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{{Short description|Cultural centre in Mexico City}}
[[Image:Palacio_de_bellas_artes_1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Palacio de Bellas Artes]]
{{Infobox building
| name = Palace of Fine Arts
| native_name = Palacio de Bellas Artes
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = File:Bellas Artes 01.jpg
| caption = Front view of the Palacio de Bellas Artes
| pitype =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Art Nouveau]] / [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] (exterior) <br> [[Art Deco]] (interior)
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| location = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
| address =
| client =
| owner =
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|26|8.3|N|99|8|28.6|W|display=inline,title}}
| start_date = 1 Oct 1904
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 1934
| renovation_date =
| demolition_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| seating_capacity = 1,590
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Adamo Boari]], Federico Mariscal, [[Géza Maróti]], [[Agustí Querol Subirats]], [[Edgar Brandt]] among others<ref>{{cite web|url=http://art.nouveau.world/palacio-de-bellas-artes|title=Palacio de Bellas Artes|website=The Art Nouveau World}}</ref>
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| ren_architect =
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}}
The '''Palacio de Bellas Artes''' (Palace of [[Fine Arts]]) is a prominent cultural center in [[Mexico City]]. This hosts performing arts events, literature events and plastic arts galleries and exhibitions (including important permanent [[Mexican muralism|Mexican murals]]). "Bellas Artes" for short, has been called the "art cathedral of Mexico", and is located on the western side of the [[historic center of Mexico City]] which is close to the [[Alameda Central]] park.


Bellas Artes replaced the original [[Gran Teatro Nacional (Mexico)|National Theater]], built in the late 19th century. The latter was demolished as part of urban redesign in Mexico City, and a more opulent building was planned to celebrate the centennial of the [[Mexican War of Independence]] in 1910. The initial design and construction was undertaken by Italian architect [[Adamo Boari]] in 1904, but complications arising from the soft subsoil and the political problem both before and during the [[Mexican Revolution]], hindered then stopped construction completely by 1913. Construction resumed in 1932 under Mexican architect {{Ill|Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña|lt=Federico Mariscal|es|Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña}} and was completed in 1934. It was then inaugurated on November 29, 1934.
The '''''Palacio de Bellas Artes''''' ("'''Palace of Fine Arts'''") is the premier [[opera house]] of [[Mexico City]]. It was designed by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[architect]] Adamo Boari in 1901 but construction was not completed until 1934, in a spectacular [[art deco]] interiors, and for the majestic [[Art Nouveau]] exterior. The weight of the building is so massive that it has been sinking a few centimeters yearly since the completion of its construction.


The exterior of the building is primarily [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and the interior is primarily [[Art Deco]]. The building is best known for its [[mural]]s by [[Jorge González Camarena|González Camarena]], [[Diego Rivera]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros|Siqueiros]] and others, as well as the many exhibitions and theatrical performances it hosts, including the [[Ballet Folklórico de México]].<ref name="evisitantes">{{cite web |url= http://www.e-visitantes.gob.mx/wb2/eMex/eMex_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_ |title= Palacio de Bellas Artes |date=2005-02-07 |publisher=Secretary of Tourism of Mexico |location=Mexico City |language=es |access-date=2010-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408050949/http://www.e-visitantes.gob.mx/wb2/eMex/eMex_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_ |archive-date=2010-04-08}}</ref>
The construction site was chosen by President [[Porfirio Díaz]] because it was located in downtown (by then, Mexico City's financial and hosting district), on an elegant park promenade, and face to face with the tallest buildings in the city from the early 1920´s to the late 1930´s.
The building is famous for both its extravagant Art Nouveau exterior in imported Italian white [[marble]] as well as its murals by [[Diego Rivera]], [[Rufino Tamayo]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[José Clemente Orozco]].


==History==
Rivera's "Man in Control of the Universe" (or "Man at the Crossroads") mural was originally painted for the [[Rockefeller Center]] in [[New York City]] but [[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.|Rockefeller]]
[[File:Palacio de Bellas Artes - Fassade Lünette.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''La armonía'' (Harmony), 1910, [[Leonardo Bistolfi]]]]
<!-- is that the right Rockefeller? -->
ordered it destroyed for being too radical. Rivera repainted it here in 1934.


The oldest known structure on the site was the Convent of Santa Isabel, whose church was built in 1680. However, significant [[Mexica]] finds, such as a sacrificial altar in the shape of a [[Quetzalcoatl|plumed snake]] have been found here. The convent area suffered frequent drought during the early canal period and development here grew quickly.
The theater is used for [[european classical music|classical music]], [[opera]] and [[dance]], notably the ''[[Ballet Folklórico]]''. [[Maria Callas]] sang in several productions at the Palacio early in her career, and recordings exist of several of her performances here.


In spite of this, the convent remained until it was forcibly closed in the 1860s by the [[Reform War|Reform Laws]]. It was replaced by a textile mill and lower-class housing.<ref name="evisitantes"/>
The Palacio has two museums: the Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes and the Museo de la Arquitectura. [[Metro Bellas Artes]] is located alongside.


A section of this housing, on Santa Isabel Alley, was torn down and replaced by the National Theater in the latter 19th century. During the late 19th century and very early 20th, this theatre was the site of most of Mexico City's high culture, presenting events such as theatre, [[operetta]]s, Viennese dance and more.
== History ==
During the late [[19th century]] and going into the first years of the [[20th century]], during [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s 30-year rule of Mexico, there was a marked tendency to imitate European art, styles and customs. Following this tendency, a plan for a new Teatro Nacional (National Theater) was laid out and construction of a new building began on [[October 1]], [[1904]]. The plans were drawn up by Italian architect [[Adamo Boari]], using state-of-the-art technology as was common in European theaters.


