Control-Alt-Delete: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 22:57, 31 August 2024

Control-Alt-Delete (often abbreviated to Ctrl+Alt+Del and sometimes called the "three-finger salute" or "Security Keys")^[1]^[2] is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an operating system starts)^[3]^[4]^[5] or in MS-DOS, Windows 3.0 and earlier versions of Windows or OS/2, the key combination reboots the computer. Starting with Windows 95, the key combination invokes a task manager or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a frozen application.

History

The soft reboot function via keyboard was originally designed by David Bradley.^[6]^[7] Bradley, as the chief engineer of the IBM PC project and developer of the machine's ROM-BIOS, had originally used Ctrl+Alt+Esc,^[8] but found it was too easy to bump the left side of the keyboard and reboot the computer accidentally. According to his own account, Mel Hallerman, who was the chief programmer of the project, therefore suggested switching the key combination to Ctrl+Alt+Del as a safety measure, a combination impossible to press with just one hand on the original IBM PC keyboard.^[9]^[10]^[11]

The feature was originally conceived only as a development feature for internal use and not intended to be used by end users, as it triggered the reboot without warning or further confirmation—it was meant to be used by people writing programs or documentation so that they could reboot their computers without powering them down. Bill Gates (former Microsoft CEO) remembered it as "just something we were using in development and it wouldn't be available elsewhere".^[12] The feature, however, was detailed in IBM's technical reference documentation^[3] to the original PC and thereby revealed to the general public.^[9]

Bradley viewed this work as just one small task out of many: "It was five minutes, 10 minutes of activity, and then I moved on to the next of the 100 things that needed to get done."^[7] In a March 2018 email, one of Bradley's co-workers confirmed the command was invented in 1981 in Boca Raton, Florida.^[13]

Bradley is also known for his good-natured jab at Gates at the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC on August 8, 2001 at The Tech Museum: "I have to share the credit. I may have invented it, but I think Bill made it famous."; he quickly added it was a reference to Windows NT logon procedures ("Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on").^[14]^[10]

During a question and answer presentation on 21 September 2013, Gates said "it was a mistake", referring to the decision to use Ctrl+Alt+Del as the keyboard combination to log into Windows. Gates stated he would have preferred a single button to trigger the same actions, but could not get IBM to add the extra button into the keyboard layout.^[8]

BIOS

By default, when the operating system is running in real mode (or in a pre-boot environment, when no operating system is started yet), this keystroke combination is intercepted by the BIOS.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[15]^[16] The BIOS reacts by performing a soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot).^[3]^[4]^[5]^[16] Examples of such operating systems include DOS, Windows 3.0 in Standard Mode as well as earlier versions of Windows.^[8]

Windows

DOS-based Windows

In Windows 9x and Windows 3.0 running in 386 Enhanced mode,^[8] the keystroke combination is recognized by the Windows keyboard device driver. According to the value of the LocalReboot option in the [386Enh] section of system.ini, Windows performs one of several actions in response. If LocalReboot=On (default):

Windows 3.1x displays a blue screen that allows the user to press Enter to end a task that has stopped responding to the system (if such a task exists) or press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot.^[17] The text of this rudimentary task manager was written by Steve Ballmer.^[18]
Windows 9x temporarily halts the entire system and displays the Close Program dialog box, a window which lists currently running processes and allows the user to end them (by force, if necessary). The user can press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot.^[19]^[20]

If LocalReboot=Off, Windows performs a soft reboot.^[17]^[20]

Windows NT family

The Windows NT family of operating system, whose members do not have "NT" in their names since Windows 2000, reserve Ctrl+Alt+Delete for the operating system itself. Winlogon, a core component of the operating system,^[21] responds to the key combination in the following scenarios:

Invoking Windows Security: When a user is logged onto a Windows computer, pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete invokes Windows Security. It is a graphical user interface that allows user to lock the system,^[a] switch user, log off, change the password, invoke Windows Task Manager, or end the Windows session by shutting down, rebooting or putting the computer into sleep or hibernation; clicking "Cancel" or pressing the Escape key returns the user to where they were.

The key combination always invokes Windows Security in all versions and editions of Windows NT family except Windows XP. (See below.) Prior to Windows Vista, Windows Security was a dialog box, did not allow user switching and showed the logon date and time, name of user account into which the user has logged on and the computer name. Starting with Windows Vista, Windows Security became full-screen.

Secure attention: Login spoofing is a social engineering trick in which a malicious computer program with the appearance of a Windows login dialog box prompts for user's account name and password to steal them. To thwart this attack, Windows NT implements an optional security measure in which Ctrl+Alt+Delete acts as a secure attention key combination. Once the protection is activated, Windows requires the user to press Ctrl+Alt+Delete each time before logging on or unlocking the computer. Since the key combination is intercepted by Windows itself and malicious software cannot mimic this behavior,^[b] the trick is thwarted.^[22] Unless the Windows computer is part of a Windows domain network, the secure attention protection is disabled by default and must be enabled by the user.^[23]^[24]

Windows XP behavior: Windows XP introduces Welcome Screen, a redesigned logon interface. The Welcome Screen of Windows XP, however, does not support the secure attention scenario.^[24] It may be disabled in favor of the classic plain logon screen, either explicitly by the user or as a consequence of the Windows XP computer becoming part of a Windows domain network.^[25] With that in mind, Windows XP uses the Ctrl+Alt+Delete in the following unique scenarios:

At a logon prompt, the key combination dismisses Welcome Screen and invokes classic logon user interface.^[25]
When a user is logged on to a Windows XP computer and Welcome Screen is enabled, pressing the key combination invokes Windows Task Manager instead of Windows Security.^[26]

Windows Vista and the next versions of Windows NT did not inherit any of the above.

OS/2

In OS/2, this keystroke combination is recognized by the OS/2 keyboard device driver, which notifies the session manager process.^[27] The normal session manager process in OS/2 versions 2.0 and later is the parent Workplace Shell process, which displays the "system is rebooting" window and triggers a soft reboot.^[28] If it is pressed twice in succession OS/2 triggers an immediate soft reboot, without waiting for the session manager process.

In both cases, the system flushes the page cache, cleanly unmounts all disc volumes, but does not cleanly shut down any running programs (and thus does not save any unsaved documents, or the current arrangements of the objects on the Workplace Shell desktop or in any of its open folders).^[28]^[29]

Mac

Ctrl+Alt+Delete is not a keyboard shortcut on macOS. Instead, ⌘ Command+⌥ Option+Esc brings up the Force Quit panel. Control+⌘ Command+Power restarts the computer.^[30]

The original Mac OS X Server had an Easter egg in which pressing Control+⌥ Option+Delete (as the Option key is the equivalent of Alt key on a Mac keyboard) would show an alert saying "This is not DOS!".^[31]

Linux

On some Linux-based operating systems including Ubuntu and Debian, Control+Alt+Delete is a shortcut for logging out.^[32]

On Ubuntu Server, it is used to reboot a computer without logging in.^[33]

