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{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Red browed finch02.jpg
| image = Red browed finch02.jpg
| image_caption = [[Red-browed finch]], ''Neochmia temporalis''
| image_caption = [[Red-browed finch]], ''Neochmia temporalis''
| taxon = Estrildidae
| taxon = Estrildidae
| authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = [[#Species list|See text]]
| subdivision = [[#Species list|See text]]
}}
}}


'''Estrildidae''', or estrildid finches, is a [[family (taxonomy)|family]] of small [[passerine]] [[bird]]s of the [[Old World]] tropics and [[Australasia]]. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills.<ref name="IOC8.2">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Frank |last2=Donsker |first2=David |title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits « IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ |website=www.worldbirdnames.org |publisher=IOC World Bird List (v8.2)}}</ref> Sometimes they are treated as a [[subfamily]], Estrildinae, within the family [[Passeridae]]; Passeridae narrowly defined comprises the Old World sparrows.<ref>{{cite book |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|author=Christidis, L. |author2=Boles, W.E. |year=2008 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 |page=177}}</ref> Despite the word "finch" being included in the common names of many of the species, they are not closely related to birds with this name in other families, such as the [[Fringillidae]], [[Emberizidae]] or [[Passerellidae]].
'''Estrildidae''', or estrildid finches, is a [[family (taxonomy)|family]] of small seed-eating [[passerine]] birds of the [[Old World]] tropics and [[Australasia]]. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "finch" being included in the common names of some species, they are not closely related to birds with this name in other families, such as the [[Fringillidae]], [[Emberizidae]] or [[Passerellidae]].


They are gregarious and often colonial [[seed predation|seed eaters]] with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but vary widely in plumage colours and patterns.
They are gregarious and often colonial [[seed predation|seed eaters]] with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but vary widely in plumage colours and patterns.
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Most are sensitive to cold and require warm, usually tropical, habitats, although a few, such as the [[eastern alpine mannikin]], [[mountain firetail]], [[red-browed finch]], and the genus ''Stagonopleura'', have adapted to the cooler climates of southern [[Australia]] and the highlands of [[New Guinea]].
Most are sensitive to cold and require warm, usually tropical, habitats, although a few, such as the [[eastern alpine mannikin]], [[mountain firetail]], [[red-browed finch]], and the genus ''Stagonopleura'', have adapted to the cooler climates of southern [[Australia]] and the highlands of [[New Guinea]].


The smallest species of the family is the [[Shelley's oliveback]] (''Nesocharis shelleyi'') at a mere {{convert|8.3|cm|in}}, although the lightest species is the [[black-rumped waxbill]] (''Estrilda troglodytes'') at {{convert|6|g|abbr=on}}. The largest species is the [[Java sparrow]] (''Padda oryzivora'') at {{convert|17|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|25|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carolinabirds.org/HTML/Finch_Estrildid.htm|title=Estrildid FINCHes|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>
The smallest species of the family is the [[Shelley's oliveback]] (''Nesocharis shelleyi'') at a mere {{convert|8.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, although the lightest species is the [[black-rumped waxbill]] (''Estrilda troglodytes'') at {{convert|6|g|abbr=on}}. The largest species is the [[Java sparrow]] (''Padda oryzivora'') at {{convert|17|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|25|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carolinabirds.org/HTML/Finch_Estrildid.htm|title=Estrildid FINCHes}}</ref>


==Genera list==
==Taxonomy==
The family Estrildidae was introduced in 1850 by the French naturalist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] as "Estreldinae", a spelling variant of the subfamily name.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1850 | title=Conspectus Generum Avium | volume=1 | language=Latin | location=Leiden | publisher=E.J. Brill | page=450 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43549465 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=117, 156, 218, 228 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> In the list of world birds maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC) the family contains 140 species divided into 41 genera.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 July 2023 }}</ref> Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the family Estrildidae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Viduidae]] containing the indigobirds and whydahs. The two families diverged around 15.5 million year ago.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O }}</ref> The [[most recent common ancestor]] of the Estrildidae is estimated to have lived around 10.9 million years ago.<ref name=olsson>{{Cite journal | last1=Olsson | first1=Urban | last2=Alström | first2=Per | author2-link=Alström | date=2020 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=146 | pages=106757 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757| pmid=32028027 | s2cid=211048731 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2020MolPE.14606757O }}</ref> A genetic study of the Estrildidae by Urban Olsson and [[Per Alström]] published in 2020 identified 6 major [[clades]]. The radiations within these clades occurred between 4.5 and 8.9 million years ago. The authors proposed that each of these clades should be treated as a subfamily.<ref name=olsson/> This contrasts with an earlier proposal in which the family was divided into three subfamilies.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Payne | first=Robert B. | author-link=Robert B. Payne | year=2010 | chapter=Family Estrildidae (Waxbills) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Christie | editor3-first=D.A. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=15: Weavers to New World Warblers | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-96553-68-2| pages=234–377 }}</ref>