It was then decided to replace this building with a more opulent one for the upcoming Centennial of Mexican Independence celebrations in 1910. The old theatre was demolished in 1901, and the new theatre would be called the Gran Teatro de Ópera. The work was awarded to Italian architect Adamo Boari, who favored [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and art nouveau styles and who is responsible for the [[Palacio de Correos de Mexico|Palacio del Correo]] which is across the street.<ref name="evisitantes"/><ref name="lonely">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mexico/mexico-city/sights/376019 |title=Palacio de Bellas Artes |publisher=Lonely Planet Guides |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313200055/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mexico/mexico-city/sights/376019 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 }}</ref> Adamo Boari promised in October 1904 to build a grand metallic structure, which at that time only existed in the United States, but not to this size. The first stone of the building was placed by [[Porfirio Díaz]] in 1904.<ref name="televisa">{{cite news |title=Cumple 75 años el Palacio de Bellas Artes |url=http://www.wallpapersn.us/2017/10/palace-of-fine-arts-cultural-centre-mexico-city-mexico.html |agency=Notimex |newspaper=Noticias Televisa |location=Mexico City |date=September 30, 2008 |access-date=2010-02-18 |language=es |trans-title=Palacio de Bella Artes’ 75th birthday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153715/http://www.wallpapersn.us/2017/10/palace-of-fine-arts-cultural-centre-mexico-city-mexico.html |archive-date=October 24, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite the 1910 deadline, by 1913, the building was hardly begun with only a basic shell. One reason for this is that the project became more complicated than anticipated as the heavy building sank into the soft spongy subsoil. The other reason was the political and economic instability that would lead to the Mexican Revolution. Full hostilities suspended construction of the palace completely and Adamo Boari returned to Italy.<ref name="evisitantes"/><ref name="lonely"/>
[[Image:Mexico bellas artes palace 1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Another view showing the famous pegasus statues.]]
Construction was originally scheduled to be finished by 1908; however, it was delayed by problems with [[Mexico City|Mexico City's]] soil, notoriously muddy in composition and which led to the gradual subsidence of the building; matters were further complicated by the beginning of the [[Mexican Revolution]] in [[1910]].


[[File:Palacio_de_las_Bellas_Artes_Vitral_del_Techo.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Inner canopy]]
Boari left Mexico in 1916 and construction was virtually stopped until 1932, when works were resumed under Mexican architect [[Federico Mariscal]]; completion took place in 1934. The square with gardens and [[pegasus]] statues, devised by Boari himself, was not completed until 1994.


The project would sit unfinished for about twenty years. In 1932, construction resumed under Mexican architect {{Ill|Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña|lt=Federico Mariscal|es|Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña}}. Mariscal completed the interior but updated it from Boari's plans to the more modern Art Deco style. The building was completely finished in 1934,<ref name="evisitantes"/><ref name="lonely"/> and was inaugurated on 29 November of that year.<ref name="televisa"/> The inaugural work presented in the theatre was "La Verdad Sospechosa" by [[Juan Ruiz de Alarcón]] in 1934.<ref name="trivia">{{cite news |title= Trivia / Historia: El Palacio de Bellas Artes |newspaper=El Norte |location=Monterrey, Mexico |date=2006-09-27 |page=2 |language=es |trans-title=Trivia / History: The Palace of Bellas Artes}}</ref> In 1946, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Institute of the Fine Arts) was created as a government agency to promote the arts and was initially housed at the Museo Nacional de Artes Plásticas, the Museo del Libro and other places. It is now at the Palacio.<ref name="evisitantes"/>
==Locator maps==
*{{coor dms|19|26|03|N|99|08|29|W|}}


In this theatre, [[Maria Callas]] debuted in the opera ''Norma'' in 1950.<ref name="trivia"/>
==External link==

*http://www.cnca.gob.mx/palacio/index.htm
In 2002, the palace was the scene of the funeral of [[María Félix]].<ref name="trivia"/>

Since its initial construction, very little has been updated or modified. However, intensive renovation efforts were begun in 2009 for the upcoming 2010 celebrations.<ref name="televisa"/> Much of the equipment and machinery is original from the early 20th century. Much of the technological equipment is being updated, especially in the theatre which needs computerized lights, sound systems and other improvements. Other work will improve the acoustics.<ref name="avanza">{{cite news |title= Avanza remodelación del Palacio de Bellas Artes |url= http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/df/115778/inicia-remodelacion-del-palacio-bellas-artes |newspaper=Noticias Televisa |location=Mexico City |date=2009-11-18 |access-date=2010-02-18 |language=es |trans-title=Remodeling of the Palacio de Bellas Artes advances }}</ref> Upgrades to the theatre will allow for multimedia shows which were not available before.<ref name="lsanchez">{{cite news |title=Cirugía mayor al Palacio de Bellas Artes |first=Luis Carlos |last=Sánchez |url=http://www.wallpapersn.us/2017/10/palace-of-fine-arts-cultural-centre-mexico-city-mexico.html |newspaper=Excelsior |location=Mexico City |date=2009-08-17 |access-date=2010-02-18 |language=es |trans-title=Major surgery for the Palacio de Bellas Artes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024153715/http://www.wallpapersn.us/2017/10/palace-of-fine-arts-cultural-centre-mexico-city-mexico.html |archive-date=2017-10-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main hall has had no renovation or upgrade work since it opened in 1934.<ref name="avanza"/> Renovations here will lessen the number of people the hall can accommodate but should make the area more comfortable.<ref name="lsanchez"/>

==The building==
[[File:MayaArtDecoBADF.JPG|thumb|200px|Art Deco depiction of [[Chaac]] on a light panel]]