Equivalents on various platforms

Desktop operating systems
Platform	Key combination	Function
Amiga	`Ctrl`+`Left Amiga`+`Right Amiga`	Perform a hardware reboot by sending a reset signal to system via keyboard MCU (+ possible extra keycode + max 10s delay if "reset warning" is supported and in use).^[34]
BIOS	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[16] after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines).^[4]^[5]^[35]^[16]
DOS + KEYB	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines)^[4]^[5]^[35] and flushing disk caches (since DOS 6, or with FreeKEYB^[16]^[36]^[37] loaded). Some 386 memory managers (e.g. QEMM) can intercept and turn this into a quick reboot.^[16] If more than one task is running under multitaskers like DR-DOS EMM386 /MULTI + TASKMGR, this will only kill the currently running foreground task.^[16]
DOS + K3PLUS or FreeKEYB	`⇧ Shift`+`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform a soft reboot with memory initialization (aka "cold reboot") by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines) and flushing disk caches.^[16]^[36]^[37]^[38]
DOS + K3PLUS or FreeKEYB	`LShift`+`RShift`+`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform a hard reboot by triggering the chipset's reset logic, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event and flushing disk caches.^[16]^[36]^[37]^[38]
Windows 3.x	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Close unresponsive applications. Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice.^[17]^[19]^[20]
Windows 9x	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Bring up "Close Program" dialog box (a simplistic task manager). Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice.^[19]^[20]
Windows NT family	`Ctrl`+`⇧ Shift`+`Esc`	Bring up the Windows Task Manager^[39]
	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Before logon: Brings up the login screen (secure attention sequence) After logon: Brings up Windows Security; in Windows XP, brings up Windows Task Manager if the welcome screen is enabled, otherwise brings up Windows Security^[40]
	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`End`	Used in Terminal Services to send the command to the remote session / application: Before logon (when not using Network Level Authentication): Brings up the login screen (secure attention sequence)^[41] After logon: Brings up Windows Security
	`Ctrl`, `ScrollLock` (twice)	Causes a user-initiated crash (disabled by default; must be enabled with registry editing)^[42] An equivalent function is `Ctrl`+`NumLock` (with `Ctrl` held down and pressing `NumLock` twice)^[43]
OS/2	`Ctrl`+`Esc`	Bring up the Window List (unblocking the synchronous input queue)^[44]
	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform a soft reboot
	`Ctrl`+`Alt`, `NumLock` (twice)	Halt the system and begin a system dump to floppy disk
TOS (1.4 and higher), MiNT	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform soft reboot without memory initialization (warm boot)^[45]
TOS (1.4 and higher), MiNT	`RShift`+`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Perform soft reboot with memory initialization (cold boot)^[45]
Linux	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Signal the init process (usually configured to soft reboot)^[46]
Linux	`Alt`+`SysRq`+`function key`	Magic SysRq key: Depending on the function key, performs a certain low-level function. Examples: sync (flush caches), reboot (forced soft reboot), unmount (remount filesystems readonly), etc.
macOS	`⌥ Option`+`⌘ Command`+`Esc`	Force quit applications^[30]
	`⌘ Cmd`+`⌃ Control`+`⏏ Media Eject`	Quit all applications and restart^[30]
	`⌘ Cmd`+`⌥ Option`+`⌃ Control`+`⏏ Media Eject`	Quit all applications and shut down^[30]
	`Control`+`⏏ Media Eject`	Show restart, sleep or shutdown dialog^[30]^[47]
	`Control`+`⌘ Command`+`Power`	Immediately restarts computer.^[30]
BeOS	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`⇧ Shift` and click an application's entry in the Deskbar	Kills application^[48]
Xfce	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Esc` + click on window	Kills application (invokes xkill)^[49]
Xfce	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`	Lock the screen and invoke the screensaver
X Window System	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`← Backspace`	Immediately kills the X server (the key combination can be disabled). When using an X Display Manager, it will usually start the X server again.
BBC Micro running Acorn MOS	`Break` `Control`+`Break` `⇧ Shift`+`Break`	Soft boot Hard boot Soft boot and look for any bootable media on the active filesystem
Amstrad PCW on CP/M	`⇧ Shift`+`Extra`+`Exit`

Other platforms
Platform	Key combination	Function
TI-30XIIS	`On`+`Clear`	Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
TI-80, TI-81, TI-82, TI-83, TI-84	`Mode`, `Alpha`, `S`	Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode
TI-85, TI-86	`2nd`, `Mode`, `Alpha`, `S`	Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode
TI-89	`2nd`+`←`+`→`+`On`	Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
	`Esc`+`On`	Force break without restarting RAM
	`F5`, `◆`+`Clear`, `Alpha`+`S`	Enter self test mode
Natural display Casio calculators	`⇧ Shift`+`7`+`On`	Restarts the calculator and clears RAM and EEPROM. Continue pressing Shift to advance through self-test mode.
TI-99/4A	`FCTN`+`=`	Resets machine back to startup screen.
Voyage 200	`2nd`+`Hand`+`On`	Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
HP-48	`On`+`C`	Restarts RPL, clearing the Stack and PICT, closing IO, and returning to the HOME directory (but not purging the memory)
HP-48	`On`+`A`+`F`	As above, but also purges the memory
Scientific Atlanta Explorer DHCT Samsung cable boxes	`Volume Down`+`Volume Up`+`Info` (on settop box; not remote)	Reboots box
Foxtel Set-top-boxes	`Back`+`Select` (on box; except UEC 720)	Power cycles the machine.^[50]
	`Standby`+`Foxtel` (on box; UEC 720)
	`Back`+`Select`+`Reset` (on box; iQ2)
C64	`Run/Stop`+`Restore`	Warm starts the machine, does not work if CPU has crashed or NMI is blocked in hardware or rerouted.
Amazon Fire TV	`Select`+`Play/Pause` (on remote)	Reboots the device

Virtual machine platforms
Platform	Key combination	Function
VMware	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Insert`	Send the command to the virtual machine.
Microsoft Virtual PC	`RAlt`+`Delete`	Send the command to the virtual machine.
Windows Virtual PC for Windows 7	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`End`	Send the command to the virtual machine.
Oracle VM VirtualBox	`RCtrl`+`Delete`	Send the command to the virtual machine.

Cultural adoption

As computers became ubiquitous, so too, has the jargon. Control-Alt-Delete can also mean "dump," or "do away with".^[51]

The keystrokes are well known and infamous for escaping from problems in pop culture. For example, in the Billy Talent song "Perfect World", part of the lyrics include the sequence and associate it with resetting their memory and escaping from a situation: "Control-Alt-Deleted. Reset my memory."^[52]

Notes

^ When a Windows computer is locked, access to Windows is only allowed when valid credentials are supplied. Unlocking a computer is similar to a logon.
^ The only way to wrest the control of Ctrl+Alt+Delete handling from Windows is to subvert its core components such as kernel or winlogon. However, a malicious program that has succeeded in breaching Windows integrity so deeply does not need to steal a password.

