SPAD S.XII: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|French WW1 fighter aircraft}} |
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{|{{Infobox |
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|name=SPAD S.XII |
|name=SPAD S.XII |
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|image= File:13th Aero Squadron - SPAD S XII.jpg |
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|image= |
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|caption= |
|caption= A USAAS SPAD S.XII in 1918. |
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}}{{Infobox |
}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|type= [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] |
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|type=biplane cannon-armed fighter |
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|national origin=France |
|national origin=France |
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|manufacturer=[[Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés|SPAD]] |
|manufacturer=[[Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés|SPAD]] |
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|more users=[[Red Army]] |
|more users=[[Red Army]] |
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|developed from=[[Spad S.VII]] |
|developed from=[[Spad S.VII]] |
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|number built=unknown, 300 ordered<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cannon Pioneers|url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/cannon_pioneers.htm}}</ref> |
|number built=unknown, 300 ordered<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cannon Pioneers|url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/cannon_pioneers.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516235315/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/cannon_pioneers.htm|archive-date=2009-05-16}}</ref> |
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The '''SPAD S.XII''' or '''SPAD 12''' was a |
The '''SPAD S.XII''' or '''SPAD 12''' was a French single-seat [[biplane]] [[fighter aircraft]] of the [[First World War]] developed from the successful [[SPAD VII]] by [[Louis Béchereau]], chief designer of the [[Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés]] (SPAD). |
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== Development == |
== Development == |
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The SPAD XII was inspired by the ideas of French [[flying ace]] [[Georges Guynemer]], who proposed that a manoeuvrable single-seat aircraft be designed to carry a 37 mm cannon, a weapon which had previously been mounted only in large two-seat [[pusher configuration|"pusher"]] aircraft such as the [[Voisin III]]. Béchereau took his own SPAD |
The SPAD XII was inspired by the ideas of French [[flying ace]] [[Georges Guynemer]], who proposed that a manoeuvrable single-seat aircraft be designed to carry a 37 mm cannon, a weapon which had previously been mounted only in large two-seat [[pusher configuration|"pusher"]] aircraft such as the [[Voisin III]]. Béchereau took his own SPAD VII design as the starting point, but the many major and minor changes incorporated into the SPAD XII made it a quite different aircraft. |
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[[File:Hispano Suiza 8Ca.jpg|thumb|right|Restored HS.8Ca geared-output engine, similar to the 8Cb used on the SPAD S.XII]] |
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The gun chosen for the SPAD XII was not the old [[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]] cannon but a new 37 mm ''Semi Automatique Moteur Canon'' (SAMC), built by Puteaux, for which 12 shots were carried. The Hispano-Suiza aviation engine had to be [[geared]] to allow the gun to fire through the propeller shaft. The SPAD XII also carried a single 0.303 inch [[Synchronization gear|synchronized]] (7.7 mm) [[Vickers machine gun]] mounted on the starboard side of the nose. In order to carry the heavy cannon the airframe was lengthened and the wingspan and wing area increased. The wingtips were rounded rather than squared off and the wings given a slight forward stagger. To accommodate the required geared output propshaft engine, which easily allowed for the hollow propeller shaft for the cannon to fire through, and power the resultingly heavier airframe, 587 kg compared to the 500 kg of the SPAD 7, the 180 bhp [[Hispano-Suiza 8]] direct-drive Ab engine was replaced by the geared 220 bhp model 8Cb, and gave the SPAD XII a [[clockwise]] rotating propeller, as seen from a "nose-on" view. |
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[[File:Hispano-Suiza 8C (MAE).JPG|thumb|right|A geared-output shaft HS.8C engine for a SPAD S.XII, showing the elevated [[intake manifold]] to clear the 37mm cannon mounted in the "vee" between the cylinder banks.]] |
