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{{short description|British Marines officer and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales (1764–1823)}}
{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1764–1823)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|name=George Johnston
|name = George Johnston
|image=George Johnston.jpg
|image = File:Lt. Col. George Johnston, 1810.jpg
|caption=Lt. Col. George Johnston, 1810 watercolour portrait by R. Dighton: State Library of NSW
|caption = Lt. Col. George Johnston, 1810 watercolour portrait by R. Dighton: State Library of NSW
|birth_date=19 March 1764
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1764|03|19}}
|death_date= 5 January 1823
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1823|01|05|1764|03|19}}
|birth_place=[[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]], [[Dumfriesshire]], [[Scotland]]
|birth_place = [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]], [[Dumfriesshire]], [[Scotland]]
|death_place=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
|death_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]
|allegiance=
|allegiance =
|rank=[[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|commands=[[New South Wales Corps]]
|commands = [[New South Wales Corps]]
|unit=
|unit =
|family=
|family =
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Esther Abrahams]]|1814}}
⚫
|nickname=
|children = 7 (including [[Robert Johnston (naval officer)|Robert]])
⚫
|serviceyears=1776–1811
⚫
|nickname =
⚫
|battles=[[American Revolutionary War]]
⚫
|serviceyears = 1776–1811
*[[Battle of Bunker Hill]]<br />
⚫
|battles = [[American Revolutionary War]]
⚫
[[Castle Hill Rebellion]]
*[[New York and New Jersey Campaign]]
[[Castle Hill convict rebellion]]
[[Rum Rebellion]]
[[Rum Rebellion]]
|laterwork=
|laterwork =
|awards=
|awards =
}}
}}


[[Lieutenant-Colonel]] '''George Johnston''' (19 March 1764 – 5 January 1823) was briefly Lieutenant-Governor of [[New South Wales]], Australia after leading the rebellion later known as the [[Rum Rebellion]]. After serving as a young [[Royal Marines|marine]] officer in the [[American Revolutionary War]], Johnston served in the East Indies, fighting against the French, before volunteering to accompany the [[First Fleet]] to New South Wales. After serving as [[adjutant]] to Governor [[Arthur Phillip]], Johnston served in the [[New South Wales Corps]] and he was a key figure in putting down the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] in 1804. He led his troops in deposing [[William Bligh|Governor Bligh]] in the [[Rum Rebellion]] in 1808; which led to his court martial and subsequent cashiering from military service. In his later life, he returned to New South Wales as a private citizen, raising a family in the colony and establishing a successful [[Annandale Farm|farm]] around Annandale in Sydney.
[[Lieutenant-Colonel]] '''George Johnston''' (19 March 1764 – 5 January 1823) was a British military officer who served as Lieutenant-Governor of [[New South Wales]], Australia after leading the rebellion later known as the [[Rum Rebellion]]. After serving as a young [[Royal Marines|marine]] officer in the [[American Revolutionary War]], Johnston served in the East Indies, fighting against the French, before volunteering to accompany the [[First Fleet]] to New South Wales. After serving as [[adjutant]] to Governor [[Arthur Phillip]], Johnston served in the [[New South Wales Corps]] and he was a key figure in putting down the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] in 1804. He led his troops in deposing [[William Bligh|Governor Bligh]] in the [[Rum Rebellion]] in 1808; which led to his court martial and subsequent cashiering from military service. In his later life, he returned to New South Wales as a private citizen, raising a family in the colony and establishing a successful [[Annandale Farm|farm]] around Annandale in Sydney.