The palace has a mixture of a number of architectural styles; however, it is principally [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Art Deco]].<ref name="evisitantes"/> Art Nouveau dominates the exterior, which was done by Adamo Boari, and the inside is dominated by Art Deco, which was completed by Federico Mariscal. Since construction began in 1904, the theater (which opened in 1934) has sunk some four meters into the soft soil of Mexico City.<ref name="mfrommers">{{cite web |url= http://www.frommers.com/destinations/mexicocity/A24287.html |title= Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes |publisher=Frommers Guides |access-date=February 18, 2010 }}</ref> The main facade, which faces Avenida Juárez, is made of white Italian [[Carrara marble]]. In the interior of the portal are sculptures by Italian [[Leonardo Bistolfi]]. It consists of "Harmony", surrounded by "Pain", "Rage", "Happiness", "Peace" and "Love". Another portion of the facade contains cherubs and sculptures representing music and inspiration.<ref name="evisitantes"/> On the plaza front of the building, designed by Boari, there are four [[Pegasus]] sculptures which were made by Spanish [[Agustí Querol Subirats]]. These had been in the Zocalo before being brought here.<ref name="evisitantes"/> The roof covering the center of the building is made of crystal designed by Hungarian [[Géza Maróti]] and depicts the [[muses]] with [[Apollo]].<ref name="televisa"/> One aspect of the Palace which has since disappeared is the "Pergola", which was located in the Alameda. It was constructed to house pictorial exhibitions for the 1910 celebrations, but it was demolished in 1973.<ref name="evisitantes"/>

[[File:Palacio de Bellas Artes, México D.F., México, 2013-10-13, DD 40.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Interior view of the dome, [[Géza Maróti]]]]

The interior is also surfaced in [[Carrara marble]].<ref name="televisa"/> It divides into three sections: the main hall with adjoining smaller exhibition halls, the theatre and the offices of the Insituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. The main hall is covered by the Marotti glass and iron roof. It and the balconies of all three upper floors can be seen from the ground floor below.<ref name="evisitantes"/> In areas of the main hall, pre-Hispanic motifs done in Art Deco style, such as serpents’ heads on window arches and [[Maya civilization|Maya]] [[Chaac]] masks on the vertical light panels distinguish this interior from its contemporaries.<ref name="lonely"/> The smaller exhibition halls are located on the first and second floors. The first floor is decorated with crystal lamps, created by Edgar Brandt and hold murals by [[Rufino Tamayo]]. The Adamo Boari and Manuel M. Ponce halls hold music and literature events. And the National and International halls are for exhibitions. The second floor has smaller exhibition halls as well as murals by [[José Clemente Orozco]], David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, [[Jorge González Camarena]], [[Roberto Montenegro]] and [[Manuel Rodríguez Lozano]]. The third floor is occupied by the Museum of Architecture. The ironwork was designed in Italy by Alessandro Mazzucotelli and in Mexico by Luis Romero Soto.<ref name="evisitantes"/>

At the entrance of the theatre, there are [[Mascaron (architecture)|mascaron]]s in bronze with depictions of [[Tlaloc]], and Chaac, the Aztec and Maya deities of water, which along with the rest were designed by Gianette Fiorenzo. On the arch over the stage there are representations of various mythological personas such as the Muses with Apollo. This was constructed in Hungary in the workshops of [[Géza Maróti]].<ref name="evisitantes"/> However, the most impacting aspect is the stage "curtain" which is a stained glass foldable panel created out of nearly a million pieces of iridescent colored glass by [[Tiffany glass|Tiffany's]] in New York.<ref name="mfrommers"/> This stage curtain is the only one of its type in any opera house in the world and weighs 24 tons.<ref name="televisa"/> The design of the curtain has the volcanos [[Popocatépetl]] and [[Iztaccíhuatl]] in the center. Around them is a Mexican landscape surrounded by images of sculptures from [[Yautepec District|Yautepec]] and [[Oaxaca]]. This design was inspired by work done by artist [[Dr. Atl|Gerardo Murillo (Dr. Atl)]].<ref name="evisitantes"/><ref name="mfrommers"/> The theatre has a capacity of 1,590.<ref name=sicmexico>{{cite web |title=Teatro del Palacio de Bellas Artes |url=https://sic.cultura.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=teatro&table_id=396 |website=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Government of Mexico |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Sala principal del Palacio de las Bellas Artes 02.jpg|thumb|Interior of the main concert hall.]]

The Palace has been the scene of some of the most notable events in music, dance, theatre, opera and literature and has hosted important exhibitions of painting, sculpture and photography.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} It has hosted some of the biggest names from both Mexico and abroad. It has hosted poetry events as well as those related to popular culture.<ref name="vfox">{{cite web |url=http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/actividades/?contenido=15346 |title=El Palacio de Bellas Artes ha sido y seguirá siendo la Catedral del Arte en México |first=Vicente |last=Fox |publisher=Office of the President (Mexico) |language=es |date=2005-09-29 |access-date=2010-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308005712/http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/actividades?contenido=15346 |archive-date=2016-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Artists and companies are from all parts of Mexico and abroad.<ref name="frommers">{{cite web |url= http://www.frommers.com/destinations/mexicocity/N24750.html |title=Palacio de Bellas Artes |publisher=Frommers Guides |access-date=February 18, 2010 }}</ref> It has been called the "Cathedral of [[Mexican art|Art in Mexico]]".<ref name="vfox" /> It was declared an artistic monument in 1987 by [[UNESCO]]. The building is administered by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes of the federal government.<ref name="televisa" /> The palace receive on average 10,000 visitors each week.<ref name="ogarcia">{{cite news |title= Dan una 'manita' a Bellas Artes |first=Omar |last=Garcia |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=2003-12-19 |language=es |trans-title=Giving a small hand to Bellas Artes}}</ref>