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The gun chosen for the SPAD XII was not the old [[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]] cannon but a new [[Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP|37 mm ''Semi Automatique Moteur Canon'']] (SAMC), built by Puteaux, for which 12 shots were carried. The Hispano-Suiza aviation engine had to be [[Aircraft engine|geared]] to allow the gun to fire through the propeller shaft, avoiding the problem of firing through the moving blades. The SPAD XII also carried a single 0.303 inch [[Synchronization gear|synchronized]] (7.7 mm) [[Vickers machine gun]] mounted on the starboard side of the nose. In order to carry the heavy cannon the airframe was lengthened and the wingspan and wing area increased. The wingtips were rounded rather than squared off and the wings given a slight forward stagger. To accommodate the required geared output propshaft engine with a hollow propeller shaft for the cannon to fire through, and power the airframe, weighing {{convert|587|kg|lb}} rather than the {{convert|500|kg|lb}} of the SPAD VII, the 180 bhp [[Hispano-Suiza 8]] direct-drive Ab engine was replaced by the geared 220 bhp model 8Cb, which also gave the SPAD XII a [[clockwise]] (seen "nose-on") rotating propeller. |
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Test |
Test-flown by Guynemer, the early production models of the SPAD XII were highly successful after overcoming initial problems with the reduction gear between engine and propeller.<ref>{{cite book |title=''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I'' |pages= 7, 9 }}</ref> Other aces also had success with the new model. However, deliveries were slow, the SPAD VII and later [[SPAD XIII]] having top priority, and even the modest total of 300 aircraft which were ordered were not all completed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Best estimates are only 20 produced. Average pilots found the SPAD XII a difficult aircraft to master, and the cannon difficult to aim and fire, while manual reloading was difficult. The cockpit filled with fumes upon every firing. The cannon's breech mechanism protruded into the cockpit and prevented the use of a conventional stick to control the aircraft, adding to pilots' difficulties. The control setup reverted to a split setup on either side of the pilot, a la [[Deperdussin]].<ref>{{cite book |title=''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I'' |pages=8–9 }}</ref> |
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== Service == |
== Service == |
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[[File:13th Aero Squadron - Salmson 2A2-3.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:13th Aero Squadron - Salmson 2A2-3.jpg|thumb|right|The 13th Aero Squadron SPAD S.XII, showing the slight positive stagger of the wings.]] |
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No units were entirely equipped with SPAD XIIs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The unknown number of aircraft produced were issued in small numbers, intended for use only by the most skilled pilots, such as [[Rene Fonck]], [[Lionel de Marmier]], [[Fernand Henri Chavannes]], [[Henri Hay de Slade]], [[Albert Deullin]] and [[François Battesti]]. They were distributed one or two per squadron.<ref>{{cite book |title=''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I'' |pages= 9–10 }}</ref> Few were delivered to combat units, eight being recorded on strength in April and again in October; this may be contrasted with the thousands of SPAD VIIs and SPAD XIIIs in service. Single examples for testing were delivered to the [[Royal Flying Corps]]<ref name=bruce560>Bruce 1982, p. 560.</ref> and one to the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|Aviation Section]] of the [[American Expeditionary Force]], with the AEF's [[13th Aero Squadron]] receiving the code "0", it was primarily flown by the 13th's [[Charles J. Biddle (aviator)|Charles John Biddle]].<ref>{{cite book |title= SPAD XII/XIII Aces of World War I |first= Jon |last=Guttman |publisher= Osprey Publishing |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-84176-316-3 |pages= 12, 14–15 }}</ref> |
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[[File:13th Aero Squadron - SPAD S XII.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of Capt. Biddle in his SPAD S.XII.]] |
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No units were entirely equipped with SPAD 12s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The unknown number of aircraft produced were issued in small numbers, intended for use only by the most skilled pilots, such as [[Rene Fonck]], [[Lionel de Marmier]], [[Fernand Henri Chavannes]], [[Henri Hay de Slade]], [[Albert Deullin]] and [[François Battesti]]. They were distributed one or two per squadron.<ref>{{cite book |title=''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I'' |pages= 9–10 }}</ref> Few were delivered to combat units, 8 being recorded on strength in April and again in October; this may be contrasted with the thousands of SPAD 7s and SPAD 13s in service. Single examples for testing were delivered to the [[Royal Flying Corps]]<ref name="Bruce RFC p560">Bruce 1982, p.560.</ref> and one to the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|Aviation Section]] of the [[American Expeditionary Force]], with the AEF's [[13th Aero Squadron]] receiving [http://yankeedog.deviantart.com/art/Capt-Biddle-s-SPAD-XII-Ca-1-28027792 the aircraft, which was given the number "0"], and primarily flown by the 13th's [[Charles J. Biddle (aviator)|Charles John Biddle]] [http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/usa/biddle.php], who ended up with a total of seven confirmed victories in World War I. |
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Six or more are said to have been held by the [[Red Army]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} |
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==Operators== |
==Operators== |
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;{{FRA}} |
;{{FRA}} |
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*[[French Air Force]] |