{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogeny based on a study of the Estrildidae by Urban Olsson and [[Per Alström]] published in 2020. The [[locust finch]] in the genus ''[[Paludipasser]]'' was not included in the study.<ref name=olsson/>
|align=centre
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%;width:650px;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Poephilinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Heteromunia]]'' – pictorella mannikin
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Oreostruthus]]'' – mountain firetail
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stagonopleura]]'' – firetails (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neochmia]]'' – finches (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Emblema (bird)|Emblema]]'' – painted finch
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bathilda]]'' – star finch
|2=''[[Aidemosyne]]'' – plum-headed finch
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stizoptera]]'' – double-barred finch
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Taeniopygia]]'' – zebra finch
|2=''[[Poephila]]'' – finches (3 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Lonchurinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Spermestes]]'' – mannikins, silverbill (4 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lepidopygia]]'' – Madagascar mannikin
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Euodice]]'' – silverbills (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Padda]]'' – sparrows (2 species)
|2=''[[Mayrimunia]]'' – streak-headed mannikin
}}
|2=''[[Lonchura]]'' – munias, mannikins (28 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Erythrurinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chloebia]]'' – Gouldian finch
|2=''[[Erythrura]]'' – parrotfinches (12 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Estrildinae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nesocharis]]'' – olivebacks (2 species)
|2=''[[Coccopygia]]'' – waxbills (3 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mandingoa]]'' – green twinspot
|2=''[[Cryptospiza]]'' – crimsonwings (4 species)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Parmoptila]]'' – antpeckers (3 species)
|2=''[[Nigrita (bird)|Nigrita]]'' – nigritas (4 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Delacourella]]'' – grey-headed oliveback
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brunhilda (bird)|Brunhilda]]'' – waxbills (2 species)
|2=''[[Glaucestrilda]]'' – waxbills (3 species)
}}
}}
|2=''[[Estrilda]]'' – waxbills (11 species)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Amandavinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ortygospiza]]'' – quailfinch
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Amadina]]'' – finches (2 species)
|2=''[[Amandava]]'' – avadavats, waxbill (3 species)
}}
}}
|label2=Lagonostictinae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Granatina]]'' – grenadier, waxbill (2 species)
|2=''[[Uraeginthus]]'' – cordon-bleus, waxbill (3 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Spermophaga]]'' – bluebills (3 species)
|2=''[[Pyrenestes]]'' – seedcrackers (3 species)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pytilia]]'' – pytilias (5 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Euschistospiza]]'' – twinspots (2 species)
|2=''[[Hypargos (bird)|Hypargos]]'' – twinspots (2 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Clytospiza]]'' – brown twinspot
|2=''[[Lagonosticta]]'' – firefinches (10 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

===Genera list===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
|-
|-
|[[File:Redfrontedantpeckerfemale.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Parmoptila]]'' {{small|Cassin, 1859}} ([[Antpecker]]) ||
|[[File:Pictorella munia taronga zoo.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Heteromunia]]'' {{small|Mathews, 1913}} ||
* [[Red-fronted antpecker]], ''Parmoptila rubrifrons''
* [[Pictorella mannikin]], ''Heteromunia pectoralis''
* [[Jameson's antpecker]], ''Parmoptila jamesoni''&nbsp;– often included in ''P. rubrifrons''
* [[Woodhouse's antpecker]], ''Parmoptila woodhousei''
|-
|-
|[[File:Uganda 2011 246-crop.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Nigrita (bird)|Nigrita]]'' {{small|Strickland, 1843}} (negrofinches) ||
|[[File:Mountain Firetail.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Oreostruthus]]'' {{small|De Vis, 1898}} ||
* [[White-breasted nigrita]], ''Nigrita fusconota''
* [[Mountain firetail]], ''Oreostruthus fuliginosus''
* [[Chestnut-breasted nigrita]], ''Nigrita bicolor''
* [[Pale-fronted nigrita]], ''Nigrita luteifrons''
* [[Grey-headed nigrita]], ''Nigrita canicapilla''
|-
|[[File:Grey-headed Oliveback, Poli, Cameroon (5891711500).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Nesocharis]]'' {{small|Alexander, 1903}} ([[Oliveback]]) ||
* [[White-collared oliveback]], ''Nesocharis ansorgei''
* [[Shelley's oliveback]], ''Nesocharis shelleyi''
* [[Grey-headed oliveback]], ''Nesocharis capistrata''
|-
|[[File:Green-winged Pytilia, Pytilia melba at Pilanesberg National Park, Northwest Province, South Africa (17303689060).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Pytilia]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Orange-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia afra''
* [[Red-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia phoenicoptera''
* [[Red-billed pytilia]], ''Pytilia lineata''
* [[Green-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia melba''
* [[Yellow-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia hypogrammica''
|-
|[[File:Abyssinian Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza salvadorii) (male).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Cryptospiza]]'' {{small|Salvadori, 1884}} ([[Crimsonwing]]s) ||
* [[Red-faced crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza reichenovii''
* [[Abyssinian crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza salvadorii''
* [[Dusky crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza jacksoni''
* [[Shelley's crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza shelleyi''
|-
|[[File:Black-bellied Seedcracker - near Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E2847.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Pyrenestes]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ([[Seedcracker]]) ||
* [[Crimson seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes sanguineus''
* [[Black-bellied seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes ostrinus''
* [[Lesser seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes minor''
|-
|[[File:Western Bluebill m - Gambia (32528245061).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Spermophaga]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ([[Bluebill]]) ||
* [[Grant's bluebill]], ''Spermophaga poliogenys''
* [[Western bluebill]], ''Spermophaga haematina''
* [[Red-headed bluebill]], ''Spermophaga ruficapilla''
|-
|[[File:Green twinspot 2014 10 19 1056.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Mandingoa]]'' {{small|Hartert, 1919}} ||
* [[Green-backed twinspot]], ''Mandingoa nitidula''
|-
|[[File:Brown Twinspot - Budongo - Uganda 06 4823 (22998376511).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Clytospiza]]'' {{small|Shelley, 1896}} ||
* [[Brown twinspot]], ''Clytospiza monteiri''
|-
|[[File:Peters's Twinspot, Sakania, DRC (9999020853).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Hypargos (bird)|Hypargos]]'' {{small|L. Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Red-throated twinspot]], ''Hypargos niveoguttatus''
* [[Pink-throated twinspot]], ''Hypargos margaritatus''
|-
|[[File:Bloedel Conservatory Bird (34984419890).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Euschistospiza]]''{{small|Wolters, 1943}} ||

