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{{Short description|British word game using cards}}
{{Other uses|Lexicon (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Lexicon (disambiguation)}}
{{notability|date=February 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
⚫
'''Lexicon''' is a [[word game]] for 2 to 6 players published as a [[shedding card game]].
{{Infobox game
| name =
| subtitle =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Lexicor027 (13316043513).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = A playing card with a logo in the centre
| caption = Master card from 1933 edition
| other_names = Lex, Lexicon with Tiles, Lexikon, Crossword Lexicon, Script
| AKA =
| manufacturer =
| designer = [[David Whitelaw]]
| director =
| illustrator =
| writer =
| publisher = [[Waddingtons]]
| date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1932||}}
| years =
| genre = [[Word game]]
| language =
| parent_game =
| players = 2–4; more with an additional deck
| setup_time = 2 minutes
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| ages = 8+<ref name="GP55" />{{rp|28}}
| skills = Vocabulary, spelling
| materials =
| media_type = [[Playing card]]s or [[Tile-based game|tiles]]
| related =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
⚫
'''Lexicon''' is a [[word game]] using a [[Dedicated deck card game|dedicated deck of cards]] for 2 to 4 players<ref name="EAM" /> published as a [[shedding card game]].

The original game was published by [[Waddingtons]] in the [[United Kingdom]], and it was later distributed and licensed internationally, and has been published with various names and in different formats. The [[intellectual property]] for the game is currently owned by Winning Moves.

Rules for numerous games using the deck of cards for Lexicon have been created, including for solitaire games and for tournaments.


==Publication history==
==Publication history==
''Lexicon'' was created by [[David Whitelaw]] in 1932<ref name="VAM" /> and originally published by [[Waddingtons]]. The company was purchased by [[Hasbro]] in 1994, which later sold Lexicon to [[Winning Moves]].<ref name="Wintle" /> Early rulebooks distributed with the game contained instructions for other games that could be played with the cards.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} Certain copies came with a 1936 competition slip wherein £1,000 was offered in cash prizes. Several subsequent versions have been released.
''Lexicon'' was created by [[David Whitelaw]] in 1932<ref name="VAM" /> and originally published by Waddingtons. After a poor launch for an initial small edition as a market test, Waddingtons upgraded the packaging and increased the price, and by late 1932 were selling thousands of units per day in stationery shops.<ref name="Wintle" /> A section in the rulebook was titled "How to arrange a Lexicon drive" for the organisation and execution of a party or tournament based on Lexicon.<ref name="EAM" />


⚫
By 1934, the game was being sold internationally. In March 1934, proceeds from a game in Australia were donated towards children's health care.<ref name="SydneyMail" />{{rp|20}} In the United States, it was distributed by [[Parker Brothers]] as '''Crossword Lexicon'''.<ref name="Blalock" />{{rp|1}} In 1938, [[George Swinnerton Parker|George Parker]] stated that of all games sold by the company, the demand for Lexicon was only exceeded by that of regular [[playing card]]s.<ref name="Blalock" />{{rp|1}} By the early 1970s, a version of the game had been released using tiles instead of cards, with minor rule variations.<ref name="Bell" />{{rp|14–15}}
After a poor launch for an initial small edition as a market test, Waddingtons upgraded the packaging and increased the price, and by late 1932 were selling thousands of units per day in stationery shops.<ref name="Wintle" />


Early rulebooks distributed with the game contained instructions for 23 games that could be played by 2 to 4 players with the deck cards.<ref name="EAM" />
⚫
By 1934, the game was being sold internationally. In March 1934, proceeds from a game were in Australia were donated towards children's health care.<ref name="SydneyMail" />{{rp|20}} In the United States, it was distributed by [[Parker Brothers]] as '''Crossword Lexicon'''.<ref name="Blalock" />{{rp|1}} In 1938, [[George Swinnerton Parker|George Parker]] stated that of all games sold by the company, the demand for Lexicon was only exceeded by that of regular [[playing card]]s.<ref name="Blalock" />{{rp|1}}
<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} Certain copies came with a 1936 competition slip wherein £1,000 was offered in cash prizes. Several subsequent versions have been released.