==Early life and military career==
==Early life and military career==
Johnston was born on 19 March 1764 at [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]], [[Dumfriesshire]], [[Scotland]], the son of Captain George Johnston, [[aide-de-camp]] to Lord Percy, later the [[George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland|5th Duke of Northumberland]]. Percy obtained a commission for the 12-year-old Johnston as [[second lieutenant]] of [[Royal Marines|marines]] on 6 March 1776. Johnston went to America with his regiment, and took part in the [[American Revolutionary War]], serving in New York and Halifax during 1777 and 1778, after which he was promoted to [[first lieutenant]].<ref name=ADB>Yarwood 1967, pp. 20–22.</ref> During the campaign, his father was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyhistory.org.au/family-saga-the-westons-the-johnstons-1764-onwards/ |title= Family Saga: The Westons & The Johnstons – 1764 Onwards |author=Weston, Bert E. |publisher=Naval Historical Society of Australia |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The Duke of Northumberland, who had held Johnston's father in high regard, became Johnston's guardian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/stanmore |title=Stanmore |author=Meader, Chrys |year= 2008 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>
Johnston was born on 19 March 1764 at [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]], [[Dumfriesshire]], [[Scotland]], the son of Captain George Johnston, [[aide-de-camp]] to Lord Percy, later the [[Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland|2nd Duke of Northumberland]]. Percy obtained a commission for the 12-year-old Johnston as [[second lieutenant]] of [[Royal Marines|marines]] on 6 March 1776. Johnston went to America with his regiment, and took part in the [[American Revolutionary War]], serving in New York and Halifax during 1777 and 1778, after which he was promoted to [[first lieutenant]].<ref name=ADB>Yarwood 1967, pp. 20–22.</ref> During the campaign, his father was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyhistory.org.au/family-saga-the-westons-the-johnstons-1764-onwards/ |title= Family Saga: The Westons & The Johnstons – 1764 Onwards |author=Weston, Bert E. |date= 29 June 1982 |publisher=Naval Historical Society of Australia |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The Duke of Northumberland, who had held Johnston's father in high regard, became Johnston's guardian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/stanmore |title=Stanmore |author=Meader, Chrys |year= 2008 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>


The young officer subsequently acted as a recruiting officer in the United Kingdom before serving aboard {{HMS|Sultan|1775|6}} in the East Indies in 1781, and suffering a severe wound in action against the French.<ref name=Binney>Binney 2005, p. 25.</ref><ref name=Moore>Moore 1987, pp. 296–297.</ref> Returned to garrison duty in [[Portsmouth]], he volunteered to join the [[New South Wales Marine Corps]], which would accompany the [[First Fleet]] to [[New South Wales]]. He sailed for Australia aboard the convict transport ''[[Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)|Lady Penrhyn]]'' in 1788.<ref name ="Binney"/><ref name=Moore/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71501471 |title=Annandale House—An Historic Residence, Now Being Demolished. |newspaper=[[Australian Town and Country Journal]] |date=19 April 1905 |access-date=1 May 2012 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The young officer subsequently acted as a recruiting officer in the United Kingdom before serving aboard {{HMS|Sultan|1775|6}} in the East Indies in 1781, and suffering a severe wound in action against the French.<ref name=Binney>Binney 2005, p. 25.</ref><ref name=Moore>Moore 1987, pp. 296–297.</ref> Returned to garrison duty in [[Portsmouth]], he volunteered to join the [[New South Wales Marine Corps]], which would accompany the [[First Fleet]] to [[New South Wales]]. He sailed for Australia aboard the convict transport ''[[Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)|Lady Penrhyn]]'' in 1788.<ref name ="Binney"/><ref name=Moore/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71501471 |title=Annandale House—An Historic Residence, Now Being Demolished. |newspaper=[[Australian Town and Country Journal]] |date=19 April 1905 |access-date=1 May 2012 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
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Johnston received extensive land grants in areas of modern [[Petersham, New South Wales|Petersham]], [[Bankstown, New South Wales|Bankstown]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]]. Johnston's other grants included land which is now the suburb of [[Annandale, New South Wales|Annandale]], named for his property that was in turn named after the place of his birth. He and [[Esther Abrahams]] farmed and lived on Annandale with their children.<ref name=Silver/>
Johnston received extensive land grants in areas of modern [[Petersham, New South Wales|Petersham]], [[Bankstown, New South Wales|Bankstown]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]]. Johnston's other grants included land which is now the suburb of [[Annandale, New South Wales|Annandale]], named for his property that was in turn named after the place of his birth. He and [[Esther Abrahams]] farmed and lived on Annandale with their children.<ref name=Silver/>


