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{{short description|Japanese businessman and electronic music pioneer}}
{{short description|Japanese businessman (1930–2017)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Ikutaro Kakehashi
| name = Ikutaro Kakehashi
| image =
| native_name = {{nobold|梯郁太郎}}
| alt =
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| caption = Ikutaro Kakehashi in 1985
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|2|7}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|2|7}}
| birth_place = [[Osaka, Japan]]
| birth_place = [[Osaka, Japan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|4|1|1930|2|7}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|4|1|1930|2|7}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Japanese
| death_place =
| other_names =
| nationality = Japanese
| other_names =
| occupation = Engineer, entrepreneur
| occupation = Engineer, entrepreneur
| years_active = 1947–2017
| years_active = 1947–2017
| known_for = Founder of [[Ace Tone]], [[Roland Corporation|Roland]], [[Boss Corporation|Boss]] and ATV
| known_for = Founder of [[Ace Tone]], [[Roland Corporation|Roland]], [[Boss Corporation|Boss]] and ATV
| notable_works = [[Electronic musical instrument]]s, [[MIDI]], [[guitar amplifier]]s, [[Effect unit|effects{{nbsp}}units]]
| notable_works = [[Electronic musical instrument]]s, [[MIDI]], [[guitar amplifier]]s, [[Effect unit|effects{{nbsp}}units]]
}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Ikutaro Kakehashi'''|梯 郁太郎|Kakehashi Ikutarō| 7 February 1930 – 1 April 2017}}, also known by the nickname '''Taro''',<ref name="guardian"/> was a Japanese engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He founded the musical instrument manufacturers [[Ace Tone]], [[Roland Corporation]], and [[Boss Corporation]], and the audiovisual electronics company ATV Corporation.
{{nihongo|'''Ikutaro Kakehashi'''|梯 郁太郎|Kakehashi Ikutarō| 7 February 1930 – 1 April 2017}}, also known by the nickname '''Taro''',<ref name="guardian"/> was a Japanese engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur. He founded the musical instrument manufacturers [[Ace Tone]], [[Roland Corporation]] and [[Boss Corporation]], and the audiovisual electronics company ATV Corporation.


Kakehashi founded Ace Tone in 1960 to produce [[electronic organ]]s and early [[drum machine]]s. He founded Roland in 1972 and was involved in the development of various influential electronic instruments, such as the [[TR-808]] and [[TR-909]] drum machines and the [[TB-303]] and [[Roland Juno-60|Juno-60]] synthesizers, in addition to Boss [[guitar amplifier]]s and [[effects pedal]]s. He was also key to the development of [[MIDI]], a technical standard that connects a wide variety of electronic instruments, in the 1980s; in 2013, Kakehashi received a [[Technical Grammy Award]], shared with [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of [[Sequential (company)|Sequential]], for the invention of MIDI. Kakehashi's inventions are credited with shaping [[popular music]] genres such as [[Electronic music|electronic]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[pop music]].<ref name="fact">[http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/ The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to], ''[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]''</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/apr/02/roland-founder-and-music-pioneer-ikutaro-kakehashi-dies-aged-87|title=Roland founder and music pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi dies aged 87|first1=Ruth|last1=McKee|first2=Jamie|last2=Grierson|date=2 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/music/ikutaro-kakeshashi-roland-808-drum-machine-dead.html|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87|first=Jon|last=Pareles|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-world">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqTGApbPIzk|title=BBC World Service tribute to the founder of Roland Corporation|last=Creative Media|date=2 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>[https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/ikutaro-kakehashi-founder-of-roland-and-developer-of-the-tr-808-has-died-at-age-87 Ikutaro Kakehashi, Founder of Roland and Developer of the TR-808, Has Died at Age 87], ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]''</ref><ref name="synthtopia">{{cite web|url=http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2017/04/01/roland-founder-ikutaro-kakehashi-has-died/|title=Roland Founder Ikutaro Kakehashi Has Died|website=Synthtopia|date=April 2017|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.spin.com/2017/04/ikutaro-kakehashi-roland-founder-and-music-pioneer-dies-at-87/ Ikutaro Kakehashi, Roland Founder and Music Pioneer, Dies at 87], ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''</ref><ref name="sos_roland">{{citation|last=Reid|first=Gordon|title=The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm|journal=[[Sound on Sound]]|issue=November|year=2004|access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508|title=Slaves to the rhythm|last=Anderson|first=Jason|date=27 November 2008|access-date=16 January 2017|newspaper=CBC News}}</ref><ref name="reverb">{{cite web|url=https://reverb.com/uk/news/tribute-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-rolands-impact-on-music|title=Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music|website=reverb.com|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>
Kakehashi founded Ace Tone in 1960 to produce [[electronic organ]]s and early [[drum machine]]s. He founded Roland in 1972 and was involved in the development of various influential electronic instruments, such as the [[TR-808]] and [[TR-909]] drum machines and the [[TB-303]] and [[Roland Juno-60|Juno-60]] synthesizers, in addition to Boss [[guitar amplifier]]s and [[effects pedal]]s. He was also key to the development of [[MIDI]], a technical standard that connects a wide variety of electronic instruments, in the 1980s; in 2013, Kakehashi received a [[Technical Grammy Award]], shared with [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of [[Sequential (company)|Sequential]], for the invention of MIDI. Kakehashi's inventions are credited with shaping [[popular music]] genres such as [[Electronic music|electronic]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[pop music]].<ref name="fact">[http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/ The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to], ''[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]''</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/apr/02/roland-founder-and-music-pioneer-ikutaro-kakehashi-dies-aged-87|title=Roland founder and music pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi dies aged 87|first1=Ruth|last1=McKee|first2=Jamie|last2=Grierson|date=2 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/music/ikutaro-kakeshashi-roland-808-drum-machine-dead.html|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87|first=Jon|last=Pareles|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-world">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqTGApbPIzk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/AqTGApbPIzk |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=BBC World Service tribute to the founder of Roland Corporation|last=Creative Media|date=2 April 2017|access-date=29 May 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>[https://thump.vice.com/en_us/article/ikutaro-kakehashi-founder-of-roland-and-developer-of-the-tr-808-has-died-at-age-87 Ikutaro Kakehashi, Founder of Roland and Developer of the TR-808, Has Died at Age 87], ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]''</ref><ref name="synthtopia">{{cite web|url=http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2017/04/01/roland-founder-ikutaro-kakehashi-has-died/|title=Roland Founder Ikutaro Kakehashi Has Died|website=Synthtopia|date=April 2017|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.spin.com/2017/04/ikutaro-kakehashi-roland-founder-and-music-pioneer-dies-at-87/ Ikutaro Kakehashi, Roland Founder and Music Pioneer, Dies at 87], ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''</ref><ref name="sos_roland">{{citation|last=Reid|first=Gordon|title=The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm|journal=[[Sound on Sound]]|issue=November|year=2004|access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="CBC2008a">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508|title=Slaves to the rhythm|last=Anderson|first=Jason|date=27 November 2008|access-date=16 January 2017|newspaper=CBC News}}</ref><ref name="reverb">{{cite web|url=https://reverb.com/uk/news/tribute-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-rolands-impact-on-music|title=Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music|website=reverb.com|date=5 April 2017 |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Kakehashi was born on 7 February 1930 in [[Osaka]], Japan.<ref name="fact"/> His parents died of [[tuberculosis]] during his early childhood,<ref name="fact2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/09/22/the-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music/|title=The 14 drum machines that shaped modern music|date=22 September 2016|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> and he was raised by his grandparents.<ref name="fact"/> Much of his childhood was spent studying [[electrical engineering]] and working in the [[Hitachi]] shipyards of Osaka.<ref name="fact2016"/> During [[World War II]], with no music lessons, Kakehashi became interested in radio as a way of listening to music,<ref name="fact" /> and his home was destroyed by American bombing.<ref name="fact"/> Following the war, in 1946, he failed to get into [[university]] on health grounds, and moved to the southern island of [[Kyushu]].<ref name="fact2016"/>
Kakehashi was born on 7 February 1930 in [[Osaka]], Japan.<ref name="fact"/> His parents died of [[tuberculosis]] during his early childhood,<ref name="fact2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/09/22/the-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music/|title=The 14 drum machines that shaped modern music|date=22 September 2016|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref> and he was raised by his grandparents.<ref name="fact"/> Much of his childhood was spent studying [[electrical engineering]] and working in the [[Hitachi]] shipyards of Osaka.<ref name="fact2016"/> During [[World War II]], with no music lessons, Kakehashi became interested in radio as a way of listening to music,<ref name="fact" /> and his home was destroyed by American bombing.<ref name="fact"/> Following the war, in 1946, he failed to get into a [[university]] on health grounds, and moved to the southern island of [[Kyushu]].<ref name="fact2016"/>