* [[Dybowski's twinspot]], ''Euschistospiza dybowskii''
* [[Dusky twinspot]], ''Euschistospiza cinereovinacea''
|-
|[[File:Red-billed firefinch (Lagonosticta senegala senegala) male.jpg|175px]] || ''[[Lagonosticta]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} (firefinches) ||
* [[Bar-breasted firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rufopicta''
* [[Brown firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta nitidula''
* [[Red-billed firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta senegala''
* [[Black-bellied firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rara''
* [[African firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rubricata''
* [[Landana firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta landanae''
* [[Jameson's firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rhodopareia''
* [[Mali firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta virata''
* [[Rock firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis''
* [[Black-faced firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta larvata''
* [[Chad firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis''

|-
|[[File:Violet-eared waxbill, Uraeginthus granatinus, at Pilanesberg National Park, Northwest Province, South Africa (28037408514).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Uraeginthus]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} (cordon-bleus) ||

*[[Blue waxbill]], ''Uraeginthus angolensis''
* [[Red-cheeked cordon-bleu]], ''Uraeginthus bengalus''
* [[Blue-capped cordon-bleu]], ''Uraeginthus cyanocephalus''
* [[Purple grenadier]], ''Uraeginthus ianthinogaster''
* [[Violet-eared waxbill]], ''Uraeginthus granatinus''

|-
|[[File:Swee waxbill 2008 05 18 14 08 26 5958.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Coccopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||

* [[Yellow-bellied waxbill]], ''Coccopygia quartinia''
* [[Swee waxbill]], ''Coccopygia melanotis''
* [[Angolan waxbill]], ''Coccopygia bocagei''
|-
|[[File:Black-faced waxbill, or black-cheeked waxbill, Estrilda erythronotos, at Zaagkuildrift Road near Kgomo Kgomo, Limpopo, South Africa (33418486332).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Estrilda]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1827}} (waxbills) ||

* [[Lavender waxbill]], ''Estrilda caerulescens''
* [[Grey waxbill]], ''Estrilda perreini''
* [[Cinderella waxbill]], ''Estrilda thomensis''
* [[Fawn-breasted waxbill]], ''Estrilda paludicola''
* [[Anambra waxbill]], ''Estrilda poliopareia''
* [[Orange-cheeked waxbill]], ''Estrilda melpoda''
* [[Arabian waxbill]], ''Estrilda rufibarba''
* [[Crimson-rumped waxbill]], ''Estrilda rhodopyga''
* [[Black-rumped waxbill]], ''Estrilda troglodytes''
* [[Common waxbill]], ''Estrilda astrild''
* [[Black-lored waxbill]], ''Estrilda nigriloris''
* [[Black-crowned waxbill]], ''Estrilda nonnula''
* [[Black-headed waxbill]], ''Estrilda atricapilla''
* [[Kandt's waxbill]], ''Estrilda kandti''
* [[Black-faced waxbill]], ''Estrilda erythronotos''
* [[Black-cheeked waxbill]], ''Estrilda charmosyna''
|-
|[[File:Amandava amandava (VijayCavale).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Amandava]]'' {{small|Blyth, 1836}} (avadavats) ||

*[[Red avadavat]], ''Amandava amandava'' also known as red munia
* [[Green avadavat]], ''Amandava formosa''
* [[Orange-breasted waxbill]], ''Amandava subflava''
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - African Quailfinch (Ortygospiza atricollis) male.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Ortygospiza]]'' {{small|(Vieillot, 1817)}} ||

*[[Quailfinch]], ''Ortygospiza atricollis''
|-
| ||''[[Paludipasser]]'' {{small|Neave, 1909}} ||
* [[Locust finch]], ''Paludipasser locustella''
|-
|[[File:Emblema pictum -Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia-8.jpg|175px]] ||''[[ Emblema (bird)|Emblema]]'' {{small|Gould, 1842}} ||

* [[Painted finch]], ''Emblema pictum''

|-
|-
|[[File:Stagonopleura bella female - Melaleuca.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Stagonopleura]]'' {{small|L. Reichenbach, 1850}} (firetails) ||
|[[File:Stagonopleura bella female - Melaleuca.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Stagonopleura]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}} ||
* [[Beautiful firetail]], ''Stagonopleura bella''
* [[Beautiful firetail]], ''Stagonopleura bella''
* [[Red-eared firetail]], ''Stagonopleura oculata''
* [[Red-eared firetail]], ''Stagonopleura oculata''
* [[Diamond firetail]], ''Stagonopleura guttata''
* [[Diamond firetail]], ''Stagonopleura guttata''
|-
|-
|[[File:Mountain Firetail.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Oreostruthus]]'' {{small|De Vis, 1898}} ||
|[[File:Red-browed Finch - Penrith.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Neochmia]]'' {{small|Gray, GR, 1849}} ||

* [[Mountain firetail]], ''Oreostruthus fuliginosus''
|-
|[[File:Red-browed Finch - Penrith.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Neochmia]]'' {{small|G.R. Gray, 1849}} ||

