible that since the beginning he has been a deity with [[shamanic]] attributes linked to [[divination]], [[Reconciliation (theology)|reconciliation]], [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[Sacrifice|sacrifices]], and [[initiation]] and contact with other planes of existence, a role of mediator between the worlds of the visible and invisible.<ref>''Danubian Historical Studies'', '''2''', Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988, p. 32.</ref> According to a theory that has received considerable scholarly acceptance, Hermes originated as a form of the god [[Pan (god)|Pan]], who has been identified as a reflex of the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European]] pastoral god ''*Péh<sub>2</sub>usōn'',<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," ''Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ Hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924'' 1924, pp 574–587.</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |last2=Adams |first2=D.Q. |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall/page/n435 411] and 434 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=May 2021}} in his aspect as the god of [[Herma|boundary markers]]. Later, the epithet supplanted the original name itself and Hermes took over the roles as god of messengers, travelers, and boundaries, which had originally belonged to Pan, while Pan himself continued to be venerated by his original name in his more rustic aspect as the god of the wild in the relatively isolated mountainous region of [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]. In later myths, after the cult of Pan was reintroduced to Attica, Pan was said to be Hermes's son.<ref name="Oxford University Press" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Martin Litchfield |url=http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |location=Oxford, England |pages=281–283 |author-link=Martin Litchfield West |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417103355/http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == References ==
 <references />
 ===Bibliography===
+{{Refbegin|2}}
 <!-- A -->
 *{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |first=David W. |last=Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC|isbn=978-1400831104}}
@@ Line 35: / Line 33: @@
 <!-- B -->
 *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw7KxwEACAAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|last=Beekes|first=Robert S. P.|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-32186-1|language=en|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes}}
+*{{cite book |last=Beekes |first=R.S.P. |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00beek |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=Brill |others=With the assistance of Lucien van Beek |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-04-17418-4 |place=Leiden, Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00beek/page/n255 461]–2 |url-access=limited}}
 *{{Cite book|last=Beekes|first=Robert S. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_JwBsKzgeAC|title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9789027211859|language=en}}
 *{{Cite book| last = Benveniste | first = Emile | author-link = Emile Benveniste | translator-last = Palmer | translator-first = Elizabeth | title = Indo-European Language and Society | publisher = University of Miami Press| year = 1973 | location = Coral Gables, Florida| isbn = 978-0-87024-250-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvawAAAAIAAJ}}
 *{{Cite book|last=Burkert|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|date=1985|title=Greek Religion|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-36281-0}}
+<!-- C -->
+*{{cite book|last=Collitz|first=H.|chapter=Wodan, Hermes und Pushan|title=Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924|date=1924|pages=574–587}}
 <!-- D -->
+*{{cite journal |journal=Danubian Historical Studies |date=1988 |volume=2 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lukTAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |location=Budapest |language=en|ref={{harvid|Danubian Historical Studies|1988}}}}<!-- No author or title given -->
 *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3BKPgAACAAJ|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|author-link=Xavier Delamarre|date=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|language=fr}}
 *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJFiAAAAMAAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon|last=Derksen|first=Rick|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004155046|language=en}}
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 <!-- G -->
 *{{Cite book|last1 = Gamkrelidze|first1 = Thomas V.|author1-link = Thomas V. Gamkrelidze|first2 = Vjaceslav V. | last2 = Ivanov|editor-last = Winter| author2-link= Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)|editor-first = Werner|title = Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture|series = Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 80|year = 1995|place = Berlin|publisher = M. De Gruyter}}