References

^ Smith, Gina (2007-12-03). "Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute"". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ "CTRL-ALT-DEL: The Three Finger Salute". Togaware. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference (Revised ed.). IBM Corporation. March 1983.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f IBM Personal Computer AT Technical Reference. IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library. Vol. 0, 1, 2 (Revised ed.). IBM Corporation. March 1986 [1984-03]. 1502494, 6139362, 6183310, 6183312, 6183355, 6280070, 6280099.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Phoenix Technologies, Ltd. (1989) [1987]. System BIOS for IBM PC/XT/AT Computers and Compatibles — The Complete Guide to ROM-Based System Software. Phoenix Technical Reference Series (1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-201-51806-6.
^ "Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute". Computerworld. 2007-12-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
^ ^a ^b Hughes, Virginia (2013-07-12). "The History of CTRL + ALT + DELETE". mental floss. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bright, Peter (2013-09-27). "If Bill Gates really thinks ctrl-alt-del was a mistake, he should have fixed it himself". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
^ ^a ^b Williams, Gregg (January 1982). "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer". BYTE. Vol. 7, no. 1. p. 36. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
^ ^a ^b Needleman, Rafe (2011-08-15). "Happy 30th Birthday to the IBM PC". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
^ Aamidor, Abe. "Thank this guy for 'control-alt-delete'". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
^ Gross, Doug (2013-09-26). "Bill Gates: Control-Alt-Delete a mistake". CNN. Archived from the original on 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
^ Jarvis, Craig (2018-03-05). "Oops. NC needs to delete ctrl+alt+delete from list of state's inventions". News & Observer. Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)
^ Hyde, Randall (1996-09-30). "The Art of Assembly Language Programming". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-03). "[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Windows 3.1 Resource Kit SYSTEM.INI 386ENH Section A–L". Microsoft's KnowledgeBase article 83435 (1.0 ed.). 2001-07-30 [1992]. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2005-01-07. From SYSINI.WRI in Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for Windows 3.1: LocalReboot=<on-or-off>; Default: On; Purpose: Specifies whether you can press CTRL+ALT+DEL to quit applications that cause an unrecoverable errors in 386 enhanced mode, without restarting Windows. If this setting is enabled, you can quit the applications. If this setting is disabled, pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL will restart your entire system (as it normally does.)
^ Chen, Raymond (2014-09-02). "Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1?". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chappell, Geoff (1998-05-06). "Is this possible?". Newsgroup: comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd. Usenet: 6iouc1$dgh$2@reader1.reader.news.ozemail.net. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-09-10. — a report of differences in LocalReboot between Windows 3.x and Windows 95
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Terhune, Gary S. (2004-01-11). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. Usenet: uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-10-02. — a report of the effect of LocalReboot in Windows 95
^ Andrei Miroshnikov (2018). Windows Security Monitoring: Scenarios and Patterns. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1119390879. Winlogon is a system component
^ Osterman, Larry (2005-01-24). "Why is Control-Alt-Delete the secure attention sequence (SAS)?". Larry Osterman's WebLog. MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
^ "Enable Press Ctrl+Alt+Del Secure Logon On Windows 7 or Vista". My Digital Life. 2010-01-28. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
^ ^a ^b "How to enable or disable the CTRL+ALT+DELETE sequence for logging on to Windows XP, to Windows Vista, and to Windows 7". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2010-12-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
^ ^a ^b "How to change the logon window and the shutdown preferences in Windows XP". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2007-05-07. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
^ "Using CTRL+ALT+DEL key combination to open Windows Security opens Task Manager". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2006-01-15. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
^ Iacobucci, Ed (1988). Das OS/2-Buch [OS/2 Programmer's Guide] (in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg: Osborne / McGraw-Hill Book Company GmbH (published 1989). ISBN 3-89028-151-6.
^ ^a ^b Albrecht, Robert M.; Plura, Michael (1993). Das große Buch zu OS/2 Version 2 (in German) (1st ed.). Düsseldorf: Data Becker. ISBN 3-89011-598-5.
^ Moskowitz, David; Kerr, David (1995). OS/2 Warp Version 3 für Insider [OS/2 Warp Unleashed Deluxe Edition] (in German) (1st ed.). SAMS Publishing. ISBN 3-87791-815-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Mac keyboard shortcuts". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
^ "Mac OS X Server Easter Egg - This is not DOS". Archived from the original on 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
^ "Useful keyboard shortcuts". Ubuntu Desktop Guide. Canonical. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
^ "Console Security". Ubuntu Server Guide. Canonical. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
^ Wilen, Toni. "Is Ctrl-Amiga-Amiga something special?". English Amiga Board. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
^ ^a ^b Paul, Matthias R. (2004-03-13). "Rebooting from user-space" (FreeDOS technical note). Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (1997-10-13) [first published 1991], FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver (User Manual) (v6.5 ed.) [1] (NB. FreeKEYB is a Unicode-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most keyboard layouts, code pages, and country codes.)
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (2006-01-16), FreeKEYB - Advanced international DOS keyboard and console driver (User Manual) (v7 preliminary (v6.58) ed.)
^ ^a ^b Frinke, Axel C.; Paul, Matthias R. (1995-05-10) [first published 1991], K3PLUS v6 - Der ultimative Ersatz für den DOS-Standard-Tastaturtreiber KEYB GR (User Manual) (in German) (r49-v6.21 ed.) (NB. K3PLUS was an extended keyboard driver for DOS widely distributed in Germany at its time, with adaptations to a handful of other European languages available. K3PLUS.DOC is part of the K3P621P2.ZIP distribution package.)
^ "Keyboard Shortcuts". Oracle Help Center. Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ "List of the keyboard shortcuts that are available in Windows XP". Microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ "List of Windows Keyboard Shortcuts". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ "Forcing a system crash from the keyboard". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
^ admin (2023-02-28). "Cómo causar manualmente BSOD en Windows: 6 formas paso a paso". TecnoTuto (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ "Full text of "IBM OS 2 Warp 4 Foundation Level Training Manual"". 2001.
^ ^a ^b "FreeMiNT-Portal - mint.doc". 2000-04-27. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
^ "Ctrl+Alt+Delete". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ "Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier: Computer stops responding". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
^ "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server: Kill and restart the Tracker". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
^ "XFCE4 Keyboard Shortcuts". Technology of a Knucklehead. 2014-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ "FOXTEL Set-Top Unit Reboot". Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ Wordspy Archived 2007-11-15 at the Wayback Machine cites the earliest such use as Chris Miksanek's 18 December 1995 Computerworld column titled, "Ctrl-Alt-Delete those holiday trinkets".
^ "Billy Talent – 'Perfect World' Lyrics". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-07-13.

External links

David Bradley explaining how he invented Ctrl-Alt-Delete, at GreatBigStory. Archived at ghostarchive.org on 2022 May 24.

IBM PC keyboard (Windows, ANSI US layout) v t e
Esc	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9	F10	F11	F12	PrtScn/ SysRq	Scroll Lock	Pause/ Break

													Insert	Home	PgUp	Num Lock	∕	∗	−
													Delete	End	PgDn	7	8	9	+
																4	5	6	+
														↑		1	2	3	Enter
													←	↓	→	0 Ins		. Del	Enter

[22] When a Windows computer is locked, access to Windows is only allowed when valid credentials are supplied. Unlocking a computer is similar to a logon.

[23] The only way to wrest the control of Ctrl+Alt+Delete handling from Windows is to subvert its core components such as kernel or winlogon. However, a malicious program that has succeeded in breaching Windows integrity so deeply does not need to steal a password.

[Smith_2007_Bradley-1] Smith, Gina (2007-12-03). "Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute"". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

[Togaware_CTRL-ALT-DEL-2] "CTRL-ALT-DEL: The Three Finger Salute". Togaware. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

[IBM_1983_PC-TR-3] IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference (Revised ed.). IBM Corporation. March 1983.

[IBM_1984_AT-TR-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f IBM Personal Computer AT Technical Reference. IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library. Vol. 0, 1, 2 (Revised ed.). IBM Corporation. March 1986 [1984-03]. 1502494, 6139362, 6183310, 6183312, 6183355, 6280070, 6280099.