* [[Red-browed finch]], ''Neochmia temporalis''
* [[Red-browed finch]], ''Neochmia temporalis''
* [[Crimson finch]], ''Neochmia phaeton''
* [[Crimson finch]], ''Neochmia phaeton''
* [[Star finch]], ''Neochmia ruficauda''
* [[Plum-headed finch]], ''Neochmia modesta''
|-
|-
|[[File:Taeniopygia guttata -Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia -male-8 (2).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Taeniopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
|[[File:Emblema pictum -Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia-8.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Emblema (bird)|Emblema]]'' {{small|Gould, 1842}} ||
* [[Painted finch]], ''Emblema pictum''

|-
* [[Zebra finch]], ''Taeniopygia guttata''
|[[File:Neochmia ruficauda.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Bathilda]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Double-barred finch]], ''Taeniopygia bichenovii''
* [[Star finch]], ''Bathilda ruficauda''
|-
|[[File:Plum-headed Finch-Neochmia modesta.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Aidemosyne]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Plum-headed finch]], ''Aidemosyne modesta''
|-
|-
|[[File:Poephila acuticauda - Bird Walk.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Poephila]]'' {{small|Gould, 1842}} ||
|[[File:Taeniopygia bichenovii 2 - Glen Davis.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Stizoptera]]'' {{small|Oberholser, 1899}} ||
* [[Double-barred finch]], ''Stizoptera bichenovii''

|-
|[[File:Taeniopygia guttata -Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia -male-8 (2).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Taeniopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Sunda zebra finch]], ''Taeniopygia guttata''
* [[Australian zebra finch]], ''Taeniopygia castanotis''
|-
|[[File:Poephila acuticauda - Bird Walk.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Poephila]]'' {{small|Gould, 1842}} ||
* [[Masked finch]], ''Poephila personata''
* [[Masked finch]], ''Poephila personata''
* [[Long-tailed finch]], ''Poephila acuticauda''
* [[Long-tailed finch]], ''Poephila acuticauda''
* [[Black-throated finch]], ''Poephila cincta''
* [[Black-throated finch]], ''Poephila cincta''
|-
|-
|[[File:Gouldian Finch (Bird enclosure) Wildlife Habitat Port Douglas, Queensland (32149977195).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Erythrura]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ([[Parrotfinch]]es) ||
|[[File:Mannikin Bronze 2007 04 08 0545b, crop.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Spermestes]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Grey-headed silverbill]], ''Spermestes griseicapilla''

* [[Bronze mannikin]], ''Spermestes cucullata'', also known as bronze munia
* [[Tawny-breasted parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura hyperythra''
* [[Magpie mannikin]], ''Spermestes fringilloides'', also known as magpie munia
* [[Pin-tailed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura prasina''
* [[Black-and-white mannikin]], ''Spermestes bicolor'', also known as black-and-white munia
* [[Green-faced parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura viridifacies''
* [[Tricolored parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura tricolor''
* [[Blue-faced parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura trichroa''
* [[Red-eared parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura coloria''
* [[Papuan parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura papuana''
* [[Red-throated parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura psittacea''
* [[Fiji parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura pealii''
* [[Red-headed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura cyaneovirens''
* [[Royal parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura regia''
* [[Pink-billed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura kleinschmidti''
* [[Gouldian finch]], ''Erythrura gouldiae''

|-
|-
|[[File:Indian Silverbill RWD12d.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Euodice]]'' {{small|L. Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
|[[File:Madagascar Munia - Madagascar S4E6942 (22568997107).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Lepidopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Madagascar mannikin]], ''Lepidopygia nana''

|-
|[[File:Indian Silverbill RWD12d.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Euodice]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[African silverbill]], ''Euodice cantans''
* [[African silverbill]], ''Euodice cantans''
* [[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica'' also known as white-throated munia
* [[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica'' also known as white-throated munia
|-
|-
|[[File:Gray-headed Silverbill - Samburu - Kenya S4E5260 (22973951312).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Odontospiza]]'' {{small|Oberholser, 1905}} ||
|[[File:Padda oryzivora -University of Hawaii at Manoa campus, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA-8.jpg|175px]] || ''[[Padda]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}} ||
* [[Java sparrow]], ''Padda oryzivora''

* [[Grey-headed silverbill]], ''Odontospiza caniceps''
* [[Timor sparrow]], ''Padda fuscata''
|-
|-
|[[File:Madagascar Munia - Madagascar S4E6942 (22568997107).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Lepidopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
| || ''[[Mayrimunia]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1949}} ||
* [[Madagascar mannikin]], ''Lepidopygia nana''
* [[Streak-headed mannikin]], ''Mayrimunia tristissima''
* [[White-spotted mannikin]], ''Mayrimunia cinereovinacea''