== Career ==
== Career ==
In 1947, aged 16, Kakehashi founded the Kakehashi Clock Store, a watch repair shop. He soon began repairing [[radio]]s.<ref name="fact2016" /> He later returned to Osaka to attend university. During a mass food shortage, he contracted tuberculosis and spent several years in a [[Sanatorium|sanitarium]], where he became a [[clinical trial]] test patient for an [[experimental medicine]] [[antibiotic]] drug, [[Streptomycin]], which improved his condition.<ref name="fact" /><ref name="fact2016" /> In 1954, Kakehashi opened the Kakehashi Radio electrical appliance store. In his spare time, he repaired [[electronic organ]]s and created prototype organs throughout the 1950s.
In 1947, aged 16, Kakehashi founded the Kakehashi Clock Store, a watch-repair shop. He soon began repairing radios.<ref name="fact2016" /> He later returned to Osaka to attend university. During a mass food shortage, he contracted tuberculosis and spent several years in a [[Sanatorium|sanitarium]], where he became a [[clinical trial]] test patient for an [[experimental medicine]] [[antibiotic]] drug, [[streptomycin]], which improved his condition.<ref name="fact" /><ref name="fact2016" /> In 1954, Kakehashi opened the Kakehashi Radio electrical appliance store. In his spare time, he repaired [[electronic organ]]s and created prototype organs throughout the 1950s.


At 28, he decided to devote himself to music and pursuit of the ideal [[electronic musical instrument]]. Kakehashi had no musical training, and wanted musical instruments to be accessible for professionals as well as amateurs like himself. He also wanted them to be inexpensive, intuitive, small, and simple. He constructed his first 49-key [[monophonic]] organ in 1959, specifically designed to be playable by anyone, with no musical skill necessary. The focus on miniaturization, affordability and simplicity later became fundamental to product development at Roland.<ref name="fact" />
At 28, he decided to devote himself to music and pursuit of the ideal [[electronic musical instrument]]. Kakehashi had no musical training, and wanted musical instruments to be accessible for both professionals and amateurs like himself. He also wanted them to be inexpensive, intuitive, small, and simple. He constructed his first 49-key [[monophonic]] organ in 1959, specifically designed to be playable by anyone, with no musical skill necessary. The focus on miniaturization, affordability, and simplicity later became fundamental to product development at Roland.<ref name="fact" />