+*{{cite thesis |last=Gulizio |first=Joann |title=Hermes and e-m-a<sub>2</sub> |date=2013 |url=http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/hermes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005042939/http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/publications/pdf/hermes.pdf |publisher=[[University of Texas]] |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2013}}{{dead link|date=March 2024}}
 <!-- H -->
 *{{Cite book|last=Haudry|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9YoAAAAYAAJ|title=La religion cosmique des Indo-Européens|date=1987|publisher=Archè|isbn=978-2-251-35352-4|language=fr|author-link=Jean Haudry}}
@@ Line 56: / Line 59: @@
 <!-- L -->
 *{{Cite book|last1=Leeming|first1=David A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I62BcuPxfYC|title=Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598841749|volume=1|author-link=David Adams Leeming}}
-*{{Cite book|last=Littleton|first=C. Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxBmAAAAMAAJ|title=Homage to Georges Dumézil|year=1982|editor-last=Polomé|editor-first=Edgar C.|pages=53–68|chapter=From swords in the earth to the sword in the stone: A possible reflection of an Alano-Sarmatian rite of passage in the Arthurian tradition|isbn=9780941694285|author-link=C. Scott Littleton}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Littleton|first=C. Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxBmAAAAMAAJ|title=Homage to Georges Dumézil|year=1982|editor-last=Polomé|editor-first=Edgar C.|pages=53–68|chapter=From swords in the earth to the sword in the stone: A possible reflection of an Alano-Sarmatian rite of passage in the Arthurian tradition|publisher=Journal of Indo-European Studies, Institute for the Study of Man |isbn=9780941694285|author-link=C. Scott Littleton}}
 * {{cite journal |last1=Lincoln |first1=Bruce |title=The Indo-European Myth of Creation |journal=History of Religions |date=November 1975 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=121–145 |doi=10.1086/462739 |s2cid=162101898 |author-link=Bruce Lincoln }}
 * {{cite journal |last1=Lincoln |first1=Bruce |title=The Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myth |journal=History of Religions |date=August 1976 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=42–65 |doi=10.1086/462755 |jstor=1062296 |s2cid=162286120 }}
@@ Line 63: / Line 66: @@
 *{{Cite book|last=Mallory|first=James P.|author-link = J. P. Mallory|title = In Search of the Indo-Europeans|publisher = Thames & Hudson|year=1991|location = London|isbn=978-0-500-27616-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma}}
 *{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC|year=1997|last1=Mallory|first1=James P.|place=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|author1-link=J. P. Mallory|author2-link=Douglas Q. Adams}}
+*{{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |last2=Adams |first2=D.Q. |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |location=Oxford, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall/page/n435 411] and 434 |url-access=limited}}
 *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović|language=en}}
 <!-- P -->
@@ Line 76: / Line 80: @@
 <!-- W -->
 *{{Cite book|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|author-link=Calvert Watkins|title=How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-514413-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoF7PwAACAAJ}}
+*{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Martin Litchfield |url=http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |location=Oxford, England |pages=281–283 |author-link=Martin Litchfield West |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417103355/http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}
 *{{Cite book|last=Winter|first=Werner|date=2003|title=Language in Time and Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mox4cw6zY6kC&pg=PA134|location=Berlin, Germany|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017648-3}}
 *{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UALji7FE-1UC|title=The Origins of the World's Mythologies|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-981285-1|language=en|author-link=Michael Witzel}}
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 *{{Cite journal|last=York|first=Michael|date=1988|title=Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus|journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=153–172|issn=0092-2323}}
+{{Refend}}
 {{Indo European Mythology}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Peh2uson}}
-[[Category:Proto-Indo-European deities]]
+[[Category:Reconstructed words]]
+[[Category:Proto-Indo-European mythology]]

v t e Proto-Indo-European mythology
Deities [simple]	Dyēus Trifunctions Divine twins Mitra-Varuna Perkʷūnos H₂éwsōs Seh₂ul Meh₁not Dʰéǵʰōm H₁n̥gʷnis H₂epom Nepōts Péh₂usōn Fates Smith God Deh₂nu PriHyéh₂ Welnos
Characters	Mónus YémHos Trito Ḱérberos H₂n̥gʷʰis
Motifs	Otherworld Horse sacrifice Indo-European cosmogony Trifunctional hypothesis Threefold death Indo European Weapon Cults Sacrifices Death of a son Cycle of Mead Binding of evil War of the foundation King and virgin Ends of the Earth