From 23-25 September 1983, Waddingtons organised the Lexicon Golden Jubilee Weekend to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the game.<ref name="ET" />{{rp|19}} It was hosted at the Victoria Hotel in [[Nottingham]] with various Lexicon-themed games, including "team Lexicon, Lexicon criss-cross, Lexicon clock patience, and individual games", as well as a dinner with [[Alphabet pasta|alphabet soup]], a lecture by the author of ''A History of Waddingtons'', and a prize presentation event.<ref name="ET" />{{rp|19}}

Waddingtons was purchased by [[Hasbro]] in 1994, which later sold Lexicon to Winning Moves.<ref name="Wintle" />


==Gameplay==
==Gameplay==
[[File:Lexicor001 (13316182024).jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Lexicon'' "A" card, worth 10 points]]
⚫
Each player is dealt ten cards from a pool of 52,<ref name="VAM" /> each depicting a letter and a point value.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} Two packs of cards are used for more than 5 players.<ref name="VAM" /> On their turn, a player may lay down a complete word with their letters, extend a word already played, or discard one of their cards and draw one from the top of the stock or discard piles.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} The player may also choose to exchange one or more cards with those forming a word in play, so long as the exchange results in a complete word.<ref name="VAM" />
Each player is dealt ten cards from a pool of 52,<ref name="VAM" /> each depicting a letter and a point value.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} Two packs of cards are used for more than 5 players.<ref name="VAM" /> The letter distribution was originally four each of the vowels 'A', 'E', and 'I', three each of the vowels 'O' and 'U' and the consonants 'H', 'L', 'R', 'S', 'T', and 'W', and one each of the other letters and the Master card.<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|134}} The point values are 10 for 'A', 'E', and 'I'; 8 points for 'C', 'H', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', and 'W'; 6 points for 'D', 'J', and 'V'; 4 points for 'G', 'Q', and 'Y'; and 2 points for 'B', 'F', 'X', and 'Z'.<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|134}} The Master card is a [[Wild card (cards)|wild card]] that may represent any letter,<ref name="EAM" /> and has a point value of 15.<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|134}}

⚫
On their turn, a player may lay down a complete word with their letters, extend a word already played, or discard one of their cards and draw one from the top of the draw or discard piles.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} The player may also choose to exchange one or more cards with those forming a word in play, so long as the exchange results in a complete word.<ref name="VAM" />

The object is for a player to eliminate all cards from their hand.<ref name="Ross" />{{rp|8}} When a player has no cards left in their hand, the round ends and the other players each tally the point value of the cards they hold.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} A player may challenge a word as being non-existent or mis-spelt. A successful challenge reduces the challenger's accumulated points by 10, and an unsuccessful one increases it by 10.<ref name="VAM" /> When a player has accumulated 100 penalty points over any number of rounds, they are eliminated from the game, and the last player remaining is the winner.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}}

===Other games===
The Lexicon deck of cards can be used to play numerous games. Among them are Clock Patience, Lexicon Bridge, Lexicon Cribbage, Lexicon Criss-Cross, Lexicon Dominoes, Lexicon Eights, Lexicon Riddance, Lexicon Scrabble, various solitaire games, and team games.<ref name="Bell" />{{rp|15}}<ref name="ET" />{{rp|19}}<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|135}}

In Lexicon Criss-Cross, the players form words within a 5×5 grid using 25 cards revealed in succession from the deck.<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|135}} Points are awarded based on the length of words formed, with 10 points for 5-letter words, 7 points for 4-letter words, 3 points for 3-letter words, and 1 point for 2-letter words.<ref name="Augarde" />{{rp|135}}


The object is for a player to eliminate all cards from their hand.<ref name="Ross" />{{rp|8}} When a player has no cards left in their hand, the round ends and the other players each tally the point value of the cards they hold.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}} A player may challenge a word as being non-existant or mis-spelt. A successful challenge reduces the challengers accumulated points by 10, and an unsuccessful one increases it by 10.<ref name="VAM" /> When a player has accumulated 100 penalty points over any number of rounds, they are eliminated from the game, and the last player remaining is the winner.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}}
In Lexicon Scrabble, a shuffled deck is scattered face-up on the playing surface and the players collect cards as quickly as possible to spell out a seven-letter word.<ref name="Bell" />{{rp|15}} The first player to announce their word wins the round.<ref name="Bell" />{{rp|15}} Players retain cards that were picked up for subsequent rounds, but any player who collected more than seven cards is disqualified.<ref name="Bell" />{{rp|15}}