===Ace Tone===
===Ace Tone===
{{See also|Ace Tone}}
{{main|Ace Tone}}
In 1960, Kakehashi founded [[Ace Tone|Ace Electronic Industries Inc.]] In 1964, he developed the first fully [[transistor]]ized [[electronic drum]] instrument, the R1 Rhythm Ace, which was exhibited at Summer [[NAMM]] 1964. It was a push-button device that was manually hand-operated in a manner similar to modern electronic drum pads. It was not commercialized in North America, however, due to its lack of automated preset rhythms. This led to him beginning work on a fully transistorized electronic [[rhythm machine]].<ref name="sos_roland"/><ref name="fact2016"/> In 1967, Kakehashi patented the "Automatic Rhythm Performance Device" [[drum machine]], a preset rhythm-pattern generator using ''diode matrix'' circuit, a [[drum machine]] where a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" and the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm".<ref name=uspat3651241>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3651241 | status = patent | title = Automatic Rhythm Performance Device | inventor= Ikutaro Kakehashi (Ace Electronics Industries, Inc.) | fdate = 1971-06-03 | gdate = 1972-03-21}}</ref> Ace Tone popularized the use of drum machines, with the FR-1 Rhythm Ace finding its way into [[popular music]] starting in the late 1960s.<ref name="cambridge">Russell Hartenberger (2016), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 ''The Cambridge Companion to Percussion'', page 84], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>
In 1960, Kakehashi founded [[Ace Tone|Ace Electronic Industries Inc.]] In 1964, he developed the first fully [[transistor]]ized [[electronic drum]] instrument, the R1 Rhythm Ace, which was exhibited at the [[NAMM Show|Summer NAMM Convention]] in 1964. It was a push-button device that was manually hand-operated in a manner similar to modern electronic drum pads. It was not commercialized in North America due to its lack of automated preset rhythms, so Kakehashi began work on fully transistorized electronic rhythm machine.<ref name="sos_roland"/><ref name="fact2016"/>
In 1967, Kakehashi patented the "Automatic Rhythm Performance Device" [[drum machine]], a preset rhythm-pattern generator using diode matrix circuit, a drum machine whereby a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" and the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm".<ref name="uspat3651241">{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3651241 | status = patent | title = Automatic Rhythm Performance Device | inventor= Ikutaro Kakehashi (Ace Electronics Industries, Inc.) | fdate = 1971-06-03 | gdate = 1972-03-21}}</ref> Ace Tone popularized the use of drum machines, with the FR-1 Rhythm Ace finding its way into [[popular music]] starting in the late 1960s.<ref name="cambridge">Russell Hartenberger (2016), [https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 ''The Cambridge Companion to Percussion'', page 84], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref>


===Roland===
===Roland===
{{See also|Roland Corporation}}
{{main|Roland Corporation}}
In 1972, Kakehashi founded the [[Roland Corporation]], and led it for four decades.<ref name="guardian" /> While rival companies [[Moog Music|Moog]] and [[ARP Instruments|ARP]] targeted professional musicians and academics, Kakehashi, who had no musical training, wanted to appeal to amateurs and hobbyists, and focused on miniaturization, affordability, and simplicity.<ref name="fact" /> The company went on to have a big impact on [[popular music]], and did more to shape [[electronic music]] than any other company.<ref name="fact2016"/>
In 1972, Kakehashi founded the [[Roland Corporation]], and led it for four decades.<ref name="guardian" /> While their rival companies [[Moog Music|Moog]] and [[ARP Instruments|ARP]] targeted professional musicians and academics, Kakehashi, who had no musical training, wanted to appeal to amateurs and hobbyists, and focused on miniaturization, affordability and simplicity.<ref name="fact" /> Roland had a major impact on popular music and had more influence on [[electronic music]] than any other company.<ref name="fact2016"/>


At Roland, he continued his work on the development of drum machines. Roland's first drum machine was the [[Roland TR-77]], released in 1972.<ref name="collins">Mike Collins (2014), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tdEABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA320 ''In the Box Music Production: Advanced Tools and Techniques for Pro Tools'', page 320], [[CRC Press]]</ref> After Kakehashi realized [[microprocessor]]s could be used to program drum machines,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72|title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music|last=Kirn|first=Peter|publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2011|isbn=978-1-61713-446-3}}</ref> Roland launched the [[Roland CR-78|CR-78]], the first [[microprocessor]]-driven programmable drum machine, in 1978.<ref name="SOS2004">{{cite journal|author=Gordon Reid|date=Nov 2004|title=The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930-1978|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm|journal=[[Sound on Sound]]|access-date=2011-06-19}}</ref> These 1970s Roland drum machines were used in [[disco]], [[R&B]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[pop songs]] from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.<ref name="collins"/>
At Roland, he continued his work on the development of drum machines. Roland's first drum machine was the [[Roland TR-77]], released in 1972.<ref name="collins">Mike Collins (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=tdEABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA320 ''In the Box Music Production: Advanced Tools and Techniques for Pro Tools'', page 320], [[CRC Press]]</ref> After Kakehashi realized [[microprocessor]]s could be used to program drum machines,<ref name="kirn2011p72a">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72|title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music|last=Kirn|first=Peter|publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2011|isbn=978-1-61713-446-3}}</ref> Roland launched the [[Roland CR-78|CR-78]], the first [[microprocessor]]-driven programmable drum machine, in 1978.<ref name="SOS2004">{{cite journal|author=Gordon Reid|date=Nov 2004|title=The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930-1978|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm|journal=[[Sound on Sound]]|access-date=2011-06-19}}</ref> These 1970s Roland drum machines were used in [[disco]], [[R&B]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[pop songs]] from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.<ref name="collins"/>


During the 1980s and 1990s, Roland released several instruments that have had a lasting influence on popular music.<ref name="guardian" /> Roland launched the [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], the first fully programmable drum machine,<ref name="keyboard">''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLAAAAYAAJ Volume 7, Issues 1-6], 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."</ref> in 1980.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2014/01/16/roland-tr-808-beginners-guide-everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-introduction/|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about the Roland TR-808 but were afraid to ask|date=16 January 2014|website=Fact|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Kakehashi deliberately purchased faulty [[transistor]]s that created the machine's distinctive "sizzling" sound.<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-808-heard-round-the-world|title=The 808 heard round the world|last=Norris|first=Chris|date=13 August 2015|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Although it was not an immediate commercial success, the 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=Peter|title=A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18|page=18|year=2004|publisher=AVA Books|isbn=2-88479-037-3|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> and became a cornerstone of the emerging [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[hip hop]] genres.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508|title=Slaves to the rhythm|last=Anderson|first=Jason|date=27 November 2008|newspaper=CBC News|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
During the 1980s and 1990s, Roland released several instruments that have had a lasting influence on popular music.<ref name="guardian" /> Roland launched the [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], the first fully programmable drum machine,<ref name="keyboard">''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLAAAAYAAJ Volume 7, Issues 1-6], 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."</ref> in 1980.<ref name="fact2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2014/01/16/roland-tr-808-beginners-guide-everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-introduction/|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about the Roland TR-808 but were afraid to ask|date=16 January 2014|website=Fact|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Kakehashi deliberately purchased faulty [[transistor]]s that created the machine's distinctive "sizzling" sound.<ref name="newyorker2015">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-808-heard-round-the-world|title=The 808 heard round the world|last=Norris|first=Chris|date=13 August 2015|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Although it was not an immediate commercial success, the 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=Peter|title=A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18|page=18|year=2004|publisher=AVA Books|isbn=2-88479-037-3|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> and became a cornerstone of the emerging [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[hip hop]] genres.<ref name="CBC2008b">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/slaves-to-the-rhythm-1.771508|title=Slaves to the rhythm|last=Anderson|first=Jason|date=27 November 2008|newspaper=CBC News|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>