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;{{RUS}} / {{USSR}} |
;{{RUS}} / {{USSR}} |
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*[[Imperial Russian Air Force]] |
*[[Imperial Russian Air Force]] |
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*[[Soviet Air Force]] - Postwar. |
*[[Soviet Air Force]] - Postwar. |
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;{{flag|Serbia}} |
;{{flag|Serbia}} |
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*[[Serbian Air Force]] |
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;{{UK}} |
;{{UK}} |
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*[[Royal Flying Corps]] - One aircraft only. |
*[[Royal Flying Corps]] - One aircraft only. |
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==Specifications (S.XII)== |
==Specifications (S.XII)== |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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|ref=''The Complete Book of Fighters'' <ref>Green and Swanborough 1994, pp. 542–543.</ref> |
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|prime units?=met |
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|ref=''The Complete Book of Fighters'' <ref name="complete fighters p542-523">Green and Swanborough 1994, p.542-543.</ref> |
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|crew=1 |
|crew=1 |
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|length m=6.4 |
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|capacity= |
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|length |
|length note= |
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|span m=8 |
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|length alt= 21 ft 0 in |
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|span |
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|height m=2.55 |
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|span alt= 26 ft 3 in |
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|height |
|height note= |
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|wing area sqm=20.2 |
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|height alt= 8 ft 4½ in |
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|area |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|area alt= 217 ft² |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight kg=587 |
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|empty weight |
|empty weight note= |
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|gross weight kg=883 |
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|gross weight note= |
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|max takeoff weight kg= |
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|useful load main= |
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|useful load alt= |
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|fuel capacity= |
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|max takeoff weight main= 834 kg |
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|max takeoff weight alt= 1,840 lb |
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|more general= |
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|engine (prop)=[[Hispano-Suiza 8]]Cb |
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Powerplant |
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|type of prop=V-8 water-cooled engine |
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|number of props=1 |
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|eng1 number=1 |
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|power main= 164 kW |
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|eng1 name=[[Hispano-Suiza 8Cb]] |
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|power alt= 220 hp |
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|eng1 type=V-8 water-cooled piston engine |
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|power original= |
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|eng1 kw=164 |
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|max speed main= 203 km/h |
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|eng1 note= |
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|max speed alt= 110 knots, 126 mph |
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|cruise speed main= <!-- km/h --> |
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|cruise speed alt= <!-- knots, mph --> |
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|stall speed main= <!-- km/h --> |
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|range alt= <!-- nm, mi --> |
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|endurance=1¾ hr |
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|ceiling main= 6,850 m <ref name="Bruce RFC p560"/> |
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|ceiling alt= 22,470 ft |
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|climb rate main= <!-- m/s --> |
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|climb rate alt= <!-- ft/min --> |
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|loading main= <!--kg/m² --> |
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|loading alt= <!--lb/ft² --> |
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|power/mass main=<!-- W/kg --> |
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|power/mass alt= <!-- hp/lb --> |
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|more performance=*'''Climb to 2,000 m (6.560 ft):''' 6 min 3 sec |