|-
|-
|[[File:Lonchura atricapilla jagori -Cebu-8-3c.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Lonchura]]'' {{small|Sykes, 1832}} (munias, mannikins and silverbills) ||
|[[File:Lonchura atricapilla jagori -Cebu-8-3c.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Lonchura]]'' {{small|Sykes, 1832}} ||
*[[Bronze mannikin]], ''Lonchura cucullata'', also known as bronze munia
* [[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata'', also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
* [[Black-and-white mannikin]], ''Lonchura bicolor'', also known as black-and-white munia
* [[Black-throated munia]], ''Lonchura kelaarti'', also known as Jerdon's mannikin
* [[Red-backed mannikin]], ''Lonchura nigriceps'', also known as brown-backed munia
* [[Black-faced munia]], ''Lonchura molucca''
* [[Magpie mannikin]], ''Lonchura fringilloides'', also known as magpie munia
* [[White-rumped munia]], ''Lonchura striata''
* [[White-rumped munia]], ''Lonchura striata''
* [[Javan munia]], ''Lonchura leucogastroides''
* [[Dusky munia]], ''Lonchura fuscans''
* [[Dusky munia]], ''Lonchura fuscans''
* [[Black-faced munia]], ''Lonchura molucca''
* [[Black-throated munia]], ''Lonchura kelaarti'', also known as Jerdon's mannikin
* [[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata'', also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
* [[White-bellied munia]], ''Lonchura leucogastra''
* [[White-bellied munia]], ''Lonchura leucogastra''
* [[Streak-headed munia]], ''Lonchura tristissima''
* [[New Hanover mannikin]], ''Lonchura nigerrima''
* [[Chestnut munia]], ''Lonchura atricapilla''
* [[Tricolored munia]], ''Lonchura malacca''
* [[Tricolored munia]], ''Lonchura malacca''
* [[Chestnut munia]], ''Lonchura atricapilla''
* [[White-capped munia]], ''Lonchura ferruginosa''
* [[White-capped munia]], ''Lonchura ferruginosa''
* [[Cream-bellied munia]], ''Lonchura pallidiventer''
* [[Five-colored munia]], ''Lonchura quinticolor''
* [[White-headed munia]], ''Lonchura maja''
* [[White-headed munia]], ''Lonchura maja''
* [[Pale-headed munia]], ''Lonchura pallida''
* [[Pale-headed munia]], ''Lonchura pallida''
* [[Great-billed mannikin]], ''Lonchura grandis''
* [[Great-billed mannikin]], ''Lonchura grandis''
* [[Black-breasted mannikin]], ''Lonchura teerinki''
* [[Western alpine mannikin]], ''Lonchura montana''
* [[Eastern alpine mannikin]], ''Lonchura monticola''
* [[Grey-banded mannikin]], ''Lonchura vana''
* [[Grey-banded mannikin]], ''Lonchura vana''
* [[Grey-crowned mannikin]], ''Lonchura nevermanni''
* [[Grey-crowned mannikin]], ''Lonchura nevermanni''
* [[Hooded mannikin]], ''Lonchura spectabilis''
* [[Hooded mannikin]], ''Lonchura spectabilis''
* [[Hunstein's mannikin]], ''Lonchura hunsteini''
* [[Mottled mannikin]], ''Lonchura hunsteini''
* [[Forbes's mannikin]], ''Lonchura forbesi''
* [[New Hanover mannikin]], ''Lonchura nigerrima''
* [[New Hanover mannikin]], ''Lonchura nigerrima''
* [[Forbes's mannikin]], ''Lonchura forbesi''
* [[Javan munia]], ''Lonchura leucogastroides''
* [[Yellow-rumped mannikin]], ''Lonchura flaviprymna''
* [[Yellow-rumped mannikin]], ''Lonchura flaviprymna''
* [[Five-colored munia]], ''Lonchura quinticolor''
* [[Chestnut-breasted mannikin]], ''Lonchura castaneothorax''
* [[Chestnut-breasted mannikin]], ''Lonchura castaneothorax''
* [[Black mannikin]], ''Lonchura stygia''
* [[Black mannikin]], ''Lonchura stygia''
* [[Black-breasted mannikin]], ''Lonchura teerinki''
* [[Western alpine mannikin]], ''Lonchura montana''
* [[Eastern alpine mannikin]], ''Lonchura monticola''
* [[Buff-bellied mannikin]], ''Lonchura melaena''
* [[Buff-bellied mannikin]], ''Lonchura melaena''
* [[Java sparrow]], ''Lonchura oryzivora''
* [[Timor sparrow]], ''Lonchura fuscata''
|-
|-
|[[File:Pictorella munia taronga zoo.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Heteromunia]]'' {{small|Mathews, 1913}} ||
|[[File:Gouldian Finch (Bird enclosure) Wildlife Habitat Port Douglas, Queensland (32149977195).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Chloebia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Pictorella mannikin]], ''Heteromunia pectoralis''
* [[Gouldian finch]], ''Chloebia gouldiae''
|-
|-
|[[File:Amadina erythrocephala (l) edit.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Amadina]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1827}} ([[Amadina|Cut-throats]]) ||
|[[File:Tawny-breasted Parrotfinch.JPG|175px]] ||''[[Erythrura]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Tawny-breasted parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura hyperythra''
* [[Pin-tailed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura prasina''
* [[Green-faced parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura viridifacies''
* [[Tricolored parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura tricolor''
* [[Blue-faced parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura trichroa''
* [[Red-eared parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura coloria''
* [[Papuan parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura papuana''
* [[Red-throated parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura psittacea''
* [[Fiji parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura pealii''
* [[Red-headed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura cyaneovirens''
* [[Royal parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura regia''
* [[Pink-billed parrotfinch]], ''Erythrura kleinschmidti''
|-
|[[File:NesocharisShelleyiGronvold.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Nesocharis]]'' {{small|Alexander, 1903}} ||
* [[White-collared oliveback]], ''Nesocharis ansorgei''
* [[Shelley's oliveback]], ''Nesocharis shelleyi''
|-
|[[File:Swee waxbill 2008 05 18 14 08 26 5958.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Coccopygia]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Yellow-bellied waxbill]], ''Coccopygia quartinia''
* [[Swee waxbill]], ''Coccopygia melanotis''
* [[Angola waxbill]], ''Coccopygia bocagei''
|-
|[[File:Green twinspot 2014 10 19 1056.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Mandingoa]]'' {{small|Hartert, E, 1919}} ||
* [[Green-backed twinspot]], ''Mandingoa nitidula''
|-
|[[File:Abyssinian Crimsonwing (Cryptospiza salvadorii) (male).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Cryptospiza]]'' {{small|Salvadori, 1884}} ||
* [[Red-faced crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza reichenovii''
* [[Abyssinian crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza salvadorii''
* [[Dusky crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza jacksoni''
* [[Shelley's crimsonwing]], ''Cryptospiza shelleyi''
|-
|[[File:Redfrontedantpeckerfemale.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Parmoptila]]'' {{small|Cassin, 1859}} ||
* [[Red-fronted antpecker]], ''Parmoptila rubrifrons''