In 1994, Kakehashi founded the Roland Foundation and became chairman. In 1995 he was appointed chairman of Roland Corporation. In 2001 he resigned from the position and was appointed as Special Executive Adviser of Roland Corporation. In 2002, Kakehashi published an [[autobiography]], ''I Believe in Music.'' His second book, ''An Age Without Samples: Originality and Creativity in the Digital World'', was published in 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/music/ikutaro-kakeshashi-roland-808-drum-machine-dead.html|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref>
In 1994, Kakehashi founded the Roland Foundation and became chairman. In 1995, he was appointed chairman of Roland Corporation. In 2001, he resigned from the position and was appointed as special executive adviser of Roland Corporation. In 2002, Kakehashi published an [[autobiography]], ''I Believe in Music.'' His second book, ''An Age Without Samples: Originality and Creativity in the Digital World'', was published in 2017.<ref name="nytimes2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/music/ikutaro-kakeshashi-roland-808-drum-machine-dead.html|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87|work=The New York Times |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=2018-09-06|last1=Pareles |first1=Jon }}</ref>


=== Boss ===
==== Boss ====
{{main|Boss Corporation}}
{{See also|Boss Corporation}}In 1973, Kakehashi founded [[Boss Corporation]], a subsidiary of Roland that produces [[amplifier]]s and [[effects unit]]s for [[electric guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] players. Boss effects units became the ''de facto'' standard of guitar effects for decades, with many guitarists relying on them for sonic experimentation.<ref name="reverb"/> Boss amplifiers and effects units have had a significant impact on the development of [[rock music]] since the 1970s.<ref name="reverb"/><ref name="guitariste">{{Cite web|url=http://guitariste-metal.fr/boss-hm-2-pedal/|title=Boss HM-2 : more than a Myth, the story of the Swedish Sound - Guitariste-Metal|date=2016-03-16|language=fr-FR|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref>
In 1973, Kakehashi founded [[Boss Corporation]], a subsidiary of Roland that produces [[amplifier]]s and [[effects unit]]s for [[electric guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] players. Boss effects units became the ''de facto'' standard of guitar effects for decades, with many guitarists relying on them for sonic experimentation.<ref name="reverb"/> Boss amplifiers and effects units have had a significant impact on the development of [[rock music]] since the 1970s.<ref name="reverb"/><ref name="guitariste">{{Cite web|url=http://guitariste-metal.fr/boss-hm-2-pedal/|title=Boss HM-2 : more than a Myth, the story of the Swedish Sound - Guitariste-Metal|date=2016-03-16|language=fr-FR|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref>


=== MIDI ===
=== MIDI ===
{{Main|MIDI}}
{{Main|MIDI}}


In the early 1980s, there was no [[Standardization|standardized]] means of synchronizing [[electronic musical instrument]]s manufactured by different companies,<ref name="chadab51002">{{cite journal|last=Chadabe|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Chadabe|date=1 May 2000|title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future|url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|url-status=dead|journal=Electronic Musician|publisher=Penton Media|volume=XVI|issue=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|archive-date=28 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which Kakehashi felt was limiting the growth of the industry.<ref name=":152">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72|title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music|last=Kirn|first=Peter|date=2011|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-1-61713-446-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235744/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&lpg=PT72&dq=%22mark+vail%22+808&source=bl&ots=dOOpEyQGfI&sig=nPF6yAIeQlupw3Pw0Drg6LE34r4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir3b7qhsfRAhUFJcAKHfSNCyMQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=%22mark%20vail%22%20808&f=false|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He proposed developing a standard with representatives from [[Oberheim Electronics]], [[Sequential Circuits]], [[Yamaha]], [[Korg]] and [[Kawai (company)|Kawai]].<ref name="chadab51002" /> Kakehashi favored the name Universal Musical Interface (UME), pronounced ''you-me'',<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/|title=The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to|date=2017-04-02|work=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> but the protocol was named Musical Instrument Digital Interface ([[MIDI]]).<ref name="Huber 1991">{{cite book|title=The MIDI Manual|last=Huber|first=David Miles|date=1991|publisher=SAMS|isbn=9780672227578|location=Carmel, Indiana|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/midimanual00hube}}</ref>{{rp|4|date=November 2012}} Kakehashi and [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of Sequential Circuits unveiled MIDI in 1983.<ref name="chadab5100">{{cite journal|last=Chadabe|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Chadabe|date=1 May 2000|title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future|url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|url-status=dead|journal=Electronic Musician|publisher=Penton Media|volume=XVI|issue=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> MIDI allowed communication between different instruments and [[general-purpose computer]]s to play a role in music production.<ref name="russ2012">{{cite book | last = Russ |first = Martin | year = 2012 | title = Sound Synthesis and Sampling | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn = 978-1136122149 | page = 192 | access-date = 26 April 2017}}</ref> In 2013, Kakehashi and Smith received [[Technical Grammy Award]]s for their work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith|title=Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073641/http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance|date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209022049/http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Synthesizer|last1=Vail|first1=Mark|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539481-8|location=New York|page=56}}</ref> MIDI remains the industry standard.<ref name=":03" />
In the early 1980s, no [[Standardization|standardized]] means of synchronizing [[electronic musical instrument]]s manufactured by different companies existed,<ref name="chadab51002">{{cite journal|last=Chadabe|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Chadabe|date=1 May 2000|title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future|url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|url-status=dead|journal=Electronic Musician|publisher=Penton Media|volume=XVI|issue=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|archive-date=28 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which Kakehashi felt was limiting the growth of the industry.<ref name="Kirn2011p72b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72|title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music|last=Kirn|first=Peter|date=2011|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-1-61713-446-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235744/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&lpg=PT72&dq=%22mark+vail%22+808&source=bl&ots=dOOpEyQGfI&sig=nPF6yAIeQlupw3Pw0Drg6LE34r4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir3b7qhsfRAhUFJcAKHfSNCyMQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=%22mark%20vail%22%20808&f=false|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He proposed developing a standard with representatives from [[Oberheim Electronics]], [[Sequential Circuits]], [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]], [[Korg]] and [[Kawai (company)|Kawai]].<ref name="chadab51002" /> Kakehashi favored the name Universal Musical Interface (UME), pronounced ''you-me'',<ref name="fact2017">{{Cite news|url=http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/|title=The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to|date=2017-04-02|work=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> but the protocol was named Musical Instrument Digital Interface ([[MIDI]]).<ref name="Huber 1991">{{cite book|title=The MIDI Manual|last=Huber|first=David Miles|date=1991|publisher=SAMS|isbn=9780672227578|location=Carmel, Indiana|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/midimanual00hube}}</ref>{{rp|4|date=November 2012}} Kakehashi and [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of Sequential Circuits unveiled MIDI in 1983.<ref name="chadab5100">{{cite journal|last=Chadabe|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Chadabe|date=1 May 2000|title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future|url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|url-status=dead|journal=Electronic Musician|publisher=Penton Media|volume=XVI|issue=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415|archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="emusician2017" /> MIDI allowed communication between different instruments and [[general-purpose computer]]s to play a role in music production.<ref name="russ2012">{{cite book | last = Russ |first = Martin | year = 2012 | title = Sound Synthesis and Sampling | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn = 978-1136122149 | page = 192 | access-date = 26 April 2017}}</ref> In 2013, Kakehashi and Smith received [[Technical Grammy Award]]s for their work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith|title=Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073641/http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance|date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209022049/http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Synthesizer|last1=Vail|first1=Mark|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539481-8|location=New York|page=56}}</ref> MIDI remains the industry standard.<ref name="fact2017" />