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|guns=1 x 37 mm [[Puteaux]] single shot cannon, 1 x 7.7 mm [[Vickers machine gun]] |
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|avionics= |
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|prop blade number=2 |
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|prop name=fixed-pitch propeller |
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|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|max speed kmh=203 |
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|ferry range km= |
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|endurance=1 hour 45 minutes |
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|ceiling m=6850 |
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|ceiling note=<ref name=bruce560/> |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|time to altitude={{cvt|2000|m}} 6 minutes 3 seconds |
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|wing loading kg/m2= |
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|fuel consumption kg/km= |
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|power/mass= |
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Armament |
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|guns=1 x 37 mm [[Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP|Puteaux single shot cannon]], 1 x .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers machine gun]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Commons category|SPAD}} |
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{{Commons category}} |
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;Notes |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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;Bibliography |
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===Bibliography=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* Bruce, J. M. ''The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing)''. London: Putnam, 1982. {{ISBN|0-370-30084-X}}. |
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* Taylor, John W. R., and Jean Alexander. "Combat Aircraft of the World" New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-25459 (Pg.127) |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Cony |first1=Christophe |title=Le Spad XII Canon (1<sup>re</sup> partie) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=January 1995 |issue=23 |pages=39–42 |trans-title=The Canon-armed SPAD XII |language=French |issn=1243-8650}} |
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* Bruce, J.M. ''The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing)''. London:Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30084-X. |
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* Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., ''French Aircraft of the First World War.'' Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. ISBN |
* Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., ''French Aircraft of the First World War.'' Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-9637110-4-0}}. |
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*Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. ''The Complete Book of Fighters''. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN |
*Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. ''The Complete Book of Fighters''. New York: Smithmark, 1994. {{ISBN|0-8317-3939-8}}. |
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*Guttman, Jon, ''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I.'' Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN |
*Guttman, Jon, ''SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I.'' Osprey Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|1841763160}}, 9781841763163. |
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{{refend}} |
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{{SPAD aircraft}} |
{{SPAD aircraft}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{wwi-air}} |
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[[Category:French fighter aircraft |
[[Category:1910s French fighter aircraft]] |
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[[Category:SPAD aircraft|S.XII]] |
[[Category:SPAD aircraft|S.XII]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1917]] |
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[[Category:Biplanes]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:03, 1 September 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2013) |
| SPAD S.XII | |
|---|---|
| |
| A USAAS SPAD S.XII in 1918. | |
| Role | Fighter |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | SPAD |
| Designer | Louis Béchereau |
| First flight | 5 July 1917 |
| Primary users | Aéronautique Militaire Red Army |
| Number built | unknown, 300 ordered[1] |
| Developed from | Spad S.VII |
The SPAD S.XII or SPAD 12 was a French single-seat biplane fighter aircraft of the First World War developed from the successful SPAD VII by Louis Béchereau, chief designer of the Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD).
Development
[edit]The SPAD XII was inspired by the ideas of French flying ace Georges Guynemer, who proposed that a manoeuvrable single-seat aircraft be designed to carry a 37 mm cannon, a weapon which had previously been mounted only in large two-seat "pusher" aircraft such as the Voisin III. Béchereau took his own SPAD VII design as the starting point, but the many major and minor changes incorporated into the SPAD XII made it a quite different aircraft.