==Reception==
==Reception==
An entry in a 1934 article in [[The Sydney Mail]] stated that the cards "are packed in amusing little boxes looking like pocket dictionaries".<ref name="SydneyMail" />{{rp|20}} In 1938, the game was promoted by [[Jane Froman]] on her radio programme Radio Row.<ref name="Sheffield" />{{rp|3}}
An entry in a 1934 article in ''[[The Sydney Mail]]'' stated that the cards "are packed in amusing little boxes looking like [[Pocket dictionary|pocket dictionaries]]".<ref name="SydneyMail" />{{rp|20}} In 1938, the game was promoted by [[Jane Froman]] on her radio programme Radio Row.<ref name="Sheffield" />{{rp|3}}
In a 1973 review, Richard Sharp described it as "durable game" owing to its simplicity, as players can learn its rules quickly and games are generally short.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}}
In a 1973 review, Richard Sharp described it as a "durable game" owing to its simplicity, as players can learn its rules quickly and games are generally short.<ref name="Sharp" />{{rp|25}}


In its catalogue description, the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] state that Lexicon is "the best known of the more sophisticated spelling card games" published during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="VAM" />
In its catalogue description, the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] state that Lexicon is "the best known of the more sophisticated spelling card games" published during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="VAM" />
Line 24: Line 81:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Augarde">{{cite book|title=The Oxford A to Z of word games|last=Augarde|first=Tony|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=1994|pages=133–135|isbn=0-19-866178-9}}</ref>
<ref name="Bell">{{cite magazine|magazine=Games & Puzzles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_games-and-puzzles_1974-12_31/page/14/mode/2up|title=Word games|last=Bell|first=R.C.|issue=31|publisher=Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd.|date=December 1974|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Blalock">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABBQAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=3257%2C6773119|title=Inventor of famous games began success career as schoolboy|last=Blalock|first=Dick|volume=32|issue=116|newspaper=[[Evening Independent]]|date=19 March 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Blalock">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABBQAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=3257%2C6773119|title=Inventor of famous games began success career as schoolboy|last=Blalock|first=Dick|volume=32|issue=116|newspaper=[[Evening Independent]]|date=19 March 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Ross">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEFdAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=4643%2C5266254|title=Household hints|last=Ross|first=Eleanor|newspaper=[[Washington Reporter]]|date=23 December 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Ross">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEFdAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=4643%2C5266254|title=Household hints|last=Ross|first=Eleanor|newspaper=[[Washington Reporter]]|date=23 December 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharp">{{cite magazine|magazine=Games & Puzzles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_games-and-puzzles_1973-03_11/page/n23/mode/2up|title=Games View|last=Sharp|first=Richard|issue=11|date=March 1973|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Sharp">{{cite magazine|magazine=Games & Puzzles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_games-and-puzzles_1973-03_11/page/n23/mode/2up|title=Games View|last=Sharp|first=Richard|issue=11|publisher=Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd.|date=March 1973|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Wintle">{{cite web|url=https://www.wopc.co.uk/uk/waddingtons/lexicon/|title=Lexicon|last=Wintle|first=Simon|website=The World of Playing Cards|date=29 August 2015|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Wintle">{{cite web|url=https://www.wopc.co.uk/uk/waddingtons/lexicon/|title=Lexicon|last=Wintle|first=Simon|website=The World of Playing Cards|date=29 August 2015|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="EAM">{{cite web|url=https://healthy.uwaterloo.ca/museum/VirtualExhibits/CardGames/Lexicon/index.html|title=Lexicon|website=[[Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games]]|publisher=[[University of Waterloo Faculty of Health]]|date=5 June 1998|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="ET">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA10&article_id=3390%2C5427375|title=Weekend fun for the word game fans|newspaper=[[Evening Times]]|date=29 July 1983|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="GP55">{{cite magazine|magazine=Games & Puzzles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_games-and-puzzles_1976-12_55/page/n27/mode/2up|title=Word, number and chess games|issue=55|publisher=Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd.|date=December 1976|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Sheffield">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6B9XAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&article_id=7152%2C171029|title=Right out of the air|newspaper=[[Sheffield Observer]]|date=10 February 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Sheffield">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6B9XAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&article_id=7152%2C171029|title=Right out of the air|newspaper=[[Sheffield Observer]]|date=10 February 1938|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="SydneyMail">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XpVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA37&article_id=6489%2C2901926|title=Social news and notes|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=14 March 1934|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="SydneyMail">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XpVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA37&article_id=6489%2C2901926|title=Social news and notes|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=14 March 1934|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>
Line 35: Line 97:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=The Waddingtons Story|last=Watson|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Watson|publisher=Northern Heritage Publications|date=2008|isbn=9781906600365}}
*{{cite book|title=The Waddingtons Story|last=Watson|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Watson|publisher=Northern Heritage Publications|date=2008|isbn=9781906600365}}
*''[[The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/playboywinnersgu00free/page/110/mode/2up | title=The Playboy winner's guide to board games | date=1979 }}</ref>