* [[Jameson's antpecker]], ''Parmoptila jamesoni''&nbsp;– often included in ''P. rubrifrons''
* [[Woodhouse's antpecker]], ''Parmoptila woodhousei''
|-
|[[File:Uganda 2011 246-crop.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Nigrita (bird)|Nigrita]]'' {{small|Strickland, 1843}} ||
* [[White-breasted nigrita]], ''Nigrita fusconotus''
* [[Chestnut-breasted nigrita]], ''Nigrita bicolor''
* [[Pale-fronted nigrita]], ''Nigrita luteifrons''
* [[Grey-headed nigrita]], ''Nigrita canicapillus''
|-
|[[File:Grey-headed Oliveback, Poli, Cameroon (5891711500).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Delacourella]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1949}} ||
* [[Grey-headed oliveback]], ''Delacourella capistrata''
|-
|[[File:Black-faced waxbill, or black-cheeked waxbill, Estrilda erythronotos, at Zaagkuildrift Road near Kgomo Kgomo, Limpopo, South Africa (33418486332).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Brunhilda (bird)|Brunhilda]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Black-faced waxbill]], ''Brunhilda erythronotos''
* [[Black-cheeked waxbill]], ''Brunhilda charmosyna''
|-
|[[File:Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Glaucestrilda]]'' {{small|Roberts, 1922}} ||
* [[Lavender waxbill]], ''Glaucestrilda caerulescens''
* [[Grey waxbill]], ''Glaucestrilda perreini''
* [[Cinderella waxbill]], ''Glaucestrilda thomensis''
|-
|[[File:Estrilda astrild -Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain-8 (1).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Estrilda]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1827}} ||
* [[Black-crowned waxbill]], ''Estrilda nonnula''
* [[Black-headed waxbill]], ''Estrilda atricapilla''
* [[Kandt's waxbill]], ''Estrilda kandti''
* [[Orange-cheeked waxbill]], ''Estrilda melpoda''
* [[Anambra waxbill]], ''Estrilda poliopareia''
* [[Fawn-breasted waxbill]], ''Estrilda paludicola''
* [[Common waxbill]], ''Estrilda astrild''
* [[Black-lored waxbill]], ''Estrilda nigriloris''
* [[Black-rumped waxbill]], ''Estrilda troglodytes''
* [[Crimson-rumped waxbill]], ''Estrilda rhodopyga''
* [[Arabian waxbill]], ''Estrilda rufibarba''
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - African Quailfinch (Ortygospiza atricollis) male.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Ortygospiza]]'' {{small|Sundevall, 1850}} ||
*[[Quailfinch]], ''Ortygospiza atricollis''
|-
| ||''[[Paludipasser]]'' {{small|Neave, 1909}} ||
* [[Locust finch]], ''Paludipasser locustella''
|-
|[[File:Amadina erythrocephala (l) edit.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Amadina]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1827}} ||
* [[Cut-throat finch]], ''Amadina fasciata''
* [[Cut-throat finch]], ''Amadina fasciata''
* [[Red-headed finch]], ''Amadina erythrocephala''
* [[Red-headed finch]], ''Amadina erythrocephala''
|-
|[[File:Amandava amandava (VijayCavale).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Amandava]]'' {{small|Blyth, 1836}} ||
* [[Red avadavat]], ''Amandava amandava'' also known as red munia
* [[Green avadavat]], ''Amandava formosa''
* [[Orange-breasted waxbill]], ''Amandava subflava''
|-
|[[File:Violet-eared waxbill, Uraeginthus granatinus, at Pilanesberg National Park, Northwest Province, South Africa (28037408514).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Granatina]]'' {{small|Sharpe, 1890}} ||
* [[Purple grenadier]], ''Granatina ianthinogaster''
* [[Violet-eared waxbill]], ''Granatina granatina''
|-
|[[File:Red-cheeked cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus bengalus bengalus) male.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Uraeginthus]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||
* [[Blue waxbill]], ''Uraeginthus angolensis''
* [[Red-cheeked cordon-bleu]], ''Uraeginthus bengalus''
* [[Blue-capped cordon-bleu]], ''Uraeginthus cyanocephalus''
|-
|[[File:Western Bluebill m - Gambia (32528245061).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Spermophaga]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Grant's bluebill]], ''Spermophaga poliogenys''
* [[Western bluebill]], ''Spermophaga haematina''
* [[Red-headed bluebill]], ''Spermophaga ruficapilla''
|-
|[[File:Black-bellied Seedcracker - near Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E2847.jpg|175px]] ||''[[Pyrenestes]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Crimson seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes sanguineus''
* [[Black-bellied seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes ostrinus''
* [[Lesser seedcracker]], ''Pyrenestes minor''
|-
|[[File:Green-winged Pytilia, Pytilia melba at Pilanesberg National Park, Northwest Province, South Africa (17303689060).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Pytilia]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1837}} ||
* [[Orange-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia afra''
* [[Red-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia phoenicoptera''
* [[Red-billed pytilia]], ''Pytilia lineata''
* [[Green-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia melba''
* [[Yellow-winged pytilia]], ''Pytilia hypogrammica''
|-
|[[File:Bloedel Conservatory Bird (34984419890).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Euschistospiza]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1943}} ||
* [[Dybowski's twinspot]], ''Euschistospiza dybowskii''
* [[Dusky twinspot]], ''Euschistospiza cinereovinacea''
|-
|[[File:Peters's Twinspot, Sakania, DRC (9999020853).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Hypargos (bird)|Hypargos]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1862}} ||
* [[Red-throated twinspot]], ''Hypargos niveoguttatus''
* [[Pink-throated twinspot]], ''Hypargos margaritatus''
|-
|[[File:Brown Twinspot - Budongo - Uganda 06 4823 (22998376511).jpg|175px]] ||''[[Clytospiza]]'' {{small|Shelley, 1896}} ||
* [[Brown twinspot]], ''Clytospiza monteiri''
|-
|[[File:Red-billed firefinch (Lagonosticta senegala senegala) male.jpg|175px]] || ''[[Lagonosticta]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||
* [[Bar-breasted firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rufopicta''
* [[Brown firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta nitidula''
* [[Red-billed firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta senegala''
* [[Black-bellied firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rara''
* [[African firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rubricata''
* [[Jameson's firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta rhodopareia''
* [[Mali firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta virata''
* [[Rock firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis''
* [[Black-faced firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta larvata''
* [[Chad firefinch]], ''Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis''
|-
|-
|}
|}

