Army of God (terrorist organization): Difference between revisions

Army of God
	Army of God spokesman Donald Spitz holds Army of God banner.
Abbreviation	A.O.G.
Type	terrorist organization (anti-abortion violence)

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Army of God (AOG) is an American Christian terrorist organization,^[1] members of which have perpetrated anti-abortion violence.^[2] According to the Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security's joint Terrorism Knowledge Base, the Army of God is an active underground terrorist organization in the United States. In addition to numerous property crimes, the group has committed acts of kidnapping, attempted murder, and murder. The AOG was formed in 1982 and, while sharing a common ideology and tactics, the group's members claim that they rarely communicate with each other; this is known more formally as leaderless resistance.^[2]^[3] The group forbids those who wish to "take action against babykilling abortionists" from discussing their plans with anyone in advance.^[4]^: 79

Actions

The earliest documented incidence of the Army of God being involved with anti-abortion activity occurred in 1982. Three men stating that they were the "Army Of God"^[4]^: 23^[5] kidnapped Hector Zevallos, a doctor who performed abortions, and his wife, Dr. Rosalee Jean, and held them hostage. The hostages were later released unharmed after eight days.^[6]^[7] The "East Coast division" of the AOG claimed responsibility when three men, including Michael Bray, planted bombs at seven abortion clinics in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. in 1985.^[8]

In 1993, Shelly Shannon, a very active member of the Army of God, was found guilty of the attempted murder of George Tiller and sentenced to eleven years in prison.^[9]^[10] The following year, Shannon was sentenced to an additional 20 years in prison on charges of arson, interference with commerce by force and interstate travel in aid of racketeering in connection to her participation in several fires and acid attacks on abortion clinics.^[11]^[12]^[13] She was released in 2018.^[14] George Tiller was later assassinated in 2009 by Scott Roeder during a Sunday church service. Roeder admired Shannon greatly and had visited her many times while she was in prison.^[15] That same year, law enforcement officials found the Army of God Manual, a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard.^[6] Paul Jennings Hill was found guilty of the murder of both John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett. The AOG claimed responsibility for Eric Robert Rudolph's 1997 nail bombing of abortion clinics in Atlanta and Birmingham as well as an Atlanta lesbian bar.^[16] The group is also responsible for sending a death threat via letter to former Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun, who wrote the majority opinion for Roe v. Wade.^[17]

Clayton Waagner, claiming to act on the part of the "Virginia Dare Chapter" of the AOG, mailed over 500 letters containing white powder to 280 abortion providers in 2001. The letters claimed that the powder was anthrax. Though it was not identified as such, the tactic took advantage of the public's fear of biological warfare after the recent real anthrax attacks.^[18]^[19] Waagner is a known criminal who utilized a number of aliases to elude police throughout his criminal history. The mailing of the letters suspected to have been filled with anthrax was done after he escaped from Dewitt County Jail in Clinton, Illinois where he was being held prior to sentencing for previously committed crimes.^[20]

The group is also associated with a number of other abortion clinic bombings, arsons and murders of abortion providers.^[4]^{: 25–26, 38} Some of those responsible claimed association with the AOG; in other cases, while the killers expressed no affiliation with the group, the AOG has endorsed their acts and taken up their cause, stating that any action which prevents abortion is justified.^[21] Hill was head of a precursor organization called Defensive Action, which issued signed statements to members of Congress in the early 1990s expressing similar sentiments about "killing the killers".

According to the Global Terrorism Database, the group only ever managed to officially inflict one fatality, police officer Robert Sanderson, during their 1998 attack at an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama.^[22]^[23] However, individual members of the group were known and convicted killers. This includes Paul Hill who not only committed shootings of abortion providers himself but even went so far as to appear on ABC's Nightline to justify shootings carried out by other anti-abortionists.^[24]

Army of God Manual

The Army of God Manual is an anonymous document which was written by anti-abortionist members of the AOG and it is widely endorsed by them. According to the AOG website, the manual "is not to be construed as sanctioning any group or individual to perform any action."^[25]

The book, which consists of eight chapters and various appendices, delves into various pillars of their ideology and it is essentially a road map on how to commit violence against abortion clinics, abortion providers, and individuals who are associated with abortion. Parts of the book, specifically the appendices of chapters four, five and six, are not available for public consumption on the group's website due to federal laws. It is now in its third edition and the group refers to it as a historical document.^[26]