.JPG)
The gun chosen for the SPAD XII was not the old Hotchkiss cannon but a new 37 mm Semi Automatique Moteur Canon (SAMC), built by Puteaux, for which 12 shots were carried. The Hispano-Suiza aviation engine had to be geared to allow the gun to fire through the propeller shaft, avoiding the problem of firing through the moving blades. The SPAD XII also carried a single 0.303 inch synchronized (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted on the starboard side of the nose. In order to carry the heavy cannon the airframe was lengthened and the wingspan and wing area increased. The wingtips were rounded rather than squared off and the wings given a slight forward stagger. To accommodate the required geared output propshaft engine with a hollow propeller shaft for the cannon to fire through, and power the airframe, weighing 587 kilograms (1,294 lb) rather than the 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of the SPAD VII, the 180 bhp Hispano-Suiza 8 direct-drive Ab engine was replaced by the geared 220 bhp model 8Cb, which also gave the SPAD XII a clockwise (seen "nose-on") rotating propeller.
Test-flown by Guynemer, the early production models of the SPAD XII were highly successful after overcoming initial problems with the reduction gear between engine and propeller.[2] Other aces also had success with the new model. However, deliveries were slow, the SPAD VII and later SPAD XIII having top priority, and even the modest total of 300 aircraft which were ordered were not all completed.[citation needed] Best estimates are only 20 produced. Average pilots found the SPAD XII a difficult aircraft to master, and the cannon difficult to aim and fire, while manual reloading was difficult. The cockpit filled with fumes upon every firing. The cannon's breech mechanism protruded into the cockpit and prevented the use of a conventional stick to control the aircraft, adding to pilots' difficulties. The control setup reverted to a split setup on either side of the pilot, a la Deperdussin.[3]
Service
[edit]
No units were entirely equipped with SPAD XIIs.[citation needed] The unknown number of aircraft produced were issued in small numbers, intended for use only by the most skilled pilots, such as Rene Fonck, Lionel de Marmier, Fernand Henri Chavannes, Henri Hay de Slade, Albert Deullin and François Battesti. They were distributed one or two per squadron.[4] Few were delivered to combat units, eight being recorded on strength in April and again in October; this may be contrasted with the thousands of SPAD VIIs and SPAD XIIIs in service. Single examples for testing were delivered to the Royal Flying Corps[5] and one to the Aviation Section of the American Expeditionary Force, with the AEF's 13th Aero Squadron receiving the code "0", it was primarily flown by the 13th's Charles John Biddle.[6]
Operators
[edit]
- Imperial Russian Air Force
- Soviet Air Force - Postwar.
- Royal Flying Corps - One aircraft only.
- American Expeditionary Force - One aircraft only, serving with 13th Aero Squadron.
- Yugoslav Royal Air Force - Postwar
Specifications (S.XII)
[edit]Data from The Complete Book of Fighters [7]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in)
- Wingspan: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)
- Height: 2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)
- Wing area: 20.2 m2 (217 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 587 kg (1,294 lb)
- Gross weight: 883 kg (1,947 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 8Cb V-8 water-cooled piston engine, 164 kW (220 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 203 km/h (126 mph, 110 kn)
- Endurance: 1 hour 45 minutes
- Service ceiling: 6,850 m (22,470 ft) [5]
- Time to altitude: 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 6 minutes 3 seconds
Armament
- Guns: 1 x 37 mm Puteaux single shot cannon, 1 x .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun
See also
[edit]Related development
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SPAD S.XII.
- ^ "The Cannon Pioneers". Archived from the original on 2009-05-16.
- ^ SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 7, 9.
- ^ SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 8–9.
- ^ SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b Bruce 1982, p. 560.
- ^ Guttman, Jon (2002). SPAD XII/XIII Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing. pp. 12, 14–15. ISBN 978-1-84176-316-3.
- ^ Green and Swanborough 1994, pp. 542–543.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bruce, J. M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London: Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30084-X.
- Cony, Christophe (January 1995). "Le Spad XII Canon (1re partie)" [The Canon-armed SPAD XII]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (23): 39–42. ISSN 1243-8650.
- Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9637110-4-0.
- Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8.
- Guttman, Jon, SPAD XII/XIII aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1841763160, 9781841763163.