In September 1796, Johnston was appointed aide-de-camp to [[John Hunter (New South Wales)|Governor John Hunter]], and in 1800 received his [[brevet rank]] as [[major]]. In the same year Johnston was put under arrest by [[William Paterson (explorer)|Lieutenant Governor William Paterson]] on charges of "paying spirits to a sergeant as part of his pay—and disobedience of orders". Johnston objected to trial by court-martial in the colony, and Hunter sent him to England. There the difficulties of conducting a trial with witnesses in Australia led to the proceedings being dropped, and Johnston returned to New South Wales in 1802. In 1803 Johnston took temporary command of the New South Wales Corps during the illness of Paterson, and became involved in the conflict between [[Philip Gidley King|King]] and the military. In March 1804 he acted with decision when in command of the military sent against some [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|convicts who had rebelled at Castle Hill]]. When Paterson was sent to [[Launceston, Tasmania|Port Dalrymple]], Johnston became commander of the New South Wales Corps.<ref name=dab/>
In September 1796, Johnston was appointed aide-de-camp to [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|Governor John Hunter]], and in 1800 received his [[brevet rank]] as [[Major (rank)|major]]. In the same year Johnston was put under arrest by [[William Paterson (explorer)|Lieutenant Governor William Paterson]] on charges of "paying spirits to a sergeant as part of his pay—and disobedience of orders". Johnston objected to trial by court-martial in the colony, and Hunter sent him to England. There the difficulties of conducting a trial with witnesses in Australia led to the proceedings being dropped, and Johnston returned to New South Wales in 1802. In 1803 Johnston took temporary command of the New South Wales Corps during the illness of Paterson, and became involved in the conflict between [[Philip Gidley King|King]] and the military. In March 1804 he acted with decision when in command of the military sent against some [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|convicts who had rebelled at Castle Hill]]. When Paterson was sent to [[Launceston, Tasmania|Port Dalrymple]], Johnston became commander of the New South Wales Corps.<ref name=dab/>


On 26 January 1808, Johnston played a key role in the only successful armed takeover of a government in Australia's recorded history, the [[Rum Rebellion]], working closely with [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]]. Johnston led the troops that deposed [[William Bligh|Governor William Bligh]], assumed the title of lieutenant-governor, and illegally suspended the judge-advocate and other officials. The administration of justice became farcical, and there were signs of strong discontent among the settlers.<ref name=dab/>
On 26 January 1808, Johnston played a key role in the only successful armed takeover of a government in Australia's recorded history, the [[Rum Rebellion]], working closely with [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]]. Johnston led the troops that deposed [[William Bligh|Governor William Bligh]], assumed the title of lieutenant-governor, and illegally suspended the judge-advocate and other officials. The administration of justice became farcical, and there were signs of strong discontent among the settlers.<ref name=dab/>