The manual is available in its near entirety on the AOG's website which was formerly run by Donald Spitz. Spitz has no history of criminal activity, but he has historically used the website to publish short bios of high profile group members, publish anti-abortion propaganda, post photos of what are claimed to be bloody fetuses that were aborted and he uses the website as a means to justify the actions of the group and incite others to support the Army of God and agree with what it stands for.^[27]

Documentary

The AOG movement, along with a select group of individuals who are associated with it, are featured in the HBO documentary film Soldiers in the Army of God (2000), directed by Marc Levin and Daphne Pinkerson, as part of HBO's America Undercover series.^[28]

Associated individuals

A 2011 NPR report claimed that an associate of this group, Stephen John Jordi, was imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit.^[31]

References

^
- Henderson, Alex (2015-04-07). "6 modern-day Christian terrorist groups our media conveniently ignores". Salon. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
- Klug, Petra (2022-12-30). Anti-Atheist Nation: Religion and Secularism in the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-000-80442-3.
- Balleck, Barry J. (2019-07-08). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.
- Jefferis, Jennifer (2011-06-17). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-38754-8.
- Balleck, Barry J. (2018-06-01). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 7. ISBN 979-8-216-11837-4.
^ ^a ^b "Terrorist Organization Profile: Army of God". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Altum, Justin (2003). "Anti-Abortion Extremism: The Army of God" (PDF). Chrestomathy. 2: 1–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jefferis, Jennifer (2011). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38754-8. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
^ "ABORTION OPPOSITION STRESSED IN KIDNAPPING TRIAL IN ILLINOIS". The New York Times. 26 January 1983. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ ^a ^b Baird-Windle, Patricia & Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism, New York, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-23925-1
^ Kessler, Ronald (1993). The FBI. Pocket Books. pp. 279–280. ISBN 9781476746623. Retrieved 8 May 2016. kidnapped Hector Zevallos.
^ "3 Men Charged in Bombings Of Seven Abortion Facilities". The New York Times. January 20, 1985. Archived from the original on 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
^ Warner, Bill (May 31, 2009). "Bill Warner Private Investigator Sarasota Fl to Panama City, Male & Female Detectives Dr. George Tiller Murdered by Army of God (AOG) Member, Shooting Suspect Scott P. Roeder Identified By Sheriff, AOG Alive And Well in Wichita Kansas. Bill Warner Private Investigator". Archived from the original on 2010-07-12. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
^ "Soldier Shelley WHO IS SHELLEY SHANNON?". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "WashingtonPost.com: Abortion Violence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
^ "Guilty Plea Expected in Fires at Clinics". The New York Times. 4 June 1995. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ "Woman Gets 20-Year Sentence in Attacks on Abortion Clinics". The New York Times. 9 September 1995. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ "Rachelle 'Shelley' Shannon, activist who shot abortion doctor George Tiller, released from prison". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
^ By. "Abortion clinics on edge after woman who shot Kansas doctor is released from prison". kansascity. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "Army of God letters claim responsibility for clinic bombing". CNN. February 2, 1998. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
^ prochoice. "Anti-Abortion Extremists". National Abortion Federation. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
^ "Analysis: Anthrax threat from within". BBC News. November 7, 2001. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
^ "'Army Of God' Anthrax Threats". CBS News. November 9, 2001. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
^ "The FBI Announces New Information Regarding Top Ten Fugitive Clayton Lee Waagner". FBI. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "THE SECOND DEFENSIVE ACTION STATEMENT". Army of God. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ "Army of God". Archived from the original on 2016-08-23.
^ "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "Who Is Anti-Abortionist Paul Hill?". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ "History of the AOG manual". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^ Wirén, Sacharias (2016). "The Army of God" (PDF). Uppsala Universitet. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
^ Bowman-Grieve, Lorraine (25 October 2009). "View of Anti-abortion extremism online". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v14i11.2679. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
^ Mark Deming (2013). "Soldiers in the Army of God (2000)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ "Kopp known as a radical". The Hamilton Spectator. November 5, 1998. p. A1. It was in Atlanta that Kopp got his nickname "Atomic Dog," which was later featured in the acknowledgments of a manual showing anti-abortionists how to build bombs, make explosives and cut off the thumbs of abortion doctors. The manual was circulated by a loose association of extremists who called themselves the Army of God.
^ Jim Redden (October 30, 2009). "FBI probes alleged threat to officer". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2011-06-02. Alt URL^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units Archived 2011-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3-3-11, retrieved 2011 06 02 from npr.org. (See page 3, default sort by 'Case')

