Western white pine: Difference between revisions
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| status = NT |
| status = NT |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{ |
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus monticola'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42383A2976604 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42383A2976604.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| status2 = {{TNCStatus}} |
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| status2_system = TNC |
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| status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web |last1=NatureServe |title=''Pinus monticola'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136952/Pinus_monticola |access-date=1 September 2024 |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=2024}}</ref> |
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| display_parents = 3 |
| display_parents = 3 |
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| genus = Pinus |
| genus = Pinus |
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| species = monticola |
| species = monticola |
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| authority = [[David Douglas (botanist)|Douglas]] ex [[D. Don]] |
| authority = [[David Douglas (botanist)|Douglas]] ex [[D. Don]] |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=197032-2 |title=''Pinus monticola'' Douglas ex D.Don |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list |
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| Pinus grozelieri | Carrière (1869) |
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| Pinus monticola var. digitata | Lemmon (1895) |
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| Pinus monticola var. minima | Lemmon (1888) |
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| Pinus monticola f. porphyrocarpa | (A.Murray bis) P.Landry (1976) |
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| Pinus monticola var. porphyrocarpa | (A.Murray bis) Mast. (1892) |
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| Pinus porphyrocarpa | A.Murray (1866) |
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| Pinus strobus var. monticola | (Douglas ex D.Don) Nutt. (1849) |
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| Pinus strobus subsp. monticola | (Douglas ex D.Don) A.E.Murray (1982) |
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| Strobus monticola | (Douglas ex D.Don) Rydb. (1917) |
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}} |
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}} |
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| range_map = Pinus monticola range map 1.png |
| range_map = Pinus monticola range map 1.png |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Western white pine''' (''Pinus monticola'') also called '''silver pine''' |
'''Western white pine''' ('''''Pinus monticola'''''), also called '''silver pine'''<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 2017-12-15}}</ref> and '''California mountain pine''',<ref name=GRIN/> is a species of [[pine]] in the family [[Pinaceae]]. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern [[North America]] and is the [[List of U.S. state trees|state tree]] of [[Idaho]]. |
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== Description == |
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| ⚫ | Western white pine is a large tree, regularly growing to {{convert|30|–|50|m|ft}} tall. It is a member of the [[Pinus classification|white pine]] group, ''[[Pinus]]'' subgenus ''[[Strobus]]'', and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicles]] (bundles) of five,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141235469 |title=Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |publisher=[[Mountaineers Books]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-68051-329-5 |edition=field guide |location=Seattle |pages=25–30 |language=en |oclc=1141235469 |orig-date=1977}}</ref> with a deciduous sheath. The needles are finely serrated,<ref name=":0" /> and {{convert|5|–|13|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long. The cones, appearing even on young trees, are long and slender,<ref name=":0" /> {{convert|12|–|32|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|–|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad (closed), opening to {{convert|5|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} broad; the scales are thin and flexible. The seeds are small, {{convert|4|–|7|mm|frac=16|abbr=on}} long, and have a long slender wing {{convert|15|–|22|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} long. |
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The branches are borne in regular [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]],<ref name=":0" /> produced at the rate of one a year; this is pronounced in narrow, stand-grown trees, while open specimens may have a more rounded form with wide-reaching limbs. When mature, the tree has bark that appears to be cut into small, checkered units.<ref name=":0" /> |
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{{gallery|mode=packed |
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=== Similar species === |
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== Distribution == |
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The species occurs in humid areas of the mountains of the [[Western United States]] and [[Western Canada]]<ref name=":0" /> such as the [[Sierra Nevada]], the [[Cascade Range]], the [[Pacific Coast Ranges|Coast Range]], and the northern [[Rocky Mountains]]. It can be found in elevations of {{Convert|600 to 1800|m|sp=us}} above sea level in eastern Washington and Oregon's [[Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)|Blue Mountains]]<ref name=":0" /> and {{Convert|1800 to 3100|m}} on the western face of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the headwaters of the [[Kern River]].<ref name="Moore2008">{{cite book |author1=Moore, Gerry |author2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author5-link=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |year=2008 |page=78 |isbn=978-1402738753}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The tree often occurs in forests with [[fir]] and [[Tsuga|hemlock]] species, especially those which are [[Shade tolerance|tolerant of shade]].<ref name=":0" /> It benefits from disturbances that clear away competing species, including low fires that do not destroy all of its cone-protected seeds.<ref name=":0" /> It is also well adapted to poor, rocky soils.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Ecology == |
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| ⚫ | Western white pine |
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Once abundant in northern Idaho, Western white pine's population was drastically affected from the late 19th century to the late 20th century by logging, wildfires, [[white pine blister rust]], and a [[bark beetle]] epidemic.<ref name=":0" /> Since 1970, millions of Western white pine seedlings have been planted to make up for the losses.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | The white pine blister rust (''Cronartium ribicola'') is a fungus that was accidentally introduced from [[Europe]] in 1909. The [[United States Forest Service]] estimates that 90% of the Western white pines have been killed by the blister rust west of the Cascades. Large stands have been succeeded by other pines or non-pine species. The rust has also killed much of the [[whitebark pine]] outside of [[California]]. Blister rust is less severe in California, and Western white and whitebark pines have survived there in great numbers. |
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| ⚫ | It is related to the |
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| ⚫ | Resistance to the blister rust is genetic; due to Western white pine's genetic variability, some individuals are relatively unaffected. The Forest Service has a program for locating and breeding rust-resistant Western white pine and [[sugar pine]]. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild. |
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==Threats== |
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== Uses == |
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| ⚫ | Resistance to the blister rust is genetic |