Johnston was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 25 April 1808, and was superseded by his senior officer [[Joseph Foveaux]], who was Lieutenant-Governor of [[Norfolk Island]], on 28 July. Johnston sailed for England with [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]] in March 1809 (and [[Henry Fulton]] as a witness) and was tried by [[court-martial]] in May 1811. Found guilty of mutiny he was sentenced to be [[Cashiering|cashiered]]. This lenience of the sentence imposed in the circumstances presumably indicates that the court was convinced that he had been the tool of other people.<ref name=dab/>
Johnston was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 25 April 1808, and was superseded by his senior officer [[Joseph Foveaux]], who was Lieutenant-Governor of [[Norfolk Island]], on 28 July. Johnston sailed for England with [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]] in March 1809 (and [[Henry Fulton]] as a witness) and was tried by [[court-martial]] in May 1811. Found guilty of mutiny he was sentenced to be [[Cashiering|cashiered]]. This lenience of the sentence imposed in the circumstances presumably indicates that the court was convinced that he had been the tool of other people.<ref name=dab/>
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==Later life==
==Later life==
[[File:Johnstons Creek.JPG|thumb|right|Johnstons Creek pedestrian bridge]]
[[File:Johnstons Creek.JPG|thumb|right|Johnstons Creek pedestrian bridge]]
Johnston returned to New South Wales in May 1813 as a private individual and in November the following year at St John's Church in Parramatta he married [[Esther Abrahams]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Neville|first= Richard|date= Summer 2019|title= Stepping Out in Style|journal= SL Magazine|volume= 12|issue= 4|pages= 45}}</ref> a Jewish convict whom he had met on the transport [[Lady Penrhyn (1783 ship)|''Lady Penrhyn'']] in 1787. The couple had already had seven children together by that time, and they lived on his land at [[Annandale Farm]], [[Sydney]].<ref name=Silver>Silver 1989, p. 121.</ref><ref>Da Cruz 2015, p. 22.</ref> He died much respected on 5 January 1823, leaving a large family. He was first interred in a private mausoleum on his Annandale property, until its subdivision to become an inner-city suburb. His remains were moved to a new mausoleum at [[Waverley Cemetery]] in 1904.<ref name=dab/>
Johnston returned to New South Wales in May 1813 as a private individual and in November the following year at St John's Church in Parramatta he married [[Esther Abrahams]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Neville|first= Richard|date= Summer 2019|title= Stepping Out in Style|journal= SL Magazine|volume= 12|issue= 4|pages= 45}}</ref> a Jewish convict whom he had met on the transport [[Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)|''Lady Penrhyn'']] in 1787. The couple had already had seven children together by that time, and they lived on his land at [[Annandale Farm]], [[Sydney]].<ref name=Silver>Silver 1989, p. 121.</ref><ref>Da Cruz 2015, p. 22.</ref> He died much respected on 5 January 1823, leaving a large family. He was first interred in a private mausoleum on his Annandale property, until its subdivision to become an inner-city suburb. His remains were moved to a new mausoleum at [[Waverley Cemetery]] in 1904.<ref name=dab/>


The suburb of [[Georges Hall, New South Wales|Georges Hall]] is named after the farmhouse of the same name on land grants Johnston received near the junction of the [[Georges River]] and [[Prospect Creek (New South Wales)|Prospect Creek]]. This building still exists, and is now one of Australia's oldest houses. Johnston and Esther Abrahams and their children farmed and lived on Annandale until the 1870s, when the property was sold and sub-divided for residential development. The main street of Annandale is named after Johnston, and the gates of their property now stand in the grounds of Annandale Public School.<ref name=dab/>
The suburb of [[Georges Hall, New South Wales|Georges Hall]] is named after the farmhouse of the same name on land grants Johnston received near the junction of the [[Georges River]] and [[Prospect Creek (New South Wales)|Prospect Creek]]. This building still exists, and is now one of Australia's oldest houses. Johnston and Esther Abrahams and their children farmed and lived on Annandale until the 1870s, when the property was sold and sub-divided for residential development. The main street of Annandale is named after Johnston, and the gates of their property now stand in the grounds of Annandale Public School.<ref name=dab/>
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* {{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=George|Last=Johnston|shortlink=0-dict-biogI-K.html#johnston1|access-date=18 August 2009}}
* {{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=George|Last=Johnston|shortlink=0-dict-biogI-K.html#johnston1|access-date=18 August 2009}}
*{{cite book |last=Silver |first=Lynette Ramsay |title=The Battle of Vinegar Hill: Australia's Irish Rebellion, 1804 |year=1989 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Sydney |isbn=0-86824-326-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Silver |first=Lynette Ramsay |title=The Battle of Vinegar Hill: Australia's Irish Rebellion, 1804 |year=1989 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Sydney |isbn=0-86824-326-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=A. T. |last=Yarwood |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020020b.htm |title=Johnston, George (1764–1823) |work=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]] |volume=2 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1967|pages=20–22 |access-date= 18 August 2009}}
* {{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |first=A. T. |last=Yarwood |id=A020020b |title=Johnston, George (1764–1823) |volume=2 |year=1967|pages=20–22 |access-date= 18 August 2009}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title =Esther: The extraordinary true story of the First Fleet girl who became First Lady of the colony | first =Jessica | last =North | year =2019 | publisher =Allen & Unwin | isbn =9781760527372}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Marines officers]]
[[Category:Royal Marines officers]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-Governors of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-governors of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia]]
[[Category:People from Annan, Dumfries and Galloway]]
[[Category:People from Annan, Dumfries and Galloway]]
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[[Category:Burials at Waverley Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Waverley Cemetery]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:First Fleet]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dumfries and Galloway]]
⚫
[[Category:Rum Rebellion]]
[[Category:18th-century Royal Marines personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Royal Marines personnel]]