[Phoenix_1989_BIOS-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Phoenix Technologies, Ltd. (1989) [1987]. System BIOS for IBM PC/XT/AT Computers and Compatibles — The Complete Guide to ROM-Based System Software. Phoenix Technical Reference Series (1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-201-51806-6.

[6] "Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute". Computerworld. 2007-12-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2018-10-30.

[Hughes_2013_History-7] Hughes, Virginia (2013-07-12). "The History of CTRL + ALT + DELETE". mental floss. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10.

[ars-diys-8] Bright, Peter (2013-09-27). "If Bill Gates really thinks ctrl-alt-del was a mistake, he should have fixed it himself". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-10-01.

[williams198201-9] Williams, Gregg (January 1982). "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer". BYTE. Vol. 7, no. 1. p. 36. Retrieved 2013-10-19.

[Needleman_2011_30-Birthday-PC-10] Needleman, Rafe (2011-08-15). "Happy 30th Birthday to the IBM PC". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-01-12.

[Aamidor_2003_CtrlAltDel-11] Aamidor, Abe. "Thank this guy for 'control-alt-delete'". Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-09.

[cnngates2013-12] Gross, Doug (2013-09-26). "Bill Gates: Control-Alt-Delete a mistake". CNN. Archived from the original on 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2013-09-26.

[Jarvis2018-13] Jarvis, Craig (2018-03-05). "Oops. NC needs to delete ctrl+alt+delete from list of state's inventions". News & Observer. Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2018-04-03.

[14] Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)

[Hyde_1996_AoA-15] Hyde, Randall (1996-09-30). "The Art of Assembly Language Programming". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25.

[Paul_2002_DDCE-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-03). "[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[Microsoft_2001_Q83435-17] "Windows 3.1 Resource Kit SYSTEM.INI 386ENH Section A–L". Microsoft's KnowledgeBase article 83435 (1.0 ed.). 2001-07-30 [1992]. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2005-01-07. From SYSINI.WRI in Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for Windows 3.1: LocalReboot=<on-or-off>; Default: On; Purpose: Specifies whether you can press CTRL+ALT+DEL to quit applications that cause an unrecoverable errors in 386 enhanced mode, without restarting Windows. If this setting is enabled, you can quit the applications. If this setting is disabled, pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL will restart your entire system (as it normally does.)

[Chen,_Raymond_(2_Sep)-18] Chen, Raymond (2014-09-02). "Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1?". The Old New Thing. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-10.

[Chappell_1998_Diffs-W31-W95-19] Chappell, Geoff (1998-05-06). "Is this possible?". Newsgroup: comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd. Usenet: 6iouc1$dgh$2@reader1.reader.news.ozemail.net. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-09-10. — a report of differences in LocalReboot between Windows 3.x and Windows 95

[Terhune_2004_Lost-CAD-W98-20] Terhune, Gary S. (2004-01-11). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. Usenet: uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-10-02. — a report of the effect of LocalReboot in Windows 95

[21] Andrei Miroshnikov (2018). Windows Security Monitoring: Scenarios and Patterns. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1119390879. Winlogon is a system component

[Osterman_2005_SAS-24] Osterman, Larry (2005-01-24). "Why is Control-Alt-Delete the secure attention sequence (SAS)?". Larry Osterman's WebLog. MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2007-03-15.

[MyDigitalLife_2010_SecureLogon-25] "Enable Press Ctrl+Alt+Del Secure Logon On Windows 7 or Vista". My Digital Life. 2010-01-28. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

[Microsoft_2010_Sec-Attn-26] "How to enable or disable the CTRL+ALT+DELETE sequence for logging on to Windows XP, to Windows Vista, and to Windows 7". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2010-12-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

[Microsoft_2007_Old-logon-27] "How to change the logon window and the shutdown preferences in Windows XP". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2007-05-07. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

[Microsoft_2006_TaskManager-28] "Using CTRL+ALT+DEL key combination to open Windows Security opens Task Manager". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. 2006-01-15. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

[Iacobucci_1988_OS/2-29] Iacobucci, Ed (1988). Das OS/2-Buch [OS/2 Programmer's Guide] (in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg: Osborne / McGraw-Hill Book Company GmbH (published 1989). ISBN 3-89028-151-6.

[Albrecht-Plura_1993_OS/2-2-30] Albrecht, Robert M.; Plura, Michael (1993). Das große Buch zu OS/2 Version 2 (in German) (1st ed.). Düsseldorf: Data Becker. ISBN 3-89011-598-5.

[Moskowitz_1995_OS/2-31] Moskowitz, David; Kerr, David (1995). OS/2 Warp Version 3 für Insider [OS/2 Warp Unleashed Deluxe Edition] (in German) (1st ed.). SAMS Publishing. ISBN 3-87791-815-8.

[Apple_Mac-shortcuts-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Mac keyboard shortcuts". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

[Eeggs_MacOSX-33] "Mac OS X Server Easter Egg - This is not DOS". Archived from the original on 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2011-10-07.

[Ubuntu_Shortcuts-34] "Useful keyboard shortcuts". Ubuntu Desktop Guide. Canonical. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-30.

[Console_Security-35] "Console Security". Ubuntu Server Guide. Canonical. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-02.

[is_ctrl-amiga-amiga_something_special-36] Wilen, Toni. "Is Ctrl-Amiga-Amiga something special?". English Amiga Board. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

[Paul_2004_Reboot-37] Paul, Matthias R. (2004-03-13). "Rebooting from user-space" (FreeDOS technical note). Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15.

[Paul_1997_FreeKEYB-38] Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (1997-10-13) [first published 1991], FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver (User Manual) (v6.5 ed.) [1] (NB. FreeKEYB is a Unicode-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most keyboard layouts, code pages, and country codes.)

[Paul_2006_FreeKEYB-39] Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (2006-01-16), FreeKEYB - Advanced international DOS keyboard and console driver (User Manual) (v7 preliminary (v6.58) ed.)

[Paul_1995_K3PLUS-40] Frinke, Axel C.; Paul, Matthias R. (1995-05-10) [first published 1991], K3PLUS v6 - Der ultimative Ersatz für den DOS-Standard-Tastaturtreiber KEYB GR (User Manual) (in German) (r49-v6.21 ed.) (NB. K3PLUS was an extended keyboard driver for DOS widely distributed in Germany at its time, with adaptations to a handful of other European languages available. K3PLUS.DOC is part of the K3P621P2.ZIP distribution package.)

[41] "Keyboard Shortcuts". Oracle Help Center. Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.

[XP.CTL-42] "List of the keyboard shortcuts that are available in Windows XP". Microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-22.

[43] "List of Windows Keyboard Shortcuts". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.

[CtrlScrollLock-44] "Forcing a system crash from the keyboard". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved 2023-12-15.

[CtrlNumLockBSOD-45] (2023-02-28). "Cómo causar manualmente BSOD en Windows: 6 formas paso a paso". TecnoTuto (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-19.

[46] "Full text of "IBM OS 2 Warp 4 Foundation Level Training Manual"". 2001.

[MiNT_2000-47] "FreeMiNT-Portal - mint.doc". 2000-04-27. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-09.

[48] "Ctrl+Alt+Delete". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.

[Apple_MacOSX10.4-49] "Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier: Computer stops responding". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

[50] "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server: Kill and restart the Tracker". Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2019-08-22.

[51] "XFCE4 Keyboard Shortcuts". Technology of a Knucklehead. 2014-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-10.