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The gum was reportedly chewed by Native Americans to treat coughs. The [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] was used to fasten arrowheads and coat fishing and whaling instruments.<ref name=":0" /> European colonists used both Western and [[Eastern white pine]] as softwood lumber.<ref name=":0" /> Both species are considered excellent for molding and carving.<ref name=":0" /> First the Eastern and then the Western species were used in the building of [[transcontinental railroad]]s in the late 19th century.<ref name=":0" /> In the early 20th century, white pine was used to build houses and make matches.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Western white pine is widely grown as an [[ornamental tree]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinus monticola (western white pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database |url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_monticola.php |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.conifers.org}}</ref> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/dorena/ US Forest Service Dorena Tree Improvement Center]{{dead link|date=November 2020}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons and category|Pinus monticola}} |
{{commons and category|Pinus monticola}} |
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* {{PFAF|Pinus monticola}} |
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* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?195,210,227 Jepson Manual treatment – ''Pinus monticola''] |
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?195,210,227 Jepson Manual treatment – ''Pinus monticola''] |
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* {{CalPhotos|Pinus|monticola}} |
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* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Pinus+monticola ''Pinus monticola'' – U.C. Photos Gallery] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q261309}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q261309}} |
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[[Category:Pinus]] |
[[Category:Pinus]] |
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[[Category:Pinus taxa by common names]] |
[[Category:Pinus taxa by common names]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Flora of Alberta]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Flora of British Columbia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Flora of California]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Flora of Idaho]] |
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[[Category:Flora of |
[[Category:Flora of Montana]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Nevada]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Oregon]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Washington (state)]] |
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[[Category:Trees of Northern America]] |
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[[Category:Symbols of Idaho]] |
[[Category:Symbols of Idaho]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:03, 1 September 2024
| Western white pine Pinus monticola | |
|---|---|
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| Western white pine (center) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | P. subg. Strobus |
| Section: | P. sect. Quinquefoliae |
| Subsection: | P. subsect. Strobus |
| Species: | P. monticola
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| Binomial name | |
| Pinus monticola | |
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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List
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Western white pine (Pinus monticola), also called silver pine[4] and California mountain pine,[4] is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.
Description
[edit]Western white pine is a large tree, regularly growing to 30–50 metres (98–164 ft) tall. It is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five,[5] with a deciduous sheath. The needles are finely serrated,[5] and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The cones, appearing even on young trees, are long and slender,[5] 12–32 cm (4+3⁄4–12+1⁄2 in) long and 3–4 cm (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) broad (closed), opening to 5–8 cm (2–3+1⁄4 in) broad; the scales are thin and flexible. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, and have a long slender wing 15–22 mm (9⁄16–7⁄8 in) long.
The branches are borne in regular whorls,[5] produced at the rate of one a year; this is pronounced in narrow, stand-grown trees, while open specimens may have a more rounded form with wide-reaching limbs. When mature, the tree has bark that appears to be cut into small, checkered units.[5]
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Foliage and cones -
Large P. monticola -
A Western white pine in St. Joe National Forest (died in 1998 and cut down in 1999)
Similar species
[edit]It is related to the Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus),[5] differing from it in having larger cones, slightly longer-lasting leaves (2–3 years, rather than 1.5–2 years) with more prominent stomatal bands, and a somewhat denser and narrower habit.
Distribution
[edit]The species occurs in humid areas of the mountains of the Western United States and Western Canada[5] such as the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Coast Range, and the northern Rocky Mountains. It can be found in elevations of 600 to 1,800 meters (2,000 to 5,900 ft) above sea level in eastern Washington and Oregon's Blue Mountains[5] and 1,800 to 3,100 metres (5,900 to 10,200 ft) on the western face of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the headwaters of the Kern River.[6][5] The tree often occurs in forests with fir and hemlock species, especially those which are tolerant of shade.[5] It benefits from disturbances that clear away competing species, including low fires that do not destroy all of its cone-protected seeds.[5] It is also well adapted to poor, rocky soils.[5]
Ecology
[edit]Once abundant in northern Idaho, Western white pine's population was drastically affected from the late 19th century to the late 20th century by logging, wildfires, white pine blister rust, and a bark beetle epidemic.[5] Since 1970, millions of Western white pine seedlings have been planted to make up for the losses.[5]
The white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) is a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. The United States Forest Service estimates that 90% of the Western white pines have been killed by the blister rust west of the Cascades. Large stands have been succeeded by other pines or non-pine species. The rust has also killed much of the whitebark pine outside of California. Blister rust is less severe in California, and Western white and whitebark pines have survived there in great numbers.
Resistance to the blister rust is genetic; due to Western white pine's genetic variability, some individuals are relatively unaffected. The Forest Service has a program for locating and breeding rust-resistant Western white pine and sugar pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild.
Uses
[edit]The gum was reportedly chewed by Native Americans to treat coughs. The pitch was used to fasten arrowheads and coat fishing and whaling instruments.[5] European colonists used both Western and Eastern white pine as softwood lumber.[5] Both species are considered excellent for molding and carving.[5] First the Eastern and then the Western species were used in the building of transcontinental railroads in the late 19th century.[5] In the early 20th century, white pine was used to build houses and make matches.[5]
Western white pine is widely grown as an ornamental tree.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42383A2976604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42383A2976604.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Pinus monticola". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Pinus monticola Douglas ex D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Pinus monticola". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 25–30. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
- ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 78. ISBN 978-1402738753.
- ^ "Pinus monticola (western white pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
Further reading
[edit]- Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). "Pinus monticola (Silver-pine, Mountain-pine, Little sugar-pine, Western white-pine)". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 40–42. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.
External links
[edit]