Latest revision as of 20:52, 1 September 2024

George Johnston
Lt. Col. George Johnston, 1810 watercolour portrait by R. Dighton: State Library of NSW
Born(1764-03-19)19 March 1764
Annan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
Died5 January 1823(1823-01-05) (aged 58)
Sydney, New South Wales
Years of service1776–1811
RankLieutenant Colonel
CommandsNew South Wales Corps
Battles / warsAmerican Revolutionary War

Castle Hill convict rebellion

Rum Rebellion
Spouse(s)
​
(m. 1814)​
Children7 (including Robert)

Lieutenant-Colonel George Johnston (19 March 1764 – 5 January 1823) was a British military officer who served as Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales, Australia after leading the rebellion later known as the Rum Rebellion. After serving as a young marine officer in the American Revolutionary War, Johnston served in the East Indies, fighting against the French, before volunteering to accompany the First Fleet to New South Wales. After serving as adjutant to Governor Arthur Phillip, Johnston served in the New South Wales Corps and he was a key figure in putting down the Castle Hill convict rebellion in 1804. He led his troops in deposing Governor Bligh in the Rum Rebellion in 1808; which led to his court martial and subsequent cashiering from military service. In his later life, he returned to New South Wales as a private citizen, raising a family in the colony and establishing a successful farm around Annandale in Sydney.

Early life and military career

[edit]

Johnston was born on 19 March 1764 at Annan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, the son of Captain George Johnston, aide-de-camp to Lord Percy, later the 2nd Duke of Northumberland. Percy obtained a commission for the 12-year-old Johnston as second lieutenant of marines on 6 March 1776. Johnston went to America with his regiment, and took part in the American Revolutionary War, serving in New York and Halifax during 1777 and 1778, after which he was promoted to first lieutenant.[1] During the campaign, his father was killed.[2] The Duke of Northumberland, who had held Johnston's father in high regard, became Johnston's guardian.[3]

The young officer subsequently acted as a recruiting officer in the United Kingdom before serving aboard HMS Sultan in the East Indies in 1781, and suffering a severe wound in action against the French.[4][5] Returned to garrison duty in Portsmouth, he volunteered to join the New South Wales Marine Corps, which would accompany the First Fleet to New South Wales. He sailed for Australia aboard the convict transport Lady Penrhyn in 1788.[4][5][6]

New South Wales

[edit]

On arrival in New South Wales, Johnston served as adjutant to Governor Arthur Phillip, and was promoted in 1789 to the rank of Captain-Lieutenant of Marines. He transferred from the New South Wales Marine Corps to the locally raised New South Wales Corps in 1791 with the rank of captain.[4][5][7]