[Foxtel_Set-top-box-52] "FOXTEL Set-Top Unit Reboot". Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[Wordspy_1995-53] Wordspy Archived 2007-11-15 at the Wayback Machine cites the earliest such use as Chris Miksanek's 18 December 1995 Computerworld column titled, "Ctrl-Alt-Delete those holiday trinkets".

[Sing365_Talent-54] "Billy Talent – 'Perfect World' Lyrics". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-07-13.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[a]

[b]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Computer keyboard shortcut that triggers a reboot or system security function}}
-{{About|the keyboard combination}}
+{{About|the keyboard combination|section=yes}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018|cs1-dates=y}}
 [[File:Three-finger salute.svg|thumb|upright=2|A [[QWERTY]] keyboard layout with the position of Control, Alt and Delete keys highlighted]]
-'''Control-Alt-Delete''' (often abbreviated to '''Ctrl+Alt+Del''', also known as the "three-finger salute" or "Security Keys")<ref name="Smith_2007_Bradley"/><ref name="Togaware_CTRL-ALT-DEL"/> is a computer keyboard command on [[IBM PC compatible]] computers, invoked by pressing the [[Delete key]] while holding the [[Control key|Control]] and [[Alt key|Alt]] keys: {{Keypress|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an [[operating system]] starts)<ref name="IBM_1983_PC-TR"/><ref name="IBM_1984_AT-TR"/><ref name="Phoenix_1989_BIOS"/> or in [[DOS]], [[Windows 3.0]] and earlier versions of [[Windows]] or [[OS/2]], the key combination [[Reboot (computing)|reboots]] the computer. Starting with [[Windows 95]], the key combination invokes a [[task manager]] or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a [[Hang (computing)|frozen]] application.
+'''Control-Alt-Delete''' (often abbreviated to '''Ctrl+Alt+Del''' and sometimes called the "three-finger salute" or "Security Keys")<ref name="Smith_2007_Bradley"/><ref name="Togaware_CTRL-ALT-DEL"/> is a computer keyboard command on [[IBM PC compatible]] computers, invoked by pressing the [[Delete key]] while holding the [[Control key|Control]] and [[Alt key|Alt]] keys: {{Keypress|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an [[operating system]] starts)<ref name="IBM_1983_PC-TR"/><ref name="IBM_1984_AT-TR"/><ref name="Phoenix_1989_BIOS"/> or in [[MS-DOS]], [[Windows 3.0]] and earlier versions of Windows or [[OS/2]], the key combination [[Reboot (computing)|reboots]] the computer. Starting with [[Windows 95]], the key combination invokes a [[task manager]] or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a [[Hang (computing)|frozen]] application.
 == History ==
 [[File:IBM 5150 Keyboard.jpg|thumb|Original IBM PC 5150 keyboard: It is impossible to press Ctrl+Alt+Del with one hand only]]
-The [[Reboot (computing)|soft reboot]] function via keyboard was originally designed by [[David Bradley (engineer)|David Bradley]].<ref>{{cite news  |newspaper=[[Computerworld]]  |date=3 December 2007
+The [[Reboot (computing)|soft reboot]] function via keyboard was originally designed by [[David Bradley (engineer)|David Bradley]].<ref>{{cite news
+|newspaper=[[Computerworld]]
+|date=3 December 2007
 |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2540049/computer-hardware/unsung-innovator
-|title=Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute}}</ref><ref name="Hughes_2013_History"/> Bradley, as the chief engineer of the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] project and developer of the machine's [[ROM-BIOS]], had originally used
+|title=Unsung innovators: David Bradley, inventor of the "three-finger salute
+|access-date=2018-10-30
+|archive-date=2020-07-28
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728074112/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2540049/unsung-innovators--david-bradley--inventor-of-the--three-finger-salute-.html
+|url-status=live
+}}</ref><ref name="Hughes_2013_History"/> Bradley, as the chief engineer of the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] project and developer of the machine's [[ROM-BIOS]], had originally used
 {{Keypress|[[Control key|Ctrl]]|[[Alt key|Alt]]|[[Escape key|Esc]]}},<ref name="ars-diys"/> but found it was too easy to bump the left side of the keyboard and reboot the computer accidentally. According to his own account, Mel Hallerman, who was the chief programmer of the project, therefore suggested switching the key combination to {{Keypress|[[Control key|Ctrl]]|[[Alt key|Alt]]|[[Delete key|Del]]}} as a safety measure, a combination impossible to press with just one hand on the original [[IBM PC keyboard]].{{r|williams198201}}<ref name="Needleman_2011_30-Birthday-PC"/><ref name="Aamidor_2003_CtrlAltDel"/>
 The feature was originally conceived only as a development feature for internal use and not intended to be used by end users, as it triggered the reboot without warning or further confirmation&mdash;it was meant to be used by people writing programs or documentation so that they could reboot their computers without powering them down. [[Bill Gates]] (former [[Microsoft]] [[CEO]]) remembered it as "just something we were using in development and it wouldn't be available elsewhere".<ref name="cnngates2013"/> The feature, however, was detailed in IBM's technical reference documentation<ref name="IBM_1983_PC-TR"/> to the original PC and thereby revealed to the general public.<ref name="williams198201"/>
-Bradley viewed this work as just one small task out of many: "It was five minutes, 10 minutes of activity, and then I moved on to the next of the 100 things that needed to get done."<ref name="Hughes_2013_History"/> In a March 2018 email, one of Bradley's co-workers confirmed the command was invented in 1981 in [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]], Florida.<ref name=Jarvis2018>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article203595559.html|title=Oops. NC needs to delete ctrl+alt+delete from list of state's inventions|last=Jarvis|first=Craig|work=[[News & Observer]]|date=5 March 2018|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
+Bradley viewed this work as just one small task out of many: "It was five minutes, 10 minutes of activity, and then I moved on to the next of the 100 things that needed to get done."<ref name="Hughes_2013_History"/> In a March 2018 email, one of Bradley's co-workers confirmed the command was invented in 1981 in [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]], Florida.<ref name=Jarvis2018>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article203595559.html|title=Oops. NC needs to delete ctrl+alt+delete from list of state's inventions|last=Jarvis|first=Craig|work=[[News & Observer]]|date=5 March 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404074118/http://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article203595559.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Bradley is also known for his good-natured jab at Gates at the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC on August 8, 2001 at [[The Tech Museum]]:
-''"I have to share the credit. I may have invented it, but I think Bill made it famous."''; he quickly added it was a reference to [[Windows NT]] logon procedures ("Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on").<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_lg7w8gAXQ&t=46s Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates], video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)</ref><ref name="Needleman_2011_30-Birthday-PC"/>
+''"I have to share the credit. I may have invented it, but I think Bill made it famous."''; he quickly added it was a reference to [[Windows NT]] logon procedures ("Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on").<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_lg7w8gAXQ&t=46s Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728074121/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_lg7w8gAXQ&t=46s |date=2020-07-28  }}, video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)</ref><ref name="Needleman_2011_30-Birthday-PC"/>
 During a question and answer presentation on 21 September 2013, Gates said "it was a mistake", referring to the decision to use Ctrl+Alt+Del as the keyboard combination to log into Windows. Gates stated he would have preferred a single button to trigger the same actions, but could not get IBM to add the extra button into the keyboard layout.<ref name="ars-diys"/>
@@ Line 36: / Line 43: @@
 === Windows NT family ===