==Evolution==
[[File:Estrildid finches.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Origin of estrildid species]]

The phylogeography and possible origin of estrildid species have been studied. The following scheme may be useful to represent a hypothetical origin in India in the last and strongest Himalayas uplift (16.5 million years ago), when the monsoon rains regime was established in India (see figure). The conclusions from this study<ref name=ooj/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Arnaiz-Villena/publication/332530565_In_Animal_Genetics_PHYLOGEOGRAPHY_OF_FINCHES_AND_SPARROWS_In_Animal_Genetics_Editor_Leopold_J_Rechi_ISBN_978-1-60741-844-3_C_2009_Nova_Science_Publishers_Inc/links/5cba1c80a6fdcc1d49a10263/In-Animal-Genetics-PHYLOGEOGRAPHY-OF-FINCHES-AND-SPARROWS-In-Animal-Genetics-Editor-Leopold-J-Rechi-ISBN-978-1-60741-844-3-C-2009-Nova-Science-Publishers-Inc.pdf|title=Phylogeography of Finches and Sparrows|last=Arnaiz-Villena|first=Antonio|last2=Gomez-Prieto|first2=Pablo|last3=Ruiz-Del-Valle|first3=Valentin|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|year=2009|isbn=978-1-60741-844-3}}</ref> are:
*The estrildids form a monophyletic group that includes several [[Polytomy|polytomies]] and comprises African, Asian and Australian birds.
*They may have started evolving by the Middle [[Miocene]] epoch (about 16.5 million years ago)
*This proposed timing is coincidental with the [[Fringilla|Fringillinae]] radiation starting time and also with the main Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau uplift, triggered by the Indian tectonic plate collision; this established present day southern Asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes, like drier weather in the Tibetan Plateau and Chinese deserts.
*The most ancient evolutionary group comprises African (African silverbill), Asian (Indian silverbill) and Australian (diamond firetail) species; this suggests that the whole estrildid radiation might have originated around India.<ref name=ooj>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnaiz-Villena A, Ruiz-del-Valle V, Gomez-Prieto P, Reguera R, Parga-Lozano C, Serrano-Vela JI |date=2009 |url=https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOOENIJ/TOOENIJ-2-29.pdf |title=''Estrildinae'' Finches (''Aves'', ''Passeriformes'') from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study |journal=The Open Ornithology Journal |volume=2 |pages=29-36 |doi=10.2174/1874453200902010029}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sibley, C.G. |author2=Monroe, B.L. |date=1990 |title=Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World |publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref name=op>{{cite report |author1=Arnaiz-Villena, A. |author2=Gomez-Prieto, P. |author3=Serna-Ayala, J.M. |author4=Ruiz-del-Valle, V. |date=2009 |url=http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/Origen%20estrilidos-ok.pdf |title=El origen de los Estríldidos |language=es |trans-title=The origin of the Estríldidos}}</ref>
[[File:Evolution of estrildid finches.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Estrildidae phylogenetic tree]]
*The African group ''Nesocharis'' is grouped with the African genus ''Estrilda''.
*The [[Gouldian finch]] (''Erythrura'' or ''Chloebia gouldiae'') is included within genus ''Erythrura''.
*The [[Java sparrow]] (''Padda'' or ''Lonchura oryzivora'') is a highly modified species from genus ''Lonchura'': bigger than the rest of ''Lonchura'' species, with a conspicuous and quite different head pattern. It is endemic to Java, Bali, and the Bawean Islands, although escapees from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands.
*African munias (''Spermestes'') belong to a genus different from Australian and Asian [[munia]]s.
* The Australian [[red-browed firetail]] (''Neochmia temporalis''), very similar to African common waxbill (''Estrilda astrild''), is not closely related to it. Their similarities (bill, red brow, etc.) are due to [[convergent evolution]], since their environmental pressures (weather, habitat, feeding) are similar.<ref name=ooj/><ref name=op/>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Estrildidae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Estrildidae|*]]
[[Category:Finches|.]]
[[Category:Finches|.]]
[[Category:Waxbills|.]]
[[Category:Waxbills|.]]

Latest revision as of 01:12, 3 September 2024

Estrildidae
Red-browed finch, Neochmia temporalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Passeroidea
Family: Estrildidae
Bonaparte, 1850
Genera

See text

Estrildidae, or estrildid finches, is a family of small seed-eating passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They comprise species commonly known as munias, mannikins, firefinches, parrotfinches and waxbills. Despite the word "finch" being included in the common names of some species, they are not closely related to birds with this name in other families, such as the Fringillidae, Emberizidae or Passerellidae.