Johnston received extensive land grants in areas of modern Petersham, Bankstown and Cabramatta. Johnston's other grants included land which is now the suburb of Annandale, named for his property that was in turn named after the place of his birth. He and Esther Abrahams farmed and lived on Annandale with their children.[8]

In September 1796, Johnston was appointed aide-de-camp to Governor John Hunter, and in 1800 received his brevet rank as major. In the same year Johnston was put under arrest by Lieutenant Governor William Paterson on charges of "paying spirits to a sergeant as part of his pay—and disobedience of orders". Johnston objected to trial by court-martial in the colony, and Hunter sent him to England. There the difficulties of conducting a trial with witnesses in Australia led to the proceedings being dropped, and Johnston returned to New South Wales in 1802. In 1803 Johnston took temporary command of the New South Wales Corps during the illness of Paterson, and became involved in the conflict between King and the military. In March 1804 he acted with decision when in command of the military sent against some convicts who had rebelled at Castle Hill. When Paterson was sent to Port Dalrymple, Johnston became commander of the New South Wales Corps.[7]

On 26 January 1808, Johnston played a key role in the only successful armed takeover of a government in Australia's recorded history, the Rum Rebellion, working closely with John Macarthur. Johnston led the troops that deposed Governor William Bligh, assumed the title of lieutenant-governor, and illegally suspended the judge-advocate and other officials. The administration of justice became farcical, and there were signs of strong discontent among the settlers.[7]

Johnston was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel on 25 April 1808, and was superseded by his senior officer Joseph Foveaux, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island, on 28 July. Johnston sailed for England with John Macarthur in March 1809 (and Henry Fulton as a witness) and was tried by court-martial in May 1811. Found guilty of mutiny he was sentenced to be cashiered. This lenience of the sentence imposed in the circumstances presumably indicates that the court was convinced that he had been the tool of other people.[7]

Later life

[edit]
Johnstons Creek pedestrian bridge

Johnston returned to New South Wales in May 1813 as a private individual and in November the following year at St John's Church in Parramatta he married Esther Abrahams,[9] a Jewish convict whom he had met on the transport Lady Penrhyn in 1787. The couple had already had seven children together by that time, and they lived on his land at Annandale Farm, Sydney.[8][10] He died much respected on 5 January 1823, leaving a large family. He was first interred in a private mausoleum on his Annandale property, until its subdivision to become an inner-city suburb. His remains were moved to a new mausoleum at Waverley Cemetery in 1904.[7]

The suburb of Georges Hall is named after the farmhouse of the same name on land grants Johnston received near the junction of the Georges River and Prospect Creek. This building still exists, and is now one of Australia's oldest houses. Johnston and Esther Abrahams and their children farmed and lived on Annandale until the 1870s, when the property was sold and sub-divided for residential development. The main street of Annandale is named after Johnston, and the gates of their property now stand in the grounds of Annandale Public School.[7]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Yarwood 1967, pp. 20–22.
  2. ^ Weston, Bert E. (29 June 1982). "Family Saga: The Westons & The Johnstons – 1764 Onwards". Naval Historical Society of Australia. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  3. ^ Meader, Chrys (2008). "Stanmore". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Binney 2005, p. 25.
  5. ^ a b c Moore 1987, pp. 296–297.
  6. ^ "Annandale House—An Historic Residence, Now Being Demolished". Australian Town and Country Journal. 19 April 1905. p. 20. Retrieved 1 May 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Serle 1949.
  8. ^ a b Silver 1989, p. 121.
  9. ^ Neville, Richard (Summer 2019). "Stepping Out in Style". SL Magazine. 12 (4): 45.
  10. ^ Da Cruz 2015, p. 22.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • North, Jessica (2019). Esther: The extraordinary true story of the First Fleet girl who became First Lady of the colony. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781760527372.
[edit]
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