===ATV===
===ATV===
In 2013, after a clash with management,<ref name="ToyoKeizai2014">{{cite news
In 2013, after a clash with management,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/04/03/music/synthesizer-pioneer-ikutaro-kakehashi-founder-roland-dies-87/|title=Synthesizer pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi, founder of Roland, dies at 87 {{!}} The Japan Times|work=The Japan Times|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Kakehashi left Roland and founded ATV Corporation, an audiovisual electronics company.<ref name=":2" /> His final project at ATV was the aFrame, an "electro-organic" percussion instrument played like a [[hand drum]].<ref name=":2" />
| last = Yamada |first=Yūichiro
| date = 2014-07-04
| title = ローランド総会､創業者と社長が激しい応酬 ｢これは乗っ取り｣｢いや､構造改革のためだ｣
| trans-title=Roland's founder and president fiercely exchanged at the general meeting "This is a takeover" "No, it's for structural reform"
| url = https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/41814
| newspaper = [[Toyo Keizai]]
}}
</ref> Kakehashi left Roland and founded ATV Corporation, an audiovisual electronics company.<ref name="nytimes2017" /> His final project at ATV was the aFrame, an "electro-organic" percussion instrument played like a [[hand drum]].<ref name="nytimes2017" />


== Death ==
== Death ==
Kakehashi died in April 2017, aged 87.<ref name="synthtopia" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39471567|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi: Roland founder and music pioneer dies aged 87|access-date=3 April 2017|publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref><ref name="reverb" /> Tributes came from musicians such as Tommy Snyder of [[Godiego]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Chris Carter (British musician)|Chris Carter]] of [[Throbbing Gristle]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Samantha Ronson]], [[Matthew Herbert]], [[Marc Almond]] of [[Soft Cell]], [[Martyn Ware]] of the [[Human League]], and producer [[Paul Epworth]].<ref name="guardian" /> [[Moog Music]] described him as a "model of resilience and a genuine trailblazer",<ref name="guardian" /> and [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of [[Sequential (company)|Sequential]] wrote that he was "just an amazing man, a good friend, a very good competitor of course, and just innovative continually all that time".<ref name="guardian" />
Kakehashi died in April 2017, aged 87.<ref name="synthtopia" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39471567|title=Ikutaro Kakehashi: Roland founder and music pioneer dies aged 87|access-date=3 April 2017|publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref><ref name="reverb" /> Tributes came from musicians such as Tommy Snyder of [[Godiego]],<ref name="JapanTimes2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2017/04/03/music/synthesizer-pioneer-ikutaro-kakehashi-founder-roland-dies-87/|title=Synthesizer pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi, founder of Roland, dies at 87 {{!}} The Japan Times|work=The Japan Times|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Chris Carter (British musician)|Chris Carter]] of [[Throbbing Gristle]],<ref name="JapanTimes2017" /> [[Samantha Ronson]], [[Matthew Herbert]], [[Marc Almond]] of [[Soft Cell]], [[Martyn Ware]] of the [[Human League]], and producer [[Paul Epworth]].<ref name="guardian" /> [[Moog Music]] described him as a "model of resilience and a genuine trailblazer",<ref name="guardian" /> and [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] of [[Sequential (company)|Sequential]] wrote that he was "just an amazing man, a good friend, a very good competitor of course, and just innovative continually all that time".<ref name="guardian" />


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Line 61: Line 73:
In 1991, Kakehashi was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from [[Berklee College of Music]] for his contribution to the development and popularization of electronic instruments. The Bentley-branded Rhythm Ace inspired the 1997 Birmingham band [[Bentley Rhythm Ace]] when a model was found at a [[car boot sale]].
In 1991, Kakehashi was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from [[Berklee College of Music]] for his contribution to the development and popularization of electronic instruments. The Bentley-branded Rhythm Ace inspired the 1997 Birmingham band [[Bentley Rhythm Ace]] when a model was found at a [[car boot sale]].