Two of the best-known groups which regularly perform here are the Ballet Folklórico de México Compania Nacional de Opera de Bellas Artes and the National Symphonic Orchestra.<ref name="dlhaw">{{cite news |title= Escenifican 'Carmen' ante un mayor publico |first =Dora Luz |last=Haw |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=2003-08-19 |page=4 |language=es |trans-title=Staging Carmen in front of a major audience}}</ref> The first performs in the theatre twice a week and is a spectacle of pre and post Hispanic dance of Mexico. A typical program includes Aztec ritual dances, agricultural dances from [[Jalisco]], a fiesta in [[Veracruz]], a wedding celebration — all accompanies by [[mariachi]]s, [[marimba]] players and singers.<ref name="lonely"/><ref name="televisa"/> Regular annual events include the Premio Quorum for Mexican designers in graphic and industrial materials<ref name="arivas">{{cite news |title= Enterese |first =Angel |last=Rivas |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=2002-05-06 |page=4 |language=es |trans-title=Get involved }}</ref> and the [[Ariel Award|Premios Ariel]] for Mexican films.<ref name="pelicula">{{cite news |title= Tienen fiesta de pelicula |newspaper=El Norte |location=Monterrey, Mexico |date=2004-04-01 |page=1 |language=es |trans-title=Films have a party }}</ref>

Numerous individual events have been held here. These include several exhibitions of [[Frida Kahlo]]'s work,<ref name="financieras">{{cite news |title= Inauguran exposicion de Frida Kahlo en Bellas Artes; |newspaper=Noticias Financieras |location=Miami |date=2004-08-05 |page=1|language=es |trans-title=Frida Kahlo exposition inaugurates at Bellas Artes }}</ref><ref name="frida">{{cite news |title= Beyond the Myth, Art Endures |first=Elisabeth |last=Malkin |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/07/arts/design/07frid.html|newspaper=New York Times |location=New York |date=2007-07-07 |access-date=2010-02-18 }}</ref> and a number of appearances by [[Luciano Pavarotti]].<ref name="lsanchez2">{{cite news |title= Pavarotti y mucha opera sonara en Bellas Artes |first =Leticia |last=Sanchez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City|date=1996-12-23 |page=4|language=es |trans-title=Pavarotti and much opera will sound off in Bellas Artes }}</ref> In 1987, Bellas Artes hosted a legendary performance of [[Jesusa Rodríguez]]'s ''Donna Giovanni'', an adaptation of Mozart's opera with a female cast.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Performing Mexicanidad: Vendidas Y Cabareteras on the Transnational Stage |first=Laura G. |last=Gutiérrez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7yKXB3_gAUC&pg=PA77 |page=77 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2010|isbn=9780292779198 }}</ref> Other appearances have been made by Mexican baritone Jorge Lagunes (2002)<ref name="acruz">{{cite news |title= Se siente Lagunes solido en su trabajo |first =Antimio |last=Cruz |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City|date=2002-10-07 |page=2 |language=es |trans-title=Lagunes feels solid about his work }}</ref> and Catalan guitarist [[Joan Manuel Serrat]] (2003).<ref name="srlopez">{{cite news |title= Intima Serrat en Bellas Artes |first =Sergio Raul |last=Lopez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City|date=2003-05-09 |page=22|language=es |trans-title=Serrat give intimate performance at Bellas Artes }}</ref> Events that have been held here include "ABCDF Palabras de Ciudad" (2002) showing life in popular housing in photographs and video, "Bordados del Mexico Antiguo" (Embroidery of Old Mexico) showing processes, history and design,<ref name="arivas"/> Rem Koolhaas Premio Pritzker 2000" conference<ref name="koolhaus">{{cite news |title= Dice Koolhaas alto al mercado |first=Erika P. |last=Buzio |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=2007-03-03 |page=8 |language=es }}</ref> and "Exchanging Views: Visions of Latin America" which was an exhibit from the collection of Patricia Phelps de Cisneros comprising 148 works by 72 artists from across Latin America in 2006.<ref name="bwire">{{cite news |title= Avant-Garde Latin American Art Drawn from Coleccion Patricia Phelps de Cisneros on View at Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes |newspaper=Business Wire |location=New York |date=2006-07-26 |page=1 }}</ref>

Occasionally, the plaza in front of the Palace is the scene of protests such as those against the [[Iraq War]] in 2003<ref name="calvarez">{{cite news |title= Construyen con arte un cerco a la guerra |first =Carmen |last=Alvarez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=2003-03-11 |page=4 |language=es |trans-title=Constructing with art a fence against war}}</ref> and against [[bullfighting]] in 2010.<ref name="tauro">{{cite news |title=Protestan frente al Palacio de Bellas Artes contra la tauromaquia |url=http://www.exonline.com.mx/diario/noticia/comunidad/pulsocapitalino/protestan_frente_al_palacio_de_bellas_artes_contra_la_tauromaquia/856801 |newspaper=Excelsior |location=Mexico City |date=2010-02-06 |access-date=2010-02-18 |language=es |trans-title=Protests in front of the Palacio de Bellas Artes against bullfighting |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317201800/http://www.exonline.com.mx/diario/noticia/comunidad/pulsocapitalino/protestan_frente_al_palacio_de_bellas_artes_contra_la_tauromaquia/856801 |archive-date=2010-03-17 }}</ref>

==Murals==
The floors between the ground floor and the uppermost floor are dominated by a number of murals painted by most of the famous names of [[Mexican murals|Mexican muralism]].<ref name="mfrommers"/>

On the 2nd floor are two early-1950s works by Rufino Tamayo: México de Hoy (Mexico Today) and Nacimiento de la Nacionalidad (Birth of Nationality), a symbolic depiction of the creation of the [[mestizo]] (person of mixed indigenous and Spanish ancestry) identity.<ref name="lonely"/>