-[[File:Windows Security screen in Windows 8.png|thumb|The Windows Security screen in [[Windows 8]] provides various security-related options.]]
+[[File:Windows Security screen in Windows 11.png|thumb|The Windows Security screen in [[Windows 11]] provides various security-related options.]]
-[[File:Windows 8 pre-login.png|thumb|Windows 8 secure attention screen]]
+[[File:Windows 11 pre-login.png|thumb|[[Windows 11]] secure attention screen]]
+[[File:Ctrl-Alt-Del for accessing secure desktop to enter credentials.png|thumb|The [[User Account Control|UAC]] for Windows 11, where the user is required to press Ctrl-Alt-Delete first to enter credentials, as a part of avoiding login spoofing.]]
 <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Windows NT 3.5 Ctrl+Alt+Delete.png|thumb|Windows NT 3.5 secure attention screen]] -->
 The [[Windows NT]] family of operating system, whose members do not have "NT" in their names since [[Windows 2000]], reserve Ctrl+Alt+Delete for the operating system itself. [[Winlogon]], a core component of the operating system,<ref>{{cite book
 |title=Windows Security Monitoring: Scenarios and Patterns |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1119390877  |isbn=978-1119390879
-|author=Andrei Miroshnikov |date=2018 |quote=Winlogon is a system component}}</ref> responds to the key combination in the following scenarios:
+|author=Andrei Miroshnikov |date=2018 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |quote=Winlogon is a system component}}</ref> responds to the key combination in the following scenarios:
 ;Invoking Windows Security: [[Login session|When a user is logged onto]] a Windows computer, pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete invokes Windows Security. It is a graphical user interface that allows user to lock the system,{{efn|When a Windows computer is locked, access to Windows is only allowed when valid credentials are supplied. Unlocking a computer is similar to a [[login|logon]].}} [[fast user switching|switch user]], [[log off]], change the [[password]], invoke [[Windows Task Manager]], or end the Windows session by [[shutdown (computing)|shutting down]], [[reboot (computing)|rebooting]] or putting the computer into [[sleep (computing)|sleep]] or [[hibernation (computing)|hibernation]]; clicking "Cancel" or pressing the [[Escape key]] returns the user to where they were.
@@ Line 65: / Line 73: @@
 == Linux ==
-[[File:CTRL+ALT+DEL in Ubuntu v12.png|thumb|The result of pressing the key combination in [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu v12.10]]]]
+[[File:Ubuntu 22.10 logging out screenshot.png|thumb|The result of pressing the key combination in [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu v22.10]]]]
 On some [[Linux]]-based operating systems including [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Debian]], {{keypress|Control|Alt|Delete}} is a shortcut for logging out.<ref name="Ubuntu_Shortcuts"/>
@@ Line 79: / Line 87: @@
 | [[Amiga]]
 | {{key press|Ctrl|Left Amiga|Right Amiga}}
-| Perform a hardware reboot by sending a reset signal to system via keyboard [[Microcontroller|MCU]] (+ possible extra keycode + max 10s delay if "reset warning" is supported and in use).<ref name="is_ctrl-amiga-amiga_something_special">{{cite web |last1=Wilen |first1=Toni |title=Is Ctrl-Amiga-Amiga something special? |url=http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=1210941 |website=English Amiga Board |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>
+| Perform a hardware reboot by sending a reset signal to system via keyboard [[Microcontroller|MCU]] (+ possible extra keycode + max 10s delay if "reset warning" is supported and in use).<ref name="is_ctrl-amiga-amiga_something_special">{{cite web |last1=Wilen |first1=Toni |title=Is Ctrl-Amiga-Amiga something special? |url=http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=1210941 |website=English Amiga Board |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=2018-09-19  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211516/http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=1210941 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 | [[BIOS]]
@@ Line 104: / Line 112: @@
 | Bring up "Close Program" dialog box (a simplistic [[task manager]]). Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice.<ref name="Chappell_1998_Diffs-W31-W95"/><ref name="Terhune_2004_Lost-CAD-W98"/>
 |-
-| rowspan="3"| [[Windows NT]] family
+| rowspan="4" | [[Windows NT]] family
 | {{key press|Ctrl|Shift|Esc}}
 | Bring up the [[Windows Task Manager]]<ref>{{cite web
    |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87861_01/NT817EE/em.817/a85251/key.htm
-   |title=Keyboard Shortcuts  |website=Oracle Help Center}}</ref>
+   |title=Keyboard Shortcuts
+   |website=Oracle Help Center
+   |access-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822211212/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87861_01/NT817EE/em.817/a85251/key.htm
+   |url-status=live
+   }}</ref>
 |-
 |
@@ Line 114: / Line 128: @@
 |
 * Before logon: Brings up the login screen ([[Secure attention key|secure attention sequence]])
-* After logon: Brings up Windows Security; in Windows XP, brings up [[Windows Task Manager]] if the welcome screen is enabled, otherwise brings up Windows Security<ref name=XP.CTL>{{cite web  |website=Microsoft.com
+* After logon: Brings up Windows Security; in Windows XP, brings up [[Windows Task Manager]] if the welcome screen is enabled, otherwise brings up Windows Security<ref name=XP.CTL>{{cite web
+   |website=Microsoft.com
    |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/301583/list-of-the-keyboard-shortcuts-that-are-available-in-windows-xp
-   |title=List of the keyboard shortcuts that are available in Windows XP}}</ref>
+   |title=List of the keyboard shortcuts that are available in Windows XP
+   |access-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-date=2019-08-26
+   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826003102/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/301583/list-of-the-keyboard-shortcuts-that-are-available-in-windows-xp
+   |url-status=live
+   }}</ref>
 |-
 |{{key press|Ctrl|Alt|End}}
@@ Line 122: / Line 142: @@
 * Before logon (when not using [[Network Level Authentication]]): Brings up the login screen ([[Secure attention key|secure attention sequence]])<ref>{{cite web
    |url=https://www.instructables.com/id/List-of-Windows-keyboard-shortcuts
-   |title=List of Windows Keyboard Shortcuts}}</ref>
+   |title=List of Windows Keyboard Shortcuts
+   |access-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822222700/https://www.instructables.com/id/List-of-Windows-keyboard-shortcuts/
+   |url-status=live
+   }}</ref>
 * After logon: Brings up Windows Security
+|-
+|{{key press|Ctrl}}, {{key press|ScrollLock}} (twice)
+|Causes a user-initiated crash (disabled by default; must be enabled with registry editing)<ref name="CtrlScrollLock">{{cite web
+   |website=Microsoft Learn
+   |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/forcing-a-system-crash-from-the-keyboard
+   |title=Forcing a system crash from the keyboard
+   |access-date=2023-12-15
+   |language=en
+   }}</ref>
+An equivalent function is {{key press|Ctrl|NumLock}} (with {{key press|Ctrl}} held down and pressing {{key press|NumLock}} twice)<ref name="CtrlNumLockBSOD">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-02-28 |title=Cómo causar manualmente BSOD en Windows: 6 formas paso a paso |url=https://tecnotuto.com/windows/como-causar-manualmente-bsod-en-windows-6-formas-paso-a-paso/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TecnoTuto |language=es}}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="3"| [[OS/2]]
@@ Line 148: / Line 183: @@
 | Signal the ''init'' process (usually configured to soft reboot)<ref>{{cite web
    |url=https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/ctrl-alt-delete-97597
-   |title=Ctrl+Alt+Delete}}</ref>
+   |title=Ctrl+Alt+Delete
+   |access-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-date=2019-08-22
+   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822221211/https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/ctrl-alt-delete-97597/
+   |url-status=live
+   }}</ref>
 |-
 | {{key press|Alt|[[SysRq]]|[[function key]]}}
@@ Line 182: / Line 222: @@
 | rowspan="2"| [[Xfce]]
 | {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Esc}} + click on window
-| Kills application (invokes xkill)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.knuckleheadtech.com/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts/ |title=XFCE4 Keyboard Shortcuts |date=2 August 2014 |website=Technology of a Knucklehead}}</ref>