In 2000, Kekahashi left his handprints at [[Guitar Center#Hollywood's RockWalk|Hollywood's RockWalk]] in [[Hollywood]]. In 2002, Kakehashi published an autobiography, ''I Believe In Music'',<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 0634037838|title = I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation|last1 = Kakehashi|first1 = Ikutar_|year = 2002}}</ref> and was featured as a biography in the book ''The Art of Digital Music''. As of 2002, Kakehashi was awarded about 50 [[patent]]s, since the 1960s.<ref>Ikutaro Kakehashi (2002), [https://archive.org/details/ibelieveinmusicl00kake ''I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation''], page 283</ref> In 2005, he was awarded the title of professor emeritus of the Central Music College of China and the University of Glamorgan.
In 2000, Kekahashi left his handprints at [[Guitar Center#Hollywood's RockWalk|Hollywood's RockWalk]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]. In 2002, Kakehashi published an autobiography, ''I Believe In Music'',<ref name=IBiM02>{{Cite book|isbn = 0-634-03783-8 |title = I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation |last1 = Kakehashi |first1 = Ikutaro |last2=Olsen |first2=Robert |year = 2002| publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |url=https://archive.org/details/ibelieveinmusicl00kake/ |url-access=registration}}</ref> and was featured as a biography in the book ''The Art of Digital Music''. As of 2002, Kakehashi was awarded about 50 [[patent]]s, since the 1960s.<ref name=IBiM02/>{{rp|283}} In 2005, he was awarded the title of professor emeritus of the Central Music College of China and the University of Glamorgan.


In 2013, Kakeashi received a [[Technical Grammy Award]], shared with Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits, for the invention of [[MIDI]].<ref name="fact"/> The 2015 documentary film ''[[808 (film)|808]]'' documented the impact that his [[Roland TR-808]] [[drum machine]] had on [[popular music]] and [[popular culture]],<ref name="spin">[http://www.spin.com/2016/11/watch-a-trailer-for-a-new-documentary-about-the-roland-tr-808-drum-machine/ Watch a Trailer for a New Documentary About the Roland TR-808 Drum Machine], ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''</ref> describing it as the "[[rock guitar]] of [[hip hop]]".<ref name="billboard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/magazine/6494995/sxsw-documentary-808-drum-machine-film-alex-noyer-interview|title=SXSW Preview: New Film Looks at the 808 Drum Machine &ndash; 'The Rock Guitar of Hip-Hop'|newspaper=Billboard|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[Electronic Musician]]'' magazine listed thirty of his instruments and innovations that have influenced popular music over the course of fifty years.<ref name=":0">[http://www.emusician.com/artists/1333/the-30-top-instruments-and-innovations-of-rolands-ikutaro-kakehashi-1930-2017/62364 The 30 Top Instruments and Innovations of Roland’s Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930-2017)], ''[[Electronic Musician]]''</ref>
In 2013, Kakehashi received a [[Technical Grammy Award]], shared with Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits, for the invention of [[MIDI]].<ref name="fact"/> The 2015 documentary film ''[[808 (film)|808]]'' documented the impact that his [[Roland TR-808]] [[drum machine]] had on [[popular music]] and [[popular culture]],<ref name="spin">[http://www.spin.com/2016/11/watch-a-trailer-for-a-new-documentary-about-the-roland-tr-808-drum-machine/ Watch a Trailer for a New Documentary About the Roland TR-808 Drum Machine], ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''</ref> describing it as the "[[rock guitar]] of [[hip hop]]".<ref name="billboard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/magazine/6494995/sxsw-documentary-808-drum-machine-film-alex-noyer-interview|title=SXSW Preview: New Film Looks at the 808 Drum Machine &ndash; 'The Rock Guitar of Hip-Hop'|newspaper=Billboard|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[Electronic Musician]]'' magazine listed thirty of his instruments and innovations that have influenced popular music over the course of fifty years.<ref name="emusician2017">{{cite magazine |first=Francis |last=Prève |date=2017-04-03 |url=http://www.emusician.com/artists/1333/the-30-top-instruments-and-innovations-of-rolands-ikutaro-kakehashi-1930-2017/62364 |title=The 30 Top Instruments and Innovations of Roland's Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930-2017) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404015332/http://www.emusician.com/artists/1333/the-30-top-instruments-and-innovations-of-rolands-ikutaro-kakehashi-1930-2017/62364 |archive-date=2017-04-04 |magazine=[[Electronic Musician]]|publisher=Penton Media}}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 73: Line 85:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.roland.com/classic/common/images/c30/approach/p_kakehasi.jpg Ikutaro Kakehashi's Picture]
* ''"Berklee College of Music, Honorary Degree Recipients"'' http://www.berklee.edu/about/honorary.html
* ''"Berklee College of Music, Honorary Degree Recipients"'' http://www.berklee.edu/about/honorary.html
* [http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/handPrint.cfm?id=60&disp=2 ''"Guitar Center's Hollywood Rockwalk"'']
* [http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/handPrint.cfm?id=60&disp=2 ''"Guitar Center's Hollywood Rockwalk"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195919/http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/handPrint.cfm?id=60&disp=2 |date=2011-07-15 }}
* [http://blog.zzounds.com/2015/07/28/roots-music-ikutaro-kakehashi-rise-rhythm-composer/ Ikutaro and the Rise of the Rhythm Composer]
* [http://blog.zzounds.com/2015/07/28/roots-music-ikutaro-kakehashi-rise-rhythm-composer/ Ikutaro and the Rise of the Rhythm Composer]
* [http://atv-global.com/ ATV Corporation]
* [http://atv-global.com/ ATV Corporation]
* [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/ikutaro-kakehashi Ikutaro Kakehashi] NAMM Oral History Interview (2001)
* [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/ikutaro-kakehashi Ikutaro Kakehashi Interview] at [[NAMM Oral History Program|NAMM Oral History Collection]] (2001)
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Japanese music industry executives]]
[[Category:Japanese music industry executives]]
[[Category:Japanese musical instrument makers]]
[[Category:Japanese musical instrument makers]]
[[Category:People from Osaka]]

Latest revision as of 07:00, 2 September 2024

Ikutaro Kakehashi
梯郁太郎
Born(1930-02-07)7 February 1930
Osaka, Japan
Died1 April 2017(2017-04-01) (aged 87)
NationalityJapanese
Occupation(s)Engineer, entrepreneur
Years active1947–2017
Known forFounder of Ace Tone, Roland, Boss and ATV
Notable workElectronic musical instruments, MIDI, guitar amplifiers, effects units

Ikutaro Kakehashi (梯 郁太郎, Kakehashi Ikutarō, 7 February 1930 – 1 April 2017), also known by the nickname Taro,[1] was a Japanese engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur. He founded the musical instrument manufacturers Ace Tone, Roland Corporation and Boss Corporation, and the audiovisual electronics company ATV Corporation.

Kakehashi founded Ace Tone in 1960 to produce electronic organs and early drum machines. He founded Roland in 1972 and was involved in the development of various influential electronic instruments, such as the TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines and the TB-303 and Juno-60 synthesizers, in addition to Boss guitar amplifiers and effects pedals. He was also key to the development of MIDI, a technical standard that connects a wide variety of electronic instruments, in the 1980s; in 2013, Kakehashi received a Technical Grammy Award, shared with Dave Smith of Sequential, for the invention of MIDI. Kakehashi's inventions are credited with shaping popular music genres such as electronic, dance, hip hop, R&B, rock and pop music.[2][1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Early life

[edit]

Kakehashi was born on 7 February 1930 in Osaka, Japan.[2] His parents died of tuberculosis during his early childhood,[11] and he was raised by his grandparents.[2] Much of his childhood was spent studying electrical engineering and working in the Hitachi shipyards of Osaka.[11] During World War II, with no music lessons, Kakehashi became interested in radio as a way of listening to music,[2] and his home was destroyed by American bombing.[2] Following the war, in 1946, he failed to get into a university on health grounds, and moved to the southern island of Kyushu.[11]

Career

[edit]

In 1947, aged 16, Kakehashi founded the Kakehashi Clock Store, a watch-repair shop. He soon began repairing radios.[11] He later returned to Osaka to attend university. During a mass food shortage, he contracted tuberculosis and spent several years in a sanitarium, where he became a clinical trial test patient for an experimental medicine antibiotic drug, streptomycin, which improved his condition.[2][11] In 1954, Kakehashi opened the Kakehashi Radio electrical appliance store. In his spare time, he repaired electronic organs and created prototype organs throughout the 1950s.

At 28, he decided to devote himself to music and pursuit of the ideal electronic musical instrument. Kakehashi had no musical training, and wanted musical instruments to be accessible for both professionals and amateurs like himself. He also wanted them to be inexpensive, intuitive, small, and simple. He constructed his first 49-key monophonic organ in 1959, specifically designed to be playable by anyone, with no musical skill necessary. The focus on miniaturization, affordability, and simplicity later became fundamental to product development at Roland.[2]

Ace Tone

[edit]
Main article: Ace Tone

In 1960, Kakehashi founded Ace Electronic Industries Inc. In 1964, he developed the first fully transistorized electronic drum instrument, the R1 Rhythm Ace, which was exhibited at the Summer NAMM Convention in 1964. It was a push-button device that was manually hand-operated in a manner similar to modern electronic drum pads. It was not commercialized in North America due to its lack of automated preset rhythms, so Kakehashi began work on fully transistorized electronic rhythm machine.[8][11]

In 1967, Kakehashi patented the "Automatic Rhythm Performance Device" drum machine, a preset rhythm-pattern generator using diode matrix circuit, a drum machine whereby a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" and the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm".[12] Ace Tone popularized the use of drum machines, with the FR-1 Rhythm Ace finding its way into popular music starting in the late 1960s.[13]

Roland

[edit]
Main article: Roland Corporation

In 1972, Kakehashi founded the Roland Corporation, and led it for four decades.[1] While their rival companies Moog and ARP targeted professional musicians and academics, Kakehashi, who had no musical training, wanted to appeal to amateurs and hobbyists, and focused on miniaturization, affordability and simplicity.[2] Roland had a major impact on popular music and had more influence on electronic music than any other company.[11]

At Roland, he continued his work on the development of drum machines. Roland's first drum machine was the Roland TR-77, released in 1972.[14] After Kakehashi realized microprocessors could be used to program drum machines,[15] Roland launched the CR-78, the first microprocessor-driven programmable drum machine, in 1978.[16] These 1970s Roland drum machines were used in disco, R&B, rock, and pop songs from the early 1970s to the early 1980s.[14]

During the 1980s and 1990s, Roland released several instruments that have had a lasting influence on popular music.[1] Roland launched the TR-808, the first fully programmable drum machine,[17] in 1980.[18] Kakehashi deliberately purchased faulty transistors that created the machine's distinctive "sizzling" sound.[19] Although it was not an immediate commercial success, the 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other drum machine[20] and became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic and hip hop genres.[21]

In 1994, Kakehashi founded the Roland Foundation and became chairman. In 1995, he was appointed chairman of Roland Corporation. In 2001, he resigned from the position and was appointed as special executive adviser of Roland Corporation. In 2002, Kakehashi published an autobiography, I Believe in Music. His second book, An Age Without Samples: Originality and Creativity in the Digital World, was published in 2017.[22]

Boss

[edit]
Main article: Boss Corporation

In 1973, Kakehashi founded Boss Corporation, a subsidiary of Roland that produces amplifiers and effects units for electric guitar and bass guitar players. Boss effects units became the de facto standard of guitar effects for decades, with many guitarists relying on them for sonic experimentation.[10] Boss amplifiers and effects units have had a significant impact on the development of rock music since the 1970s.[10][23]

MIDI

[edit]
Main article: MIDI

In the early 1980s, no standardized means of synchronizing electronic musical instruments manufactured by different companies existed,[24] which Kakehashi felt was limiting the growth of the industry.[25] He proposed developing a standard with representatives from Oberheim Electronics, Sequential Circuits, Yamaha, Korg and Kawai.[24] Kakehashi favored the name Universal Musical Interface (UME), pronounced you-me,[26] but the protocol was named Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI).[27]: 4  Kakehashi and Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits unveiled MIDI in 1983.[28][29] MIDI allowed communication between different instruments and general-purpose computers to play a role in music production.[30] In 2013, Kakehashi and Smith received Technical Grammy Awards for their work.[31][32][33] MIDI remains the industry standard.[26]

ATV

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In 2013, after a clash with management,[34] Kakehashi left Roland and founded ATV Corporation, an audiovisual electronics company.[22] His final project at ATV was the aFrame, an "electro-organic" percussion instrument played like a hand drum.[22]

Death

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Kakehashi died in April 2017, aged 87.[6][35][10] Tributes came from musicians such as Tommy Snyder of Godiego,[36] Chris Carter of Throbbing Gristle,[36] Samantha Ronson, Matthew Herbert, Marc Almond of Soft Cell, Martyn Ware of the Human League, and producer Paul Epworth.[1] Moog Music described him as a "model of resilience and a genuine trailblazer",[1] and Dave Smith of Sequential wrote that he was "just an amazing man, a good friend, a very good competitor of course, and just innovative continually all that time".[1]

Legacy

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Kakehashi's handprints at RockWalk, Hollywood, California

In 1991, Kakehashi was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music for his contribution to the development and popularization of electronic instruments. The Bentley-branded Rhythm Ace inspired the 1997 Birmingham band Bentley Rhythm Ace when a model was found at a car boot sale.

In 2000, Kekahashi left his handprints at Hollywood's RockWalk in Hollywood. In 2002, Kakehashi published an autobiography, I Believe In Music,[37] and was featured as a biography in the book The Art of Digital Music. As of 2002, Kakehashi was awarded about 50 patents, since the 1960s.[37]: 283  In 2005, he was awarded the title of professor emeritus of the Central Music College of China and the University of Glamorgan.

In 2013, Kakehashi received a Technical Grammy Award, shared with Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits, for the invention of MIDI.[2] The 2015 documentary film 808 documented the impact that his Roland TR-808 drum machine had on popular music and popular culture,[38] describing it as the "rock guitar of hip hop".[39] In 2017, Electronic Musician magazine listed thirty of his instruments and innovations that have influenced popular music over the course of fifty years.[29]

Bibliography

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  • I Believe in Music (2002)
  • An Age Without Samples (2017)

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g McKee, Ruth; Grierson, Jamie (2 April 2017). "Roland founder and music pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi dies aged 87". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to, Fact
  3. ^ Pareles, Jon (3 April 2017). "Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  4. ^ Creative Media (2 April 2017). "BBC World Service tribute to the founder of Roland Corporation". Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 29 May 2017 – via YouTube.
  5. ^ Ikutaro Kakehashi, Founder of Roland and Developer of the TR-808, Has Died at Age 87, Vice
  6. ^ a b "Roland Founder Ikutaro Kakehashi Has Died". Synthtopia. April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  7. ^ Ikutaro Kakehashi, Roland Founder and Music Pioneer, Dies at 87, Spin
  8. ^ a b Reid, Gordon (2004), "The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978", Sound on Sound (November), retrieved 19 June 2011
  9. ^ Anderson, Jason (27 November 2008). "Slaves to the rhythm". CBC News. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d "Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music". reverb.com. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "The 14 drum machines that shaped modern music". 22 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  12. ^ US patent 3651241, Ikutaro Kakehashi (Ace Electronics Industries, Inc.), "Automatic Rhythm Performance Device", issued 1972-03-21 
  13. ^ Russell Hartenberger (2016), The Cambridge Companion to Percussion, page 84, Cambridge University Press
  14. ^ a b Mike Collins (2014), In the Box Music Production: Advanced Tools and Techniques for Pro Tools, page 320, CRC Press
  15. ^ Kirn, Peter (2011). Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-446-3.
  16. ^ Gordon Reid (Nov 2004). "The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930-1978". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
  17. ^ Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1-6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."
  18. ^ "Everything you ever wanted to know about the Roland TR-808 but were afraid to ask". Fact. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  19. ^ Norris, Chris (13 August 2015). "The 808 heard round the world". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  20. ^ Wells, Peter (2004), A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video, AVA Books, p. 18, ISBN 2-88479-037-3, retrieved 20 May 2011
  21. ^ Anderson, Jason (27 November 2008). "Slaves to the rhythm". CBC News. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Pareles, Jon (4 April 2017). "Ikutaro Kakehashi, Engineer Behind Revolutionary Drum Machine, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  23. ^ "Boss HM-2 : more than a Myth, the story of the Swedish Sound - Guitariste-Metal" (in French). 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  24. ^ a b Chadabe, Joel (1 May 2000). "Part IV: The Seeds of the Future". Electronic Musician. XVI (5). Penton Media. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.
  25. ^ Kirn, Peter (2011). Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-446-3. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017.
  26. ^ a b "The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to". FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music. 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  27. ^ Huber, David Miles (1991). The MIDI Manual. Carmel, Indiana: SAMS. ISBN 9780672227578.
  28. ^ Chadabe, Joel (1 May 2000). "Part IV: The Seeds of the Future". Electronic Musician. XVI (5). Penton Media. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.
  29. ^ a b Prève, Francis (2017-04-03). "The 30 Top Instruments and Innovations of Roland's Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930-2017)". Electronic Musician. Penton Media. Archived from the original on 2017-04-04.
  30. ^ Russ, Martin (2012). Sound Synthesis and Sampling. CRC Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1136122149. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  31. ^ "Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith". Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  32. ^ "Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance". 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  33. ^ Vail, Mark (2014). The Synthesizer. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-539481-8.
  34. ^ Yamada, Yūichiro (2014-07-04). "ローランド総会､創業者と社長が激しい応酬 ｢これは乗っ取り｣｢いや､構造改革のためだ｣" [Roland's founder and president fiercely exchanged at the general meeting "This is a takeover" "No, it's for structural reform"]. Toyo Keizai.
  35. ^ "Ikutaro Kakehashi: Roland founder and music pioneer dies aged 87". BBC News Online. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  36. ^ a b "Synthesizer pioneer Ikutaro Kakehashi, founder of Roland, dies at 87 | The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  37. ^ a b Kakehashi, Ikutaro; Olsen, Robert (2002). I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-03783-8.
  38. ^ Watch a Trailer for a New Documentary About the Roland TR-808 Drum Machine, Spin
  39. ^ "SXSW Preview: New Film Looks at the 808 Drum Machine – 'The Rock Guitar of Hip-Hop'". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
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