At the west end of the 3rd floor is Diego Rivera's El hombre controlador del universo (Man, controller of the universe- known as [[Man at the Crossroads]]), originally commissioned for New York's [[Rockefeller Center]] in 1933. The mural depicts a variety of technological and societal themes (such as the discoveries made possible by microscopes and telescopes) and was controversial for its inclusion of [[Lenin]] and a Soviet [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] parade. The [[Rockefeller family|Rockefellers]] were not happy with the painting and the incomplete work was eventually destroyed and painted over. Rivera recreated it here in 1934.<ref name="lonely"/><ref name="mfrommers"/> On the north side of the third floor are David Alfaro Siqueiros' three-part La Nueva Democracia (New Democracy) and Rivera's four-part Carnaval de la Vida Mexicana (Carnival of Mexican Life); to the east is José Clemente Orozco's La Katharsis (Catharsis), depicting the conflict between humankind's 'social' and 'natural' aspects.<ref name="lonely"/><gallery widths="150">
File:Libro Los Viejos Abuelos Foto 68.png|''El hombre controlador del universo'' ([[Man at the Crossroads]]), 1934, [[Diego Rivera|Rivera]]
File:Liberacion o La humanidad se libera de la miseria de Jorge González Camarena.jpg|''Liberación'' (Liberation) or ''La humanidad se libera de la miseria'' (Humanity is released from Misery), 1963, [[Jorge González Camarena]]
File:Panel central del mural Nueva Democracia en el Palacio de Bellas Artes.jpg|''La nueva democracia'' (The New Democracy), 1945, [[David Alfaro Siqueiros|Siqueiros]]
</gallery>

==Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes==
[[File:Bienvenido_a_Bellas_Artes.jpg|thumb|275px|right|View of the interior art deco]]

The Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (''Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts'') is the organization that takes care of the permanent murals and other artwork in the building as well as arrange temporary exhibits. These exhibits cover a wide range of media and feature Mexican and international artists, focusing on classic and contemporary artists.<ref name="museoba1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=21 |title=Presentación |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes |location=Mexico |trans-title=Presentation |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116172603/http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=21 |archive-date=16 January 2010 }}</ref>

===Museo Nacional de Arquitectura===
The Museo Nacional de Arquitectura (''Museum of Architecture'') occupies the top floor of the building, covered by the glass and iron roof. It contains exhibitions from renowned Mexican architects including models, designs and photographs of major works. The museum also arranges temporary exhibitions of its collections in other facilities to expose the Mexican public to the country's rich architectural heritage. Some of the major architects featured at the museum include Jaime Ortiz Monasterio, Carlos Mijares Bracho, Adamo Boari and [[Luis Barragán]].<ref name="architecture1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=210 |title=Presentación |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes |location=Mexico |trans-title=Presentation |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201001548/http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=210 |archive-date=February 1, 2009 }}</ref> The museum is divided into four sections called "Arquitectura-contrastes: Jaime Ortiz Monasterio y Carlos Mijares Bracho", "Corpus Urbanístico de la Ciudad de México", "Teatro Nacional de México (Plano original)" and "Teatro Nacional de México."<ref name="architecture2">{{cite web |url=http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=212 |title=Obras representivas |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Representative Works |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006001624/http://www.bellasartes.gob.mx/INBA/Template12/index.jsp?secc_cve=212 |archive-date=October 6, 2009 }}</ref> There are also temporary exhibits on contemporary architecture.<ref name="lonely"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Exterior views of the Palacio de Bellas Artes">
Atardecer En Bellas Artes Vertical (128312121).jpeg|Sunset in the Palacio de Bellas Artes, aerial view
Palacio de Bellas Artes y Torre Latinoamericana.jpg|Palacio de Bellas Artes and [[Torre Latinoamericana]]
Palacio de Bellas Artes de Noche.jpg|Night view of the Palacio de Bellas Artes
Palacio de Bellas Artes, México D.F., México, 2014-10-13, DD 37.JPG|Night view with warm lighting
Mascara Fachada BA.jpg|One of the [[mascaron (architecture)|mascarons]] made by [[Adamo Boari]] in the facade
Palacio de bellas Artes. Remate.jpg|''The music'', work of [[Leonardo Bistolfi]]
Fer y su conciencia.jpg|''The Virile Age'', [[André-Joseph Allar]]
Palacio de Bellas Artes JC 08.JPG|Art Nouveau eagle sculpture
</gallery>

{{wide image|360° Panorama Plaza Bellas Artes Mexico City.jpg|1680px|360° panoramic view of Plaza de Bellas Artes in the [[Historic center of Mexico City]]. Visible are Teatro Hidalgo, Palacio de Bellas Artes, [[Palacio de Correos de Mexico|Palacio Postal]], [[Banco de México]], [[Torre Latinoamericana]], [[Edificio La Nacional]], Avenida Juárez, Edificio del Tribunal Superior de Justicia del DF, ex Hotel Bamer, Sheraton Hotel and [[Alameda Central]].}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Historical images of the Palacio de Bellas Artes">
File:Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, 1915.jpg|Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1915, under construction<ref>{{cite web|url=https://puntodincontro.mx/articoli2018/italianimessico25022018-2.htm|title=Boari l'architetto della cultura|language=Italian|author=Massimo Barzizza|website=puntodincontro.mx}}</ref>
File:044669 26 070 TEATRO NACIONAL NOVIEMBRE 28 1928 (33762325090).jpg|The building during its construction, 1928.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Paquette |first=Catha |title=At the Crossroads: Diego Rivera and his Patrons at MoMA, Rockefeller Center, and the Palace of Fine Arts |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1477311004 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Palacio de Bellas Artes}}
*[http://www.palacio.bellasartes.gob.mx/ Palacio de Bellas Artes website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427163603/https://palacio.bellasartes.gob.mx/ |date=2019-04-27 }} at palacio.bellasartes.gob.mx/