External links

Army of God
History of the Army of God by the National Abortion Federation.
HBO documentary: "Army of God: Skewing the Truth in all Sincerity: A Case Study," by David Leach (hosted on his Prayer & Action News website)
Attacks attributed to the Army of God on the START terrorism database

[1] 
Henderson, Alex (2015-04-07). "6 modern-day Christian terrorist groups our media conveniently ignores". Salon. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
Klug, Petra (2022-12-30). Anti-Atheist Nation: Religion and Secularism in the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-000-80442-3.
Balleck, Barry J. (2019-07-08). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.
Jefferis, Jennifer (2011-06-17). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-38754-8.
Balleck, Barry J. (2018-06-01). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 7. ISBN 979-8-216-11837-4.

[2] Henderson, Alex (2015-04-07). "6 modern-day Christian terrorist groups our media conveniently ignores". Salon. Retrieved 2024-06-17.

[3] Klug, Petra (2022-12-30). Anti-Atheist Nation: Religion and Secularism in the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-000-80442-3.

[4] Balleck, Barry J. (2019-07-08). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5.

[5] Jefferis, Jennifer (2011-06-17). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-313-38754-8.

[6] Balleck, Barry J. (2018-06-01). Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 7. ISBN 979-8-216-11837-4.

[start-2] "Terrorist Organization Profile: Army of God". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.

[3] Altum, Justin (2003). "Anti-Abortion Extremism: The Army of God" (PDF). Chrestomathy. 2: 1–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2019-05-11.

[Armed-4] Jefferis, Jennifer (2011). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38754-8. Retrieved June 27, 2024.

[NYTJan83-5] "ABORTION OPPOSITION STRESSED IN KIDNAPPING TRIAL IN ILLINOIS". The New York Times. 26 January 1983. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

[baird-6] Baird-Windle, Patricia & Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism, New York, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-23925-1

[7] Kessler, Ronald (1993). The FBI. Pocket Books. pp. 279–280. ISBN 9781476746623. Retrieved 8 May 2016. kidnapped Hector Zevallos.

[8] "3 Men Charged in Bombings Of Seven Abortion Facilities". The New York Times. January 20, 1985. Archived from the original on 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2018-07-27.

[9] Warner, Bill (May 31, 2009). "Bill Warner Private Investigator Sarasota Fl to Panama City, Male & Female Detectives Dr. George Tiller Murdered by Army of God (AOG) Member, Shooting Suspect Scott P. Roeder Identified By Sheriff, AOG Alive And Well in Wichita Kansas. Bill Warner Private Investigator". Archived from the original on 2010-07-12. Retrieved November 22, 2009.

[10] "Soldier Shelley WHO IS SHELLEY SHANNON?". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[11] "WashingtonPost.com: Abortion Violence". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2021-09-23.

[12] "Guilty Plea Expected in Fires at Clinics". The New York Times. 4 June 1995. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

[13] "Woman Gets 20-Year Sentence in Attacks on Abortion Clinics". The New York Times. 9 September 1995. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

[14] "Rachelle 'Shelley' Shannon, activist who shot abortion doctor George Tiller, released from prison". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2021-09-23.

[15] By. "Abortion clinics on edge after woman who shot Kansas doctor is released from prison". kansascity. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[16] "Army of God letters claim responsibility for clinic bombing". CNN. February 2, 1998. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved October 3, 2015.

[17] rochoice. "Anti-Abortion Extremists". National Abortion Federation. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-11.

[18] "Analysis: Anthrax threat from within". BBC News. November 7, 2001. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved August 2, 2013.

[19] "'Army Of God' Anthrax Threats". CBS News. November 9, 2001. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved August 2, 2013.

[20] "The FBI Announces New Information Regarding Top Ten Fugitive Clayton Lee Waagner". FBI. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[21] "THE SECOND DEFENSIVE ACTION STATEMENT". Army of God. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

[22] "Army of God". Archived from the original on 2016-08-23.

[23] "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[24] "Who Is Anti-Abortionist Paul Hill?". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[25] "History of the AOG manual". www.armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-10.