They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but vary widely in plumage colours and patterns.

All estrildids build large, domed nests and lay five to ten white eggs. Many species build roost nests. Some of the firefinches and pytilias are hosts to the brood-parasitic indigobirds and whydahs, respectively.

Most are sensitive to cold and require warm, usually tropical, habitats, although a few, such as the eastern alpine mannikin, mountain firetail, red-browed finch, and the genus Stagonopleura, have adapted to the cooler climates of southern Australia and the highlands of New Guinea.

The smallest species of the family is the Shelley's oliveback (Nesocharis shelleyi) at a mere 8.3 cm (3.3 in), although the lightest species is the black-rumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes) at 6 g (0.21 oz). The largest species is the Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora) at 17 cm (6.7 in) and 25 g (0.88 oz).[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The family Estrildidae was introduced in 1850 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte as "Estreldinae", a spelling variant of the subfamily name.[2][3] In the list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) the family contains 140 species divided into 41 genera.[4] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the family Estrildidae is sister to the family Viduidae containing the indigobirds and whydahs. The two families diverged around 15.5 million year ago.[5] The most recent common ancestor of the Estrildidae is estimated to have lived around 10.9 million years ago.[6] A genetic study of the Estrildidae by Urban Olsson and Per Alström published in 2020 identified 6 major clades. The radiations within these clades occurred between 4.5 and 8.9 million years ago. The authors proposed that each of these clades should be treated as a subfamily.[6] This contrasts with an earlier proposal in which the family was divided into three subfamilies.[7]

Poephilinae

Heteromunia – pictorella mannikin

Oreostruthus – mountain firetail

Stagonopleura – firetails (3 species)

Neochmia – finches (2 species)

Emblema – painted finch

Bathilda – star finch

Aidemosyne – plum-headed finch

Stizoptera – double-barred finch

Taeniopygia – zebra finch

Poephila – finches (3 species)

Lonchurinae

Spermestes – mannikins, silverbill (4 species)

Lepidopygia – Madagascar mannikin

Euodice – silverbills (2 species)

Padda – sparrows (2 species)

Mayrimunia – streak-headed mannikin

Lonchura – munias, mannikins (28 species)

Erythrurinae

Chloebia – Gouldian finch

Erythrura – parrotfinches (12 species)

Estrildinae

Nesocharis – olivebacks (2 species)

Coccopygia – waxbills (3 species)

Mandingoa – green twinspot

Cryptospiza – crimsonwings (4 species)

Parmoptila – antpeckers (3 species)

Nigrita – nigritas (4 species)

Delacourella – grey-headed oliveback

Brunhilda – waxbills (2 species)

Glaucestrilda – waxbills (3 species)

Estrilda – waxbills (11 species)

Amandavinae

Ortygospiza – quailfinch

Amadina – finches (2 species)

Amandava – avadavats, waxbill (3 species)

Lagonostictinae

Granatina – grenadier, waxbill (2 species)

Uraeginthus – cordon-bleus, waxbill (3 species)

Spermophaga – bluebills (3 species)

Pyrenestes – seedcrackers (3 species)

Pytilia – pytilias (5 species)

Euschistospiza – twinspots (2 species)

Hypargos – twinspots (2 species)

Clytospiza – brown twinspot

Lagonosticta – firefinches (10 species)

Phylogeny based on a study of the Estrildidae by Urban Olsson and Per Alström published in 2020. The locust finch in the genus Paludipasser was not included in the study.[6]

Genera list

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Image Genus Living species
Heteromunia Mathews, 1913
Oreostruthus De Vis, 1898
Stagonopleura Reichenbach, 1850
Neochmia Gray, GR, 1849
Emblema Gould, 1842
Bathilda Reichenbach, 1862
Aidemosyne Reichenbach, 1862
Stizoptera Oberholser, 1899
Taeniopygia Reichenbach, 1862
Poephila Gould, 1842
Spermestes Swainson, 1837
Lepidopygia Reichenbach, 1862
Euodice Reichenbach, 1862
Padda Reichenbach, 1850
Mayrimunia Wolters, 1949
Lonchura Sykes, 1832
Chloebia Reichenbach, 1862
Erythrura Swainson, 1837
Nesocharis Alexander, 1903
Coccopygia Reichenbach, 1862
Mandingoa Hartert, E, 1919
Cryptospiza Salvadori, 1884
Parmoptila Cassin, 1859
Nigrita Strickland, 1843
Delacourella Wolters, 1949
Brunhilda Reichenbach, 1862
Glaucestrilda Roberts, 1922
Estrilda Swainson, 1827
Ortygospiza Sundevall, 1850
Paludipasser Neave, 1909
Amadina Swainson, 1827
Amandava Blyth, 1836
Granatina Sharpe, 1890
Uraeginthus Cabanis, 1851
Spermophaga Swainson, 1837
Pyrenestes Swainson, 1837
Pytilia Swainson, 1837
Euschistospiza Wolters, 1943
Hypargos Reichenbach, 1862
Clytospiza Shelley, 1896
Lagonosticta Cabanis, 1851

References

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  1. ^ "Estrildid FINCHes".
  2. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1850). Conspectus Generum Avium (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 450.
  3. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 117, 156, 218, 228. hdl:2246/830.
  4. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  5. ^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
  6. ^ a b c Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2020). "A comprehensive phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the waxbills (Aves: Estrildidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106757. Bibcode:2020MolPE.14606757O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106757. PMID 32028027. S2CID 211048731.
  7. ^ Payne, Robert B. (2010). "Family Estrildidae (Waxbills)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 15: Weavers to New World Warblers. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 234–377. ISBN 978-84-96553-68-2.
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