{{Historic buildings of Mexico City Centro}}
{{Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Opera houses]]
[[Category:Opera houses in Mexico]]
[[Category:Opera houses in Mexico]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Theatres in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City]]
[[Category:Historic center of Mexico City]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Mexico City]]
[[Category:National Monuments of Mexico]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1934]]
[[Category:Music venues completed in 1934]]
[[Category:20th century in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Mexico]]
[[Category:Art Deco architecture in Mexico]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau architecture in Mexico City]]
[[Category:Art Nouveau theatres]]

Latest revision as of 17:49, 1 September 2024

Palace of Fine Arts
Palacio de Bellas Artes
Front view of the Palacio de Bellas Artes
Map
General information
Architectural styleArt Nouveau / Neoclassical (exterior)
Art Deco (interior)
LocationMexico City, Mexico
Coordinates19°26′8.3″N 99°8′28.6″W / 19.435639°N 99.141278°W / 19.435639; -99.141278
Construction started1 Oct 1904
Inaugurated1934
Design and construction
Architect(s)Adamo Boari, Federico Mariscal, Géza Maróti, Agustí Querol Subirats, Edgar Brandt among others[1]
Other information
Seating capacity1,590

The Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts) is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City. This hosts performing arts events, literature events and plastic arts galleries and exhibitions (including important permanent Mexican murals). "Bellas Artes" for short, has been called the "art cathedral of Mexico", and is located on the western side of the historic center of Mexico City which is close to the Alameda Central park.

Bellas Artes replaced the original National Theater, built in the late 19th century. The latter was demolished as part of urban redesign in Mexico City, and a more opulent building was planned to celebrate the centennial of the Mexican War of Independence in 1910. The initial design and construction was undertaken by Italian architect Adamo Boari in 1904, but complications arising from the soft subsoil and the political problem both before and during the Mexican Revolution, hindered then stopped construction completely by 1913. Construction resumed in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal [es] and was completed in 1934. It was then inaugurated on November 29, 1934.

The exterior of the building is primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical and the interior is primarily Art Deco. The building is best known for its murals by González Camarena, Diego Rivera, Siqueiros and others, as well as the many exhibitions and theatrical performances it hosts, including the Ballet Folklórico de México.[2]

History

[edit]
La armonía (Harmony), 1910, Leonardo Bistolfi

The oldest known structure on the site was the Convent of Santa Isabel, whose church was built in 1680. However, significant Mexica finds, such as a sacrificial altar in the shape of a plumed snake have been found here. The convent area suffered frequent drought during the early canal period and development here grew quickly.

In spite of this, the convent remained until it was forcibly closed in the 1860s by the Reform Laws. It was replaced by a textile mill and lower-class housing.[2]

A section of this housing, on Santa Isabel Alley, was torn down and replaced by the National Theater in the latter 19th century. During the late 19th century and very early 20th, this theatre was the site of most of Mexico City's high culture, presenting events such as theatre, operettas, Viennese dance and more.

It was then decided to replace this building with a more opulent one for the upcoming Centennial of Mexican Independence celebrations in 1910. The old theatre was demolished in 1901, and the new theatre would be called the Gran Teatro de Ópera. The work was awarded to Italian architect Adamo Boari, who favored neoclassical and art nouveau styles and who is responsible for the Palacio del Correo which is across the street.[2][3] Adamo Boari promised in October 1904 to build a grand metallic structure, which at that time only existed in the United States, but not to this size. The first stone of the building was placed by Porfirio Díaz in 1904.[4] Despite the 1910 deadline, by 1913, the building was hardly begun with only a basic shell. One reason for this is that the project became more complicated than anticipated as the heavy building sank into the soft spongy subsoil. The other reason was the political and economic instability that would lead to the Mexican Revolution. Full hostilities suspended construction of the palace completely and Adamo Boari returned to Italy.[2][3]

Inner canopy

The project would sit unfinished for about twenty years. In 1932, construction resumed under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal [es]. Mariscal completed the interior but updated it from Boari's plans to the more modern Art Deco style. The building was completely finished in 1934,[2][3] and was inaugurated on 29 November of that year.[4] The inaugural work presented in the theatre was "La Verdad Sospechosa" by Juan Ruiz de Alarcón in 1934.[5] In 1946, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Institute of the Fine Arts) was created as a government agency to promote the arts and was initially housed at the Museo Nacional de Artes Plásticas, the Museo del Libro and other places. It is now at the Palacio.[2]

In this theatre, Maria Callas debuted in the opera Norma in 1950.[5]

In 2002, the palace was the scene of the funeral of María Félix.[5]

Since its initial construction, very little has been updated or modified. However, intensive renovation efforts were begun in 2009 for the upcoming 2010 celebrations.[4] Much of the equipment and machinery is original from the early 20th century. Much of the technological equipment is being updated, especially in the theatre which needs computerized lights, sound systems and other improvements. Other work will improve the acoustics.[6] Upgrades to the theatre will allow for multimedia shows which were not available before.[7] The main hall has had no renovation or upgrade work since it opened in 1934.[6] Renovations here will lessen the number of people the hall can accommodate but should make the area more comfortable.[7]

The building

[edit]
Art Deco depiction of Chaac on a light panel

The palace has a mixture of a number of architectural styles; however, it is principally Art Nouveau and Art Deco.[2] Art Nouveau dominates the exterior, which was done by Adamo Boari, and the inside is dominated by Art Deco, which was completed by Federico Mariscal. Since construction began in 1904, the theater (which opened in 1934) has sunk some four meters into the soft soil of Mexico City.[8] The main facade, which faces Avenida Juárez, is made of white Italian Carrara marble. In the interior of the portal are sculptures by Italian Leonardo Bistolfi. It consists of "Harmony", surrounded by "Pain", "Rage", "Happiness", "Peace" and "Love". Another portion of the facade contains cherubs and sculptures representing music and inspiration.[2] On the plaza front of the building, designed by Boari, there are four Pegasus sculptures which were made by Spanish Agustí Querol Subirats. These had been in the Zocalo before being brought here.[2] The roof covering the center of the building is made of crystal designed by Hungarian Géza Maróti and depicts the muses with Apollo.[4] One aspect of the Palace which has since disappeared is the "Pergola", which was located in the Alameda. It was constructed to house pictorial exhibitions for the 1910 celebrations, but it was demolished in 1973.[2]