[26] Wirén, Sacharias (2016). "The Army of God" (PDF). Uppsala Universitet. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-01-04.

[27] Bowman-Grieve, Lorraine (25 October 2009). "View of Anti-abortion extremism online". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v14i11.2679. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2021-01-04.

[28] Mark Deming (2013). "Soldiers in the Army of God (2000)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 8 July 2013.

[29] "Kopp known as a radical". The Hamilton Spectator. November 5, 1998. p. A1. It was in Atlanta that Kopp got his nickname "Atomic Dog," which was later featured in the acknowledgments of a manual showing anti-abortionists how to build bombs, make explosives and cut off the thumbs of abortion doctors. The manual was circulated by a loose association of extremists who called themselves the Army of God.

[redden2009-30] Jim Redden (October 30, 2009). "FBI probes alleged threat to officer". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2011-06-02. Alt URL^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[npr2-31] DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units Archived 2011-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3-3-11, retrieved 2011 06 02 from npr.org. (See page 3, default sort by 'Case')

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|American Christian organization}}
+{{short description|American Christian terrorist organization}}
 {{Infobox organization
 | name                = Army of God
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | headquarters        =
 | coords              =
-| type                = [[Christian terrorism|Christian terrorist]] organization ([[anti-abortion violence]])
+| type                = [[Christian terrorism|terrorist]] organization ([[anti-abortion violence]])
 | website             =
 }}
-'''Army of God''' ('''AOG''') is an American [[Christian terrorist]] organization, members of which have perpetrated [[anti-abortion violence]].<ref name="start">{{cite web | url = http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=28 | title = Terrorist Organization Profile: Army of God | publisher = [[Homeland Security Centers of Excellence#The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)|National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]] | access-date = October 5, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623065521/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data%5Fcollections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=28 | archive-date = June 23, 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref><!--Contents copied from [[Anti-abortion violence]] article on April 25 2016--> According to the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and [[Department of Homeland Security]]'s joint [[Terrorism Knowledge Base]], the Army of God is an active underground [[Domestic terrorism in the United States|terrorist organization in the United States]]. In addition to numerous [[property crime]]s, the group has committed acts of [[kidnapping]], [[attempted murder]], and [[murder]]. The AOG was formed in 1982 and, while sharing a common ideology and tactics, the group's members claim that they rarely communicate with each other; this is known more formally as [[leaderless resistance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/|title=Terrorist Organization Profile:Army of God |publisher=Terrorism Knowledge Base|date=2004–2008|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124458/http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altum |first=Justin |date=2003|title=Anti-Abortion Extremism: The Army of God |url=http://chrestomathy.cofc.edu/documents/vol2/altum.pdf|journal=Chrestomathy|volume=2|pages=1–12|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830000751/http://chrestomathy.cofc.edu/documents/vol2/altum.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The group forbids those who wish to "take action against babykilling abortionists" from discussing their plans with anyone in advance.<ref name=jefferis78>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovBeXk1o9o8C&q=whatever+force+is+legitimate+to+defend+the+life+of+a+born+child+is+legitimate+to+defend+the+life+of+an+unborn+child&pg=PA78 |title=Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States |last=Jefferis |first=Jennifer |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=9780313387531 |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603231303/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovBeXk1o9o8C&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=whatever+force+is+legitimate+to+defend+the+life+of+a+born+child+is+legitimate+to+defend+the+life+of+an+unborn+child&source=bl&ots=H0e7TUKLW2&sig=J636g_P7DAbR1qaMmUut5wNOkdA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMI6rDLpJOTyAIViA6SCh2m1wE1#v=onepage&q=whatever%20force%20is%20legitimate%20to%20defend%20the%20life%20of%20a%20born%20child%20is%20legitimate%20to%20defend%20the%20life%20of%20an%20unborn%20child&f=false |archive-date=2016-06-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Army of God''' ('''AOG''') is an American [[Christian terrorist]] organization,<ref>{{multiref2|1={{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Alex |date=2015-04-07 |title=6 modern-day Christian terrorist groups our media conveniently ignores |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/04/07/6_modern_day_christian_terrorist_groups_our_media_conveniently_ignores_partner/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Salon |language=en}}|2={{Cite book |last=Klug |first=Petra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o6hEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22army+of+god%22+%22christian+terror%22&pg=PT85 |title=Anti-Atheist Nation: Religion and Secularism in the United States |date=2022-12-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-80442-3 |pages=85 |language=en}}|3={{Cite book |last=Balleck |first=Barry J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBPHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22army+of+god%22+%22christian+terrorist%22&pg=PA35 |title=Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia |date=2019-07-08 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-5751-5 |pages=35 |language=en}}|4={{Cite book |last=Jefferis |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIfDEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22army+of+god%22+%22christian+terrorist%22&pg=PA40 |title=Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States |date=2011-06-17 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-38754-8 |pages=40 |language=en}}|5={{Cite book |last=Balleck |first=Barry J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QPHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22army+of+god%22+%22christian+terrorist%22&pg=PT7 |title=Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups |date=2018-06-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-11837-4 |pages=7 |language=en}}}}</ref> members of which have perpetrated [[anti-abortion violence]].<ref name="start">{{cite web | url = http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=28 | title = Terrorist Organization Profile: Army of God | publisher = [[Homeland Security Centers of Excellence#The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)|National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]] | access-date = October 5, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623065521/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data%5Fcollections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=28 | archive-date = June 23, 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref><!--Contents copied from [[Anti-abortion violence]] article on April 25 2016--> According to the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and [[Department of Homeland Security]]'s joint [[Terrorism Knowledge Base]], the Army of God is an active underground [[Domestic terrorism in the United States|terrorist organization in the United States]]. In addition to numerous [[property crime]]s, the group has committed acts of [[kidnapping]], [[attempted murder]], and [[murder]]. The AOG was formed in 1982 and, while sharing a common ideology and tactics, the group's members claim that they rarely communicate with each other; this is known more formally as [[leaderless resistance]].<ref name="start" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altum |first=Justin |date=2003|title=Anti-Abortion Extremism: The Army of God |url=http://chrestomathy.cofc.edu/documents/vol2/altum.pdf|journal=Chrestomathy|volume=2|pages=1–12|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830000751/http://chrestomathy.cofc.edu/documents/vol2/altum.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The group forbids those who wish to "take action against babykilling abortionists" from discussing their plans with anyone in advance.<ref name="Armed" />{{Rp|page=79}}
 ==Actions==
-The earliest documented incidence of the Army of God being involved with anti-abortion activity occurred in 1982. Three men stating that they were the "Army Of God"<ref name="Armed">{{cite book|last1=Jefferis|first1=Jennifer|title=Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States|date=2011|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313387531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNuQO-TWbt8C&q=Hector+Zevallos+%27%27army+of+God%27%27&pg=PA23|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014722/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNuQO-TWbt8C&q=Hector+Zevallos+%27%27army+of+God%27%27&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|23}}<ref name="NYTJan83">{{cite news|title=ABORTION OPPOSITION STRESSED IN KIDNAPPING TRIAL IN ILLINOIS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/us/abortion-opposition-stressed-in-kidnapping-trial-in-illinois.html|access-date=9 May 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 January 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604055125/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/us/abortion-opposition-stressed-in-kidnapping-trial-in-illinois.html|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> kidnapped Hector Zevallos, a doctor who performed abortions, and his wife, Dr. Rosalee Jean, and held them hostage. The hostages were later released unharmed after eight days.<ref name="baird">Baird-Windle, Patricia & Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), ''Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism'', New York, St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|978-0-312-23925-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kessler|first1=Ronald|title=The FBI|date=1993|publisher=Pocket Books|isbn=9781476746623|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fbiinsideworl00kess/page/279 279]–280|url=https://archive.org/details/fbiinsideworl00kess|url-access=registration|quote=kidnapped Hector Zevallos.|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> The "East Coast division" of the AOG claimed responsibility when three men, including [[Michael Bray]], planted bombs at seven abortion clinics in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/us/3-men-charged-in-bombings-of-seven-abortion-facilities.html |work=The New York Times |title=3 Men Charged in Bombings Of Seven Abortion Facilities |date=January 20, 1985 |access-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127204813/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/us/3-men-charged-in-bombings-of-seven-abortion-facilities.html |archive-date=2017-11-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The earliest documented incidence of the Army of God being involved with anti-abortion activity occurred in 1982. Three men stating that they were the "Army Of God"<ref name="Armed">{{cite book |last1=Jefferis |first1=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIfDEAAAQBAJ |title=Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States |date=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-38754-8 |access-date=June 27, 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|23}}<ref name="NYTJan83">{{cite news|title=ABORTION OPPOSITION STRESSED IN KIDNAPPING TRIAL IN ILLINOIS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/us/abortion-opposition-stressed-in-kidnapping-trial-in-illinois.html|access-date=9 May 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 January 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604055125/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/us/abortion-opposition-stressed-in-kidnapping-trial-in-illinois.html|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> kidnapped Hector Zevallos, a doctor who performed abortions, and his wife, Dr. Rosalee Jean, and held them hostage. The hostages were later released unharmed after eight days.<ref name="baird">Baird-Windle, Patricia & Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), ''Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism'', New York, St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|978-0-312-23925-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kessler|first1=Ronald|title=The FBI|date=1993|publisher=Pocket Books|isbn=9781476746623|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fbiinsideworl00kess/page/279 279]–280|url=https://archive.org/details/fbiinsideworl00kess|url-access=registration|quote=kidnapped Hector Zevallos.|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> The "East Coast division" of the AOG claimed responsibility when three men, including [[Michael Bray]], planted bombs at seven abortion clinics in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/us/3-men-charged-in-bombings-of-seven-abortion-facilities.html |work=The New York Times |title=3 Men Charged in Bombings Of Seven Abortion Facilities |date=January 20, 1985 |access-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127204813/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/us/3-men-charged-in-bombings-of-seven-abortion-facilities.html |archive-date=2017-11-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 In 1993, [[Shelly Shannon]], a very active member of the Army of God, was found guilty of the attempted murder of [[George Tiller]] and sentenced to eleven years in prison.<ref>{{cite web |last=Warner |first=Bill |title=Bill Warner Private Investigator Sarasota Fl to Panama City, Male & Female Detectives Dr. George Tiller Murdered by Army of God (AOG) Member, Shooting Suspect Scott P. Roeder Identified By Sheriff, AOG Alive And Well in Wichita Kansas. Bill Warner Private Investigator |date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=November 22, 2009 |url=http://www.billwarnerpi.com/2009/05/dr-george-tiller-murdered-by-army-of.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712010828/http://www.billwarnerpi.com/2009/05/dr-george-tiller-murdered-by-army-of.html |archive-date=2010-07-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyofgod.com/ShelleyWhois.html|title=Soldier Shelley WHO IS SHELLEY SHANNON?|website=www.armyofgod.com|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425145543/https://www.armyofgod.com/ShelleyWhois.html|archive-date=2019-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, Shannon was sentenced to an additional 20 years in prison on charges of arson, interference with commerce by force and interstate travel in aid of racketeering in connection to her participation in several fires and acid attacks on abortion clinics.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/abortviolence/stories/shannon.htm| title = WashingtonPost.com: Abortion Violence| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| access-date = 2021-09-23| archive-date = 2016-08-22| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160822190401/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/abortviolence/stories/shannon.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/04/us/guilty-plea-expected-in-fires-at-clinics.html|title = Guilty Plea Expected in Fires at Clinics|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 4 June 1995|access-date = 23 September 2021|archive-date = 8 June 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220608134817/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/04/us/guilty-plea-expected-in-fires-at-clinics.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/woman-gets-20-year-sentence-in-attacks-on-abortion-clinics.html|title = Woman Gets 20-Year Sentence in Attacks on Abortion Clinics|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 9 September 1995|access-date = 23 September 2021|archive-date = 22 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210422223839/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/us/woman-gets-20-year-sentence-in-attacks-on-abortion-clinics.html|url-status = live}}</ref> She was released in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/7/rachelle-shelley-shannon-activist-who-shot-abortio/|title=Rachelle 'Shelley' Shannon, activist who shot abortion doctor George Tiller, released from prison|website=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=2021-09-23|archive-date=2022-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008074531/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/7/rachelle-shelley-shannon-activist-who-shot-abortio/|url-status=live}}</ref> George Tiller was later assassinated in 2009 by Scott Roeder during a Sunday church service. Roeder admired Shannon greatly and had visited her many times while she was in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article221194600.html|title=Abortion clinics on edge after woman who shot Kansas doctor is released from prison|last=By|website=kansascity|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425162209/https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article221194600.html|archive-date=2019-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, law enforcement officials found the ''Army of God Manual'', a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard.<ref name="baird" /> [[Paul Jennings Hill]] was found guilty of the murder of both [[John Britton (doctor)|John Britton]] and clinic escort James Barrett.  The AOG claimed responsibility for [[Eric Robert Rudolph]]'s 1997 [[nail bomb]]ing of abortion clinics in [[Atlanta]] and [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] as well as an Atlanta lesbian bar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9802/02/clinic.bombing.530pm/index.html?_s=PM:US |title=Army of God letters claim responsibility for clinic bombing |date=February 2, 1998 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204113904/http://www.cnn.com/US/9802/02/clinic.bombing.530pm/index.html?_s=PM:US |archive-date=2015-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The group is also responsible for sending a death threat via letter to former Supreme Court Justice [[Harry Blackmun]], who wrote the majority opinion for ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/violence/anti-abortion-extremists/|title=Anti-Abortion Extremists|last=prochoice|website=National Abortion Federation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425145546/https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/violence/anti-abortion-extremists/|archive-date=2019-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Clayton Waagner]], claiming to act on the part of the "Virginia Dare Chapter" of the AOG, mailed over 500 letters containing white powder to 280 abortion providers in 2001. The letters claimed that the powder was [[anthrax]]. Though it was not identified as such, the tactic took advantage of the public's fear of [[biological warfare]] after the recent [[2001 anthrax attacks|real anthrax attacks]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1642930.stm | title=Analysis: Anthrax threat from within | work=BBC News | date=November 7, 2001 | access-date=August 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023050334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1642930.stm | archive-date=2014-10-23 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-317573.html | title={{-'}}Army Of God' Anthrax Threats | work=CBS News | date=November 9, 2001 | access-date=August 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031223409/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-317573.html | archive-date=2013-10-31 | url-status=live }}</ref> Waagner is a known criminal who utilized a number of aliases to elude police throughout his criminal history. The mailing of the letters suspected to have been filled with anthrax was done after he escaped from Dewitt County Jail in Clinton, Illinois where he was being held prior to sentencing for previously committed crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-announces-new-information-regarding-top-ten-fugitive-clayton-lee-waagner|title=The FBI Announces New Information Regarding Top Ten Fugitive Clayton Lee Waagner|website=FBI|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529104222/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-announces-new-information-regarding-top-ten-fugitive-clayton-lee-waagner/|archive-date=2016-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Clayton Waagner]], claiming to act on the part of the "Virginia Dare Chapter" of the AOG, mailed over 500 letters containing white powder to 280 abortion providers in 2001. The letters claimed that the powder was [[anthrax]]. Though it was not identified as such, the tactic took advantage of the public's fear of [[biological warfare]] after the recent [[2001 anthrax attacks|real anthrax attacks]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1642930.stm | title=Analysis: Anthrax threat from within | work=BBC News | date=November 7, 2001 | access-date=August 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023050334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1642930.stm | archive-date=2014-10-23 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-317573.html | title={{-'}}Army Of God' Anthrax Threats | work=CBS News | date=November 9, 2001 | access-date=August 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031223409/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-317573.html | archive-date=2013-10-31 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Waagner is a known criminal who utilized a number of aliases to elude police throughout his criminal history. The mailing of the letters suspected to have been filled with anthrax was done after he escaped from Dewitt County Jail in Clinton, Illinois where he was being held prior to sentencing for previously committed crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-announces-new-information-regarding-top-ten-fugitive-clayton-lee-waagner|title=The FBI Announces New Information Regarding Top Ten Fugitive Clayton Lee Waagner|website=FBI|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529104222/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/the-fbi-announces-new-information-regarding-top-ten-fugitive-clayton-lee-waagner/|archive-date=2016-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The group is also associated with a number of other abortion clinic bombings, arsons and murders of abortion providers.<ref name="Armed"/>{{rp|25–26,38}} Some of those responsible claimed association with the AOG; in other cases, while the killers expressed no affiliation with the group, the AOG has endorsed their acts and taken up their cause, stating that any action which prevents abortion is justified.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE SECOND DEFENSIVE ACTION STATEMENT|url=http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html|publisher=Army of God|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053605/http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Hill was head of a precursor organization called Defensive Action, which issued signed statements to members of Congress in the early 1990s expressing similar sentiments about "killing the killers".