+| Kills application (invokes xkill)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.knuckleheadtech.com/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts/ |title=XFCE4 Keyboard Shortcuts |date=2 August 2014 |website=Technology of a Knucklehead |access-date=2017-04-10  |archive-date=2017-04-10  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410225719/http://www.knuckleheadtech.com/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |-
 | {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Delete}}
@@ Line 238: / Line 278: @@
 | Restarts the calculator and clears [[RAM]] and [[EEPROM]]. Continue pressing Shift to advance through self-test mode.
 |-
-| [[Texas Instruments TI-99/4A|TI-99/4A]]
+| [[TI-99/4A]]
 | {{key press|FCTN|{{=}}}}
 | Resets machine back to startup screen.
@@ Line 272: / Line 312: @@
 |{{key press|Select|Play/Pause}} (on remote)
 |Reboots the device
-CPU has crashed or [[Non-maskable interrupt|NMI]] is blocked in hardware or rerouted.
 |}
@@ Line 281: / Line 320: @@
 ! Function
 |-
-| [[WMware]]
+| [[VMware]]
 | {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|Insert}}
+| Send the command to the virtual machine.
+|-
+| [[Microsoft Virtual PC]]
+| {{key press|RAlt|Delete}}
+| Send the command to the virtual machine.
+|-
+| [[Windows Virtual PC]] for [[Windows 7]]
+| {{key press|Ctrl|Alt|End}}
+| Send the command to the virtual machine.
+|-
+| [[Oracle VM VirtualBox]]
+| {{key press|RCtrl|Delete}}
 | Send the command to the virtual machine.
 |}
@@ Line 313: / Line 364: @@
 <ref name="Osterman_2005_SAS">{{cite web |title=Why is Control-Alt-Delete the secure attention sequence (SAS)? |author-last=Osterman |author-first=Larry |work=Larry Osterman's WebLog |publisher=[[MSDN Blogs]] |date=24 January 2005 |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/01/24/359850.aspx |access-date=2007-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185927/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/larryosterman/2005/01/24/why-is-control-alt-delete-the-secure-attention-sequence-sas/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>
 <ref name="MyDigitalLife_2010_SecureLogon">{{cite web |title=Enable Press Ctrl+Alt+Del Secure Logon On Windows 7 or Vista |publisher=My Digital Life  |date=28 January 2010 |url=http://www.mydigitallife.info/enable-press-ctrlaltdel-secure-logon-on-windows-7-or-vista/ |access-date=2013-01-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185932/https://www.mydigitallife.net/enable-press-ctrlaltdel-secure-logon-on-windows-7-or-vista/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>
-<ref name="Microsoft_2010_Sec-Attn">{{cite web |title=How to enable or disable the CTRL+ALT+DELETE sequence for logging on to Windows XP, to Windows Vista, and to Windows 7 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/308226 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=10 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021}}</ref>
+<ref name="Microsoft_2010_Sec-Attn">{{cite web |title=How to enable or disable the CTRL+ALT+DELETE sequence for logging on to Windows XP, to Windows Vista, and to Windows 7 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/308226 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=10 December 2010 |archive-date=2015-03-08  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308223519/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/308226 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-<ref name="Microsoft_2007_Old-logon">{{cite web |title=How to change the logon window and the shutdown preferences in Windows XP |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291559 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=7 May 2007}}</ref>
+<ref name="Microsoft_2007_Old-logon">{{cite web |title=How to change the logon window and the shutdown preferences in Windows XP |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291559 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=7 May 2007 |archive-date=2015-02-15  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215145530/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291559 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-<ref name="Microsoft_2006_TaskManager">{{cite web |title=Using CTRL+ALT+DEL key combination to open Windows Security opens Task Manager |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/281980 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=15 January 2006}}</ref>
+<ref name="Microsoft_2006_TaskManager">{{cite web |title=Using CTRL+ALT+DEL key combination to open Windows Security opens Task Manager |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/281980 |work=Microsoft Support |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=2013-01-19 |date=15 January 2006 |archive-date=2015-02-28  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228181707/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/281980 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 <ref name="Microsoft_2001_Q83435">{{cite web |title=Windows 3.1 Resource Kit SYSTEM.INI 386ENH Section A–L |work=Microsoft's KnowledgeBase article 83435 |edition=1.0 |date=30 July 2001 |orig-year=1992 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q83435/ |access-date=2005-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320221651/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/83435 |archive-date=2016-03-20 |quote=From {{mono|SYSINI.WRI}} in Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for [[Windows 3.1]]: ''LocalReboot=<on-or-off>; Default: On; Purpose: Specifies whether you can press CTRL+ALT+DEL to quit applications that cause an unrecoverable errors in 386 enhanced mode, without restarting Windows. If this setting is enabled, you can quit the applications. If this setting is disabled, pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL will restart your entire system (as it normally does.)''}}</ref>
 <ref name="Chappell_1998_Diffs-W31-W95">{{cite newsgroup |title=Is this possible? |author-first=Geoff |author-last=Chappell |newsgroup=comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd |message-id=6iouc1$dgh$2@reader1.reader.news.ozemail.net |date=6 May 1998 |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd/N9QUe7djlCE/1hrGpGQpM6cJ |access-date=2017-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170910185337/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd/N9QUe7djlCE/1hrGpGQpM6cJ |archive-date=10 September 2017 }} — a report of differences in <code>LocalReboot</code> between Windows 3.x and Windows 95</ref>
 <ref name="Terhune_2004_Lost-CAD-W98">{{cite newsgroup |title=Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd |author-first=Gary S. |author-last=Terhune |newsgroup=microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion |message-id=uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl |date=11 January 2004 |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/u9q3ph_2q5M/-xerngvF8VQJ |access-date=2013-10-02<!--|message-id=54f1c50b9eab17fb --> |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131002214146/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/u9q3ph_2q5M/-xerngvF8VQJ |archive-date=2 October 2013 }} — a report of the effect of <code>LocalReboot</code> in Windows 95</ref>
 <ref name="ars-diys">{{cite web |author-last=Bright |author-first=Peter |title=If Bill Gates really thinks ctrl-alt-del was a mistake, he should have fixed it himself |work=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications|Condé Nast]] |date=27 September 2013 |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/if-bill-gates-really-thinks-ctrl-alt-del-was-a-mistake-he-should-have-fixed-it-himself/ |access-date=2013-10-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180227/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/if-bill-gates-really-thinks-ctrl-alt-del-was-a-mistake-he-should-have-fixed-it-himself/ |archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>
-<ref name="Eeggs_MacOSX">{{cite web |title=Mac OS X Server Easter Egg - This is not DOS |url=http://www.eeggs.com/items/11649.html |access-date=2011-10-07}}</ref>