Interior view of the dome, Géza Maróti

The interior is also surfaced in Carrara marble.[4] It divides into three sections: the main hall with adjoining smaller exhibition halls, the theatre and the offices of the Insituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. The main hall is covered by the Marotti glass and iron roof. It and the balconies of all three upper floors can be seen from the ground floor below.[2] In areas of the main hall, pre-Hispanic motifs done in Art Deco style, such as serpents’ heads on window arches and Maya Chaac masks on the vertical light panels distinguish this interior from its contemporaries.[3] The smaller exhibition halls are located on the first and second floors. The first floor is decorated with crystal lamps, created by Edgar Brandt and hold murals by Rufino Tamayo. The Adamo Boari and Manuel M. Ponce halls hold music and literature events. And the National and International halls are for exhibitions. The second floor has smaller exhibition halls as well as murals by José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, Jorge González Camarena, Roberto Montenegro and Manuel Rodríguez Lozano. The third floor is occupied by the Museum of Architecture. The ironwork was designed in Italy by Alessandro Mazzucotelli and in Mexico by Luis Romero Soto.[2]

At the entrance of the theatre, there are mascarons in bronze with depictions of Tlaloc, and Chaac, the Aztec and Maya deities of water, which along with the rest were designed by Gianette Fiorenzo. On the arch over the stage there are representations of various mythological personas such as the Muses with Apollo. This was constructed in Hungary in the workshops of Géza Maróti.[2] However, the most impacting aspect is the stage "curtain" which is a stained glass foldable panel created out of nearly a million pieces of iridescent colored glass by Tiffany's in New York.[8] This stage curtain is the only one of its type in any opera house in the world and weighs 24 tons.[4] The design of the curtain has the volcanos Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl in the center. Around them is a Mexican landscape surrounded by images of sculptures from Yautepec and Oaxaca. This design was inspired by work done by artist Gerardo Murillo (Dr. Atl).[2][8] The theatre has a capacity of 1,590.[9]

Events

[edit]
Interior of the main concert hall.

The Palace has been the scene of some of the most notable events in music, dance, theatre, opera and literature and has hosted important exhibitions of painting, sculpture and photography.[citation needed] It has hosted some of the biggest names from both Mexico and abroad. It has hosted poetry events as well as those related to popular culture.[10] Artists and companies are from all parts of Mexico and abroad.[11] It has been called the "Cathedral of Art in Mexico".[10] It was declared an artistic monument in 1987 by UNESCO. The building is administered by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes of the federal government.[4] The palace receive on average 10,000 visitors each week.[12]

Two of the best-known groups which regularly perform here are the Ballet Folklórico de México Compania Nacional de Opera de Bellas Artes and the National Symphonic Orchestra.[13] The first performs in the theatre twice a week and is a spectacle of pre and post Hispanic dance of Mexico. A typical program includes Aztec ritual dances, agricultural dances from Jalisco, a fiesta in Veracruz, a wedding celebration — all accompanies by mariachis, marimba players and singers.[3][4] Regular annual events include the Premio Quorum for Mexican designers in graphic and industrial materials[14] and the Premios Ariel for Mexican films.[15]

Numerous individual events have been held here. These include several exhibitions of Frida Kahlo's work,[16][17] and a number of appearances by Luciano Pavarotti.[18] In 1987, Bellas Artes hosted a legendary performance of Jesusa Rodríguez's Donna Giovanni, an adaptation of Mozart's opera with a female cast.[19] Other appearances have been made by Mexican baritone Jorge Lagunes (2002)[20] and Catalan guitarist Joan Manuel Serrat (2003).[21] Events that have been held here include "ABCDF Palabras de Ciudad" (2002) showing life in popular housing in photographs and video, "Bordados del Mexico Antiguo" (Embroidery of Old Mexico) showing processes, history and design,[14] Rem Koolhaas Premio Pritzker 2000" conference[22] and "Exchanging Views: Visions of Latin America" which was an exhibit from the collection of Patricia Phelps de Cisneros comprising 148 works by 72 artists from across Latin America in 2006.[23]

Occasionally, the plaza in front of the Palace is the scene of protests such as those against the Iraq War in 2003[24] and against bullfighting in 2010.[25]

Murals

[edit]

The floors between the ground floor and the uppermost floor are dominated by a number of murals painted by most of the famous names of Mexican muralism.[8]

On the 2nd floor are two early-1950s works by Rufino Tamayo: México de Hoy (Mexico Today) and Nacimiento de la Nacionalidad (Birth of Nationality), a symbolic depiction of the creation of the mestizo (person of mixed indigenous and Spanish ancestry) identity.[3]

At the west end of the 3rd floor is Diego Rivera's El hombre controlador del universo (Man, controller of the universe- known as Man at the Crossroads), originally commissioned for New York's Rockefeller Center in 1933. The mural depicts a variety of technological and societal themes (such as the discoveries made possible by microscopes and telescopes) and was controversial for its inclusion of Lenin and a Soviet May Day parade. The Rockefellers were not happy with the painting and the incomplete work was eventually destroyed and painted over. Rivera recreated it here in 1934.[3][8] On the north side of the third floor are David Alfaro Siqueiros' three-part La Nueva Democracia (New Democracy) and Rivera's four-part Carnaval de la Vida Mexicana (Carnival of Mexican Life); to the east is José Clemente Orozco's La Katharsis (Catharsis), depicting the conflict between humankind's 'social' and 'natural' aspects.[3]

Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes

[edit]
View of the interior art deco

The Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts) is the organization that takes care of the permanent murals and other artwork in the building as well as arrange temporary exhibits. These exhibits cover a wide range of media and feature Mexican and international artists, focusing on classic and contemporary artists.[26]

Museo Nacional de Arquitectura

[edit]

The Museo Nacional de Arquitectura (Museum of Architecture) occupies the top floor of the building, covered by the glass and iron roof. It contains exhibitions from renowned Mexican architects including models, designs and photographs of major works. The museum also arranges temporary exhibitions of its collections in other facilities to expose the Mexican public to the country's rich architectural heritage. Some of the major architects featured at the museum include Jaime Ortiz Monasterio, Carlos Mijares Bracho, Adamo Boari and Luis Barragán.[27] The museum is divided into four sections called "Arquitectura-contrastes: Jaime Ortiz Monasterio y Carlos Mijares Bracho", "Corpus Urbanístico de la Ciudad de México", "Teatro Nacional de México (Plano original)" and "Teatro Nacional de México."[28] There are also temporary exhibits on contemporary architecture.[3]

[edit]
360° panoramic view of Plaza de Bellas Artes in the Historic center of Mexico City. Visible are Teatro Hidalgo, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Palacio Postal, Banco de México, Torre Latinoamericana, Edificio La Nacional, Avenida Juárez, Edificio del Tribunal Superior de Justicia del DF, ex Hotel Bamer, Sheraton Hotel and Alameda Central.
  • Historical images of the Palacio de Bellas Artes
  • Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1915, under construction[29]
    Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1915, under construction[29]
  • The building during its construction, 1928.
    The building during its construction, 1928.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Palacio de Bellas Artes". The Art Nouveau World.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Palacio de Bellas Artes" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Secretary of Tourism of Mexico. 2005-02-07. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Palacio de Bellas Artes". Lonely Planet Guides. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cumple 75 años el Palacio de Bellas Artes" [Palacio de Bella Artes’ 75th birthday]. Noticias Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  5. ^ a b c "Trivia / Historia: El Palacio de Bellas Artes" [Trivia / History: The Palace of Bellas Artes]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. 2006-09-27. p. 2.
  6. ^ a b "Avanza remodelación del Palacio de Bellas Artes" [Remodeling of the Palacio de Bellas Artes advances]. Noticias Televisa (in Spanish). Mexico City. 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  7. ^ a b Sánchez, Luis Carlos (2009-08-17). "Cirugía mayor al Palacio de Bellas Artes" [Major surgery for the Palacio de Bellas Artes]. Excelsior (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes". Frommers Guides. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  9. ^ "Teatro del Palacio de Bellas Artes". Sistema de Información Cultural. Government of Mexico. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  10. ^ a b Fox, Vicente (2005-09-29). "El Palacio de Bellas Artes ha sido y seguirá siendo la Catedral del Arte en México" (in Spanish). Office of the President (Mexico). Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  11. ^ "Palacio de Bellas Artes". Frommers Guides. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  12. ^ Garcia, Omar (2003-12-19). "Dan una 'manita' a Bellas Artes" [Giving a small hand to Bellas Artes]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City.
  13. ^ Haw, Dora Luz (2003-08-19). "Escenifican 'Carmen' ante un mayor publico" [Staging Carmen in front of a major audience]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
  14. ^ a b Rivas, Angel (2002-05-06). "Enterese" [Get involved]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
  15. ^ "Tienen fiesta de pelicula" [Films have a party]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. 2004-04-01. p. 1.
  16. ^ "Inauguran exposicion de Frida Kahlo en Bellas Artes;" [Frida Kahlo exposition inaugurates at Bellas Artes]. Noticias Financieras (in Spanish). Miami. 2004-08-05. p. 1.
  17. ^ Malkin, Elisabeth (2007-07-07). "Beyond the Myth, Art Endures". New York Times. New York. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  18. ^ Sanchez, Leticia (1996-12-23). "Pavarotti y mucha opera sonara en Bellas Artes" [Pavarotti and much opera will sound off in Bellas Artes]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
  19. ^ Gutiérrez, Laura G. (2010). Performing Mexicanidad: Vendidas Y Cabareteras on the Transnational Stage. University of Texas Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780292779198.
  20. ^ Cruz, Antimio (2002-10-07). "Se siente Lagunes solido en su trabajo" [Lagunes feels solid about his work]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
  21. ^ Lopez, Sergio Raul (2003-05-09). "Intima Serrat en Bellas Artes" [Serrat give intimate performance at Bellas Artes]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 22.
  22. ^ Buzio, Erika P. (2007-03-03). "Dice Koolhaas alto al mercado". Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 8.
  23. ^ "Avant-Garde Latin American Art Drawn from Coleccion Patricia Phelps de Cisneros on View at Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes". Business Wire. New York. 2006-07-26. p. 1.
  24. ^ Alvarez, Carmen (2003-03-11). "Construyen con arte un cerco a la guerra" [Constructing with art a fence against war]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
  25. ^ "Protestan frente al Palacio de Bellas Artes contra la tauromaquia" [Protests in front of the Palacio de Bellas Artes against bullfighting]. Excelsior (in Spanish). Mexico City. 2010-02-06. Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  26. ^ "Presentación" [Presentation]. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  27. ^ "Presentación" [Presentation]. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  28. ^ "Obras representivas" [Representative Works] (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  29. ^ Massimo Barzizza. "Boari l'architetto della cultura". puntodincontro.mx (in Italian).

Further reading

[edit]
  • Paquette, Catha (2017). At the Crossroads: Diego Rivera and his Patrons at MoMA, Rockefeller Center, and the Palace of Fine Arts. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1477311004.
[edit]
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