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 == Army of God Manual ==
-The Army of God Manual is an anonymous document which was written by anti-abortionist members of the AOG and it is widely endorsed by them. According to the AOG website, the manual "is not to be construed as sanctioning any group or individual to perform any action.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyofgod.com/AOGhistory.html|title=History of the AOG manual |website=www.armyofgod.com|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425155122/https://www.armyofgod.com/AOGhistory.html|archive-date=2019-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The Army of God Manual is an anonymous document which was written by anti-abortionist members of the AOG and it is widely endorsed by them. According to the AOG website, the manual "is not to be construed as sanctioning any group or individual to perform any action."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyofgod.com/AOGhistory.html|title=History of the AOG manual |website=www.armyofgod.com|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425155122/https://www.armyofgod.com/AOGhistory.html|archive-date=2019-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The book, which consists of eight chapters and various appendices, delves into various pillars of their [[ideology]] and it is essentially a road map on how to commit violence against abortion clinics, abortion providers, and individuals who are associated with abortion. Parts of the book, specifically the appendices of chapters four, five and six, are not available for public consumption on the group's website due to federal laws. It is now in its third edition and the group refers to it as a historical document.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1052368/FULLTEXT01.pdf|title=The Army of God|last=Wirén|first=Sacharias|publisher=Uppsala Universitet|date=2016|access-date=2022-01-04|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516065458/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1052368/FULLTEXT01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The manual is available in its near entirety on the AOG's website which was formerly run by Donald Spitz. Spitz has no history of criminal activity, but he has historically used the website to publish short bios of high profile group members, publish anti-abortion propaganda, post photos of what are claimed to be bloody unborn fetuses that were aborted and he uses the website as a means to justify the actions of the group and incite others to support the Army of God and agree with what it stands for.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2679/2352 |title=View of Anti-abortion extremism online |journal=First Monday |date=25 October 2009 |doi=10.5210/fm.v14i11.2679 |accessdate=2021-01-04 |last1=Bowman-Grieve |first1=Lorraine |doi-access=free |archive-date=2022-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128041607/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2679/2352 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The manual is available in its near entirety on the AOG's website which was formerly run by Donald Spitz. Spitz has no history of criminal activity, but he has historically used the website to publish short bios of high profile group members, publish anti-abortion propaganda, post photos of what are claimed to be bloody fetuses that were aborted and he uses the website as a means to justify the actions of the group and incite others to support the Army of God and agree with what it stands for.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2679/2352 |title=View of Anti-abortion extremism online |journal=First Monday |date=25 October 2009 |doi=10.5210/fm.v14i11.2679 |accessdate=2021-01-04 |last1=Bowman-Grieve |first1=Lorraine |doi-access=free |archive-date=2022-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128041607/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2679/2352 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Documentary==
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 *[[Donald Spitz]]
 *[[Clayton Waagner]]
-*[[Aidan Halligan]]
 *[[Fritz Springmeier]]<ref name=redden2009>{{cite news|author=Jim Redden |title=FBI probes alleged threat to officer |newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=October 30, 2009 |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=2757 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127025456/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=2757 |archive-date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2011-06-02 }} [https://thetribonline.net/news/print_story.php?story_id=2757 Alt URL]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed that an associate of this group, Stephen John Jordi, was imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]].<ref name=npr2/>
 ==See also==
-* [[Abortion in the United States]]
+* [[Anti-abortion violence in the United States]]
-* [[Anti-abortion movements]]
-** [[Anti-abortion violence]]
-*** [[Anti-abortion violence in the United States]]
 * [[Christianity and abortion]]
-** [[The Bible and violence]]
-*** [[Christianity and violence]]
-**** [[Christian terrorism]]
-**** [[History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance]]
-* [[Clandestine cell system]]
 * [[Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act]]
 * [[Jane's Revenge]]
 * [[Leaderless resistance]]
-* [[Matthew Trewhella]]
+* [[Missionaries to the Preborn]]
-* [[Nuremberg Files]]
-* [[Religion and abortion]]
-* [[Religious violence]]
-** [[Religious terrorism]]
 * [[Right-wing terrorism]]
-* [[Terrorism in the United States]]
+* [[Domestic terrorism in the United States]]
-** [[Domestic terrorism in the United States]]
 * ''[[Unborn in the USA]]''