+<ref name="Eeggs_MacOSX">{{cite web |title=Mac OS X Server Easter Egg - This is not DOS |url=http://www.eeggs.com/items/11649.html |access-date=2011-10-07 |archive-date=2016-02-19  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219080621/http://www.eeggs.com/items/11649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 <ref name="Paul_1995_K3PLUS">{{citation |title=K3PLUS v6 - Der ultimative Ersatz für den DOS-Standard-Tastaturtreiber KEYB GR |language=de |edition=r49-v6.21 |author-first1=Axel C. |author-last1=Frinke |author-first2=Matthias R. |author-last2=Paul |type=User Manual |date=10 May 1995 |orig-year=first published 1991}} (NB. K3PLUS was an extended keyboard driver for DOS widely distributed in Germany at its time, with adaptations to a handful of other European languages available. <code>K3PLUS.DOC</code> is part of the <code>K3P621P2.ZIP</code> distribution package.<!-- The latest version of K3PLUS before the name change was K3P621P6.ZIP. -->)</ref>
 <ref name="Paul_1997_FreeKEYB">{{citation |title=FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver |edition=v6.5 |author-first1=Matthias R. |author-last1=Paul |author-first2=Axel C. |author-last2=Frinke |type=User Manual |date=13 October 1997 |orig-year=first published 1991}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190309194320/http://sta.c64.org/dosprg/fk657p1.zip<!-- FreeKEYB 6.57p1 Beta as of 2004-08-17 with outdated and incomplete documentation -->] (NB. FreeKEYB is a [[Unicode]]-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most [[keyboard layout]]s, [[code page]]s, and [[List of country calling codes|country codes]].)</ref>
@@ Line 328: / Line 379: @@
 <ref name="Albrecht-Plura_1993_OS/2-2">{{cite book |author-first1=Robert M. |author-last1=Albrecht |author-first2=Michael |author-last2=Plura |title=Das große Buch zu OS/2 Version 2 |publisher=[[Data Becker]] |place=Düsseldorf |date=1993 |edition=1st |isbn=3-89011-598-5 |language=de}}</ref>
 <ref name="Moskowitz_1995_OS/2">{{cite book |author-first1=David |author-last1=Moskowitz  |author-first2=David |author-last2=Kerr |title=OS/2 Warp Version 3 für Insider |trans-title=OS/2 Warp Unleashed Deluxe Edition |publisher=SAMS Publishing |date=1995 |edition=1st |isbn=3-87791-815-8 |language=de}}</ref>
-<ref name="Apple_Mac-shortcuts">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1343 |title=Mac keyboard shortcuts |publisher=[[Apple, Inc.]]}}</ref>
+<ref name="Apple_Mac-shortcuts">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1343 |title=Mac keyboard shortcuts |publisher=[[Apple, Inc.]] |access-date=2008-10-25  |archive-date=2014-10-25  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150530/http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1343 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-<ref name="Apple_MacOSX10.4">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2298 |title=Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier: Computer stops responding |publisher=[[Apple, Inc.]]}}</ref>
+<ref name="Apple_MacOSX10.4">{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2298 |title=Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier: Computer stops responding |publisher=[[Apple, Inc.]] |access-date=2008-10-25  |archive-date=2008-10-16  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016094903/http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2298 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 <!--ref name="Apple_iPhone">{{cite web |title=Frozen or unresponsive iPhone |url=https://www.apple.com/support/iphone/assistant/phone/#section_2}}</ref-->
-<ref name="Foxtel_Set-top-box">[http://www.foxtel.com.au/6226.htm FOXTEL Set-Top Unit Reboot]</ref>
+<ref name="Foxtel_Set-top-box">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/6226.htm |title=FOXTEL Set-Top Unit Reboot |access-date=2008-06-14  |archive-date=2008-06-09  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609073002/http://www.foxtel.com.au/6226.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-<ref name="Wordspy_1995">[http://www.wordspy.com/words/Ctrl-Alt-Delete.asp Wordspy] cites the earliest such use as Chris Miksanek's 18 December 1995 Computerworld column titled, "Ctrl-Alt-Delete those holiday trinkets".</ref>
+<ref name="Wordspy_1995">[http://www.wordspy.com/words/Ctrl-Alt-Delete.asp Wordspy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115152951/http://www.wordspy.com/words/Ctrl-Alt-Delete.asp |date=2007-11-15  }} cites the earliest such use as Chris Miksanek's 18 December 1995 Computerworld column titled, "Ctrl-Alt-Delete those holiday trinkets".</ref>
 <ref name="Sing365_Talent">{{cite web |url=http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/perfect-world-lyrics-billy-talent/75d092b0796b50cd4825717b000dfea0 |title=Billy Talent – 'Perfect World' Lyrics |access-date=2011-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234345/http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/perfect-world-lyrics-billy-talent/75d092b0796b50cd4825717b000dfea0 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 <ref name="cnngates2013">{{cite web |title=Bill Gates: Control-Alt-Delete a mistake |author-first=Doug |author-last=Gross |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/tech/innovation/bill-gates-control-alt-delete/ |access-date=2013-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130926190649/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/26/tech/innovation/bill-gates-control-alt-delete/ |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref>
-<ref name="Chen, Raymond (2 Sep)">{{cite web |author-last=Chen |author-first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |title=Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1? |website=The Old New Thing |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=2 September 2014 |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2014/09/02/10554253.aspx |access-date=2014-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183043/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20140902-00/?p=93%2F |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref>
+<ref name="Chen, Raymond (2 Sep)">{{cite web |author-last=Chen |author-first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |title=Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1? |website=The Old New Thing |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=2 September 2014 |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20140902-00/?p=93 |access-date=2014-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183043/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20140902-00/?p=93%2F |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref>
 <ref name="williams198201">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up |title=A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer |work=[[BYTE]] |date=January 1982 |access-date=2013-10-19 |author-last=Williams |author-first=Gregg |volume=7 |number=1 |pages=36}}</ref>
-<ref name="Ubuntu_Shortcuts">{{cite web |title=Useful keyboard shortcuts |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/shell-keyboard-shortcuts.html |website=Ubuntu Desktop Guide |publisher=Canonical |access-date=2014-10-30}}</ref>
+<ref name="Ubuntu_Shortcuts">{{cite web |title=Useful keyboard shortcuts |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/shell-keyboard-shortcuts.html |website=Ubuntu Desktop Guide |publisher=Canonical |access-date=2014-10-30 |archive-date=2016-03-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071035/https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/shell-keyboard-shortcuts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-<ref name="Console_Security">{{cite web |title=Console Security |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/console-security.html |website=Ubuntu Server Guide |publisher=Canonical |access-date=2015-06-02}}</ref>
+<ref name="Console_Security">{{cite web |title=Console Security |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/console-security.html |website=Ubuntu Server Guide |publisher=Canonical |access-date=2015-06-02 |archive-date=2016-03-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111630/https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/console-security.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 <ref name="Paul_2002_DDCE">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=3 April 2002 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101783474625117 |access-date=2017-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909084942/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101783474625117 |archive-date=9 September 2017 }}</ref>
 <ref name="MiNT_2000">{{cite web |url=http://freemint.de/docs/mint.mint_doc.html |title=FreeMiNT-Portal - mint.doc |date=27 April 2000 |access-date=2017-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115165043/http://freemint.de/docs/mint.mint_doc.html |archive-date=2017-01-15}}</ref>