==External links==
==External links==
Line 40: Line 103:


[[Category:Card games introduced in 1933]]
[[Category:Card games introduced in 1933]]
[[Category:Dedicated deck card games]]
[[Category:Shedding-type card games]]
[[Category:Shedding-type card games]]
[[Category:Waddingtons games]]
[[Category:Word games]]

Latest revision as of 03:24, 3 September 2024

For other uses, see Lexicon (disambiguation).

Lexicon
A playing card with a logo in the centre
Master card from 1933 edition
Other namesLex, Lexicon with Tiles, Lexikon, Crossword Lexicon, Script
DesignersDavid Whitelaw
PublishersWaddingtons
Publication1932; 92 years ago (1932)
GenresWord game
Players2–4; more with an additional deck
Setup time2 minutes
Age range8+[1]: 28 
SkillsVocabulary, spelling
Media typePlaying cards or tiles

Lexicon is a word game using a dedicated deck of cards for 2 to 4 players[2] published as a shedding card game.

The original game was published by Waddingtons in the United Kingdom, and it was later distributed and licensed internationally, and has been published with various names and in different formats. The intellectual property for the game is currently owned by Winning Moves.

Rules for numerous games using the deck of cards for Lexicon have been created, including for solitaire games and for tournaments.

Publication history

[edit]

Lexicon was created by David Whitelaw in 1932[3] and originally published by Waddingtons. After a poor launch for an initial small edition as a market test, Waddingtons upgraded the packaging and increased the price, and by late 1932 were selling thousands of units per day in stationery shops.[4] A section in the rulebook was titled "How to arrange a Lexicon drive" for the organisation and execution of a party or tournament based on Lexicon.[2]

By 1934, the game was being sold internationally. In March 1934, proceeds from a game in Australia were donated towards children's health care.[5]: 20  In the United States, it was distributed by Parker Brothers as Crossword Lexicon.[6]: 1  In 1938, George Parker stated that of all games sold by the company, the demand for Lexicon was only exceeded by that of regular playing cards.[6]: 1  By the early 1970s, a version of the game had been released using tiles instead of cards, with minor rule variations.[7]: 14–15 

Early rulebooks distributed with the game contained instructions for 23 games that could be played by 2 to 4 players with the deck cards.[2] [8]: 25  Certain copies came with a 1936 competition slip wherein £1,000 was offered in cash prizes. Several subsequent versions have been released.

From 23-25 September 1983, Waddingtons organised the Lexicon Golden Jubilee Weekend to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the game.[9]: 19  It was hosted at the Victoria Hotel in Nottingham with various Lexicon-themed games, including "team Lexicon, Lexicon criss-cross, Lexicon clock patience, and individual games", as well as a dinner with alphabet soup, a lecture by the author of A History of Waddingtons, and a prize presentation event.[9]: 19 

Waddingtons was purchased by Hasbro in 1994, which later sold Lexicon to Winning Moves.[4]

Gameplay

[edit]
A Lexicon "A" card, worth 10 points

Each player is dealt ten cards from a pool of 52,[3] each depicting a letter and a point value.[8]: 25  Two packs of cards are used for more than 5 players.[3] The letter distribution was originally four each of the vowels 'A', 'E', and 'I', three each of the vowels 'O' and 'U' and the consonants 'H', 'L', 'R', 'S', 'T', and 'W', and one each of the other letