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{{Short description|Genus of palms}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic_taxobox
|name = Majesty palm
|image = Ravenearivularis.jpg
|image = Ravenearivularis.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Ravenea rivularis]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Ravenea rivularis]]''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Ravenea
|taxon = Ravenea
|authority = [[Carl David Bouché|C.D.Bouché]]
|authority = [[Carl David Bouché|C.D.Bouché]]
Line 12: Line 12:
}}
}}


'''''Ravenea''''' ('''majesty palm''') is a genus of 20 known species of [[Arecaceae|palms]], all native to [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]].<ref name=eieio>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=177006 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
'''''Ravenea''''' is a genus of 20 known species of [[Arecaceae|palms]], all native to [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]].<ref name=eieio>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=177006 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/4118064|jstor=4118064|title=A Monograph of ''Ravenea'' (Palmae: Ceroxyloideae)|last1=Beentje|first1=H. J.|journal=Kew Bulletin|year=1994|volume=49|issue=4|pages=623–671|bibcode=1994KewBu..49..623B }}</ref>


They are small to large palms, with solitary, robust grey stems, swollen at base and gradually tapering upward. The species vary greatly in size, with ''R. hildebrandtii'' and ''R. nana'' only reaching 4 m, while ''R. robustior'' and ''R. sambiranensis'' both reach 30 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are up to 2–5 m long, pinnately compound, reduplicate, erect at first then arching, twisted near the apex; with numerous crowded narrow ribbed leaflets. The [[inflorescence]] is short, borne among the leaves; the [[fruit]] is a red [[drupe]].<ref>Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref>. One particular species, ''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'', is commonly cultivated as a houseplant and grown indoors all over the world. However, it's actually considered a [[vulnerable species]] in its wild habitat with fewer than 900 trees growing naturally.
They are small to large, [[dioecious]] palms, with solitary, robust grey stems, swollen at base and gradually tapering upward. The species vary greatly in size, with ''R. hildebrandtii'' and ''R. nana'' only reaching 4 m, while ''R. robustior'' and ''R. sambiranensis'' both reach 30 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are up to 2–5 m long, pinnately compound, reduplicate, erect at first then arching, twisted near the apex; with numerous crowded narrow ribbed leaflets. The [[inflorescence]] is short, borne among the leaves; the [[fruit]] is a red [[drupe]].<ref>Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> One particular species, ''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'', is commonly cultivated as a houseplant and grown indoors all over the world. However, it is actually considered a [[vulnerable species]] in its wild habitat with fewer than 900 trees growing naturally.


;Species and Conservation Status
==Species==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
{|
⚫
|-
|- valign=top
! Image !! Scientific name !! Conservation Status !! Distribution
⚫
|
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea albicans]]'' <small>(Jum.) Beentje</small>.
|[[File:Ravenea albicans.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea albicans]]'' <small>(Jum.) Beentje</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||northeast Madagascar
[[Endangered]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea beentjei]]'' <small>Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf</small>.
| ||''[[Ravenea beentjei]]'' <small>Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] || Vondrozo, Madagascar
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea delicatula]]'' <small>Rakotoarin.</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea cycadifolia]]'' <small> J.Dransf.</small> || || Madagascar.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea dransfieldii]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
| ||''[[Ravenea declivium]]'' <small>J.Dransf. & Rakotoarin.</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] || Madagascar.
[[Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea glauca]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>.
⚫
|||''[[Ravenea delicatula]]'' <small>Rakotoarin.</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] || northwest Madagascar
[[Vulnerable species]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea hildebrandtii]]'' <small>H.Wendl. ex Bouché</small>.
[[Endangered]]
| ||''[[Ravenea dransfieldii]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||Madagascar.
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea hypoleuca]]'' <small>Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf.</small>.
|[[File:Ravenea glauca kz1.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea glauca]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small> ||[[Vulnerable species]] ||Madagascar.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea julietiae]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
[[Endangered]]
| ||''[[Ravenea hildebrandtii]]'' <small>H.Wendl. ex Bouché</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||Comoros.
|-
*''[[Ravenea krociana]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea hypoleuca]]'' <small>Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf.</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] || southeast Madagascar
[[Endangered]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea lakatra]]'' <small>(Jum.) Beentje</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea julietiae]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||Madagascar.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|
|-
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea krociana]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||Madagascar.

|-
*''[[Ravenea latisecta]]'' <small>Jum.</small>.
[[Critically Endangered]]
| ||''[[Ravenea lakatra]]'' <small>(Jum.) Beentje</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] ||Madagascar.
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea louvelii]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea latisecta]]'' <small>Jum.</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] ||eastern central Madagascar.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea madagascariensis]]'' <small>[[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea louvelii]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] || Madagascar
[[Least Concern]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea moorei]]'' <small>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</small>.
⚫
|[[File:Ravenea madagascariensis kz1.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea madagascariensis]]'' <small>[[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]</small> ||[[Least concern]] || Madagascar.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea musicalis]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
|[[File:Ravenea_moorei_Kew_Gardens.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea moorei]]'' <small>J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] ||Comoros.
[[Critically Endangered]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea nana]]'' <small>Beentje</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea musicalis]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] ||Madagascar
[[Endangered]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea nana]]'' <small>Beentje</small> ||[[Endangered]] ||Madagascar
[[Vulnerable species]]
|-
⚫
*''[[Ravenea robustior]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>.
|[[File:AdultMajestyPalmFlorida.png|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small> ||[[Critically endangered]] ||Madagascar
[[Near Threatened]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea sambiranensis]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>.
⚫
|[[File:Ravenea robustior kz1.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea robustior]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small>||[[Near threatened]] ||Madagascar
[[Least Concern]]
|-
*''[[Ravenea xerophila]]'' <small>Jum.</small>.
⚫
| ||''[[Ravenea sambiranensis]]'' <small>Jum. & H.Perrier</small> ||[[Least concern]] ||Madagascar
[[Vulnerable species]]
|-
|[[File:Ravenea xerophila 1zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Ravenea xerophila]]'' <small>Jum.</small> ||[[Vulnerable species]] ||Madagascar
|-
|}
|}
⚫
Most of the species are [[endangered species|endangered]]. Species such as ''R. moorei'' are critically so, with only two specimens known, last seen in 1993 ([http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=38674 IUCN report]). ''R. louvelii'' is little better off, with fewer than 25 plants known ([http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=38672 IUCN report]). Overall, less than 50 trees of several species are still alive. Historical data indicates that populations are still decreasing for most, except for ''Ravenea sambiranesis'' and '' Ravenea madagascariensis''. The species listed as [[critically endangered]] will most likely become [[extinct]] this century unless measures are taken to cultivate new trees and protect their habitats from being disrupted by [[deforestation]] and [[water pollution]]. Even if as few as a dozen trees of each species were planted on ideal, protected land where they could reproduce, it would give each species a much better chance for survival.

⚫
Most of the species are [[endangered species|endangered]]. Species such as ''R. moorei'' are critically so, with only two specimens known, last seen in 1993 ([http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=38674 IUCN report]). ''R. louvelii'' is little better off, with fewer than 25 plants known ([http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=38672 IUCN report]). Overall, less than 50 trees of several species are still alive. Historical data indicates that populations are still decreasing for most, except for ''Ravenea sambiranesis'' and '' Ravenea madagascariensis''. The species listed as [[critically endangered]] will most likely become [[extinct]] this century unless measures are taken to cultivate new trees and protect their habitats from being disrupted by [[deforestation]] and [[water pollution]]. Even if as few as a dozen trees of each species were planted on ideal, protected land where they could reproduce, it would give each species a much better chance for survival.


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
[[Ravenea rivularis]] (Majesty Palm) is widely cultivated in subtropical regions, and it is sold commercially as a houseplant <ref> Phillipson, P. 2017. Ravenea rivularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T38677A67737451. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T38677A67737451.en. Downloaded on 10 April 2018.</ref>. It is an adaptable palm that looks somewhat similar to the ever-popular [[Queen palm]]. It is a very large palm with a large, untidy crown. It has symmetrical leaves and develops an attractive swollen base of the trunk. Majesty palms prefer full sun, plenty of water, and high humidity to ensure healthy growth. It is tolerant of different soil types. Propagation is by seeds, which germinate in 2–3 months.
''[[Ravenea rivularis]]'' (majesty palm) is widely cultivated in subtropical regions, and it is sold commercially as a houseplant.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Phillipson, P. |date=2017 |title=''Ravenea rivularis'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T38677A67737451 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T38677A67737451.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> It is an adaptable palm that looks somewhat similar to the ever-popular [[Queen palm]]. It is a very large palm with a large, untidy crown. It has symmetrical leaves and develops an attractive swollen base of the trunk. Majesty palms prefer full sun, plenty of water, and high humidity to ensure healthy growth. It is tolerant of different soil types. Propagation is by seeds, which germinate in 2–3 months.


[[File:Ravenea rivularis 2zz.jpg|thumb|Pinnate leaves characteristic to Ravenea]]
[[File:Ravenea rivularis 2zz.jpg|thumb|Pinnate leaves characteristic to Ravenea]]

==Majesty Palm as houseplant==
[[File:Ravenea rivularis as a houseplant.jpg|thumb|Ravenea rivularis as a houseplant ]]
Despite being sold often as a [[houseplant]], usually at a very low price, Majesty palms do not make good indoor plants. They require frequent watering, fertilization, and high humidity to thrive. However, one may consider using an indoor humidifier and plant lamp/window which they will tolerate, provided they have a few months of hot outdoor weather. They prefer bright indoor light, but prefer shade when outdoors to prevent excessive water loss via [[transpiration]]. <ref>[http://www.plant-care.com/majesty-palm.html Pland-care, Daily Professional Plant Tips You Can Use - Majesty Palm - Is it a House Plant or Indoor Palm?]</ref>{{better source|date=August 2013}}


==References==
==References==
Line 81: Line 79:
*[http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Ravenea/index.html PACSOA: ''Ravenea'']
*[http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Ravenea/index.html PACSOA: ''Ravenea'']


{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q144677}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q144677}}


[[Category:Ravenea| ]]
[[Category:Ravenea| ]]
[[Category:Arecaceae genera]]
[[Category:Arecaceae genera]]
[[Category:Ceroxyloideae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Afrotropic ecozone flora]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]

Latest revision as of 12:07, 2 September 2024

Ravenea
Ravenea rivularis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Ceroxyloideae
Tribe: Ceroxyleae
Genus: Ravenea
C.D.Bouché
Synonyms[1]
  • Ranevea L.H.Bailey
  • Louvelia Jum. & H.Perrier

Ravenea is a genus of 20 known species of palms, all native to Madagascar and the Comoros.[1][2]

They are small to large, dioecious palms, with solitary, robust grey stems, swollen at base and gradually tapering upward. The species vary greatly in size, with R. hildebrandtii and R. nana only reaching 4 m, while R. robustior and R. sambiranensis both reach 30 m. The leaves are up to 2–5 m long, pinnately compound, reduplicate, erect at first then arching, twisted near the apex; with numerous crowded narrow ribbed leaflets. The inflorescence is short, borne among the leaves; the fruit is a red drupe.[3] One particular species, Ravenea rivularis, is commonly cultivated as a houseplant and grown indoors all over the world. However, it is actually considered a vulnerable species in its wild habitat with fewer than 900 trees growing naturally.

Species

[edit]
Image Scientific name Conservation Status Distribution
Ravenea albicans (Jum.) Beentje Endangered northeast Madagascar
Ravenea beentjei Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf Critically endangered Vondrozo, Madagascar
Ravenea cycadifolia J.Dransf. Madagascar.
Ravenea declivium J.Dransf. & Rakotoarin. Critically endangered Madagascar.
Ravenea delicatula Rakotoarin. Critically endangered northwest Madagascar
Ravenea dransfieldii Beentje Endangered Madagascar.
Ravenea glauca Jum. & H.Perrier Vulnerable species Madagascar.
Ravenea hildebrandtii H.Wendl. ex Bouché Endangered Comoros.
Ravenea hypoleuca Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf. Critically endangered southeast Madagascar
Ravenea julietiae Beentje Endangered Madagascar.
Ravenea krociana Beentje Endangered Madagascar.
Ravenea lakatra (Jum.) Beentje Critically endangered Madagascar.
Ravenea latisecta Jum. Critically endangered eastern central Madagascar.
Ravenea louvelii Beentje Critically endangered Madagascar
Ravenea madagascariensis Becc. Least concern Madagascar.
Ravenea moorei J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl Critically endangered Comoros.
Ravenea musicalis Beentje Critically endangered Madagascar
Ravenea nana Beentje Endangered Madagascar
Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H.Perrier Critically endangered Madagascar
Ravenea robustior Jum. & H.Perrier Near threatened Madagascar
Ravenea sambiranensis Jum. & H.Perrier Least concern Madagascar
Ravenea xerophila Jum. Vulnerable species Madagascar

Most of the species are endangered. Species such as R. moorei are critically so, with only two specimens known, last seen in 1993 (IUCN report). R. louvelii is little better off, with fewer than 25 plants known (IUCN report). Overall, less than 50 trees of several species are still alive. Historical data indicates that populations are still decreasing for most, except for Ravenea sambiranesis and Ravenea madagascariensis. The species listed as critically endangered will most likely become extinct this century unless measures are taken to cultivate new trees and protect their habitats from being disrupted by deforestation and water pollution. Even if as few as a dozen trees of each species were planted on ideal, protected land where they could reproduce, it would give each species a much better chance for survival.

Cultivation and uses

[edit]

Ravenea rivularis (majesty palm) is widely cultivated in subtropical regions, and it is sold commercially as a houseplant.[4] It is an adaptable palm that looks somewhat similar to the ever-popular Queen palm. It is a very large palm with a large, untidy crown. It has symmetrical leaves and develops an attractive swollen base of the trunk. Majesty palms prefer full sun, plenty of water, and high humidity to ensure healthy growth. It is tolerant of different soil types. Propagation is by seeds, which germinate in 2–3 months.

Pinnate leaves characteristic to Ravenea

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Beentje, H. J. (1994). "A Monograph of Ravenea (Palmae: Ceroxyloideae)". Kew Bulletin. 49 (4): 623–671. Bibcode:1994KewBu..49..623B. doi:10.2307/4118064. JSTOR 4118064.
  3. ^ Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  4. ^ Phillipson, P. (2017). "Ravenea rivularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T38677A67737451. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T38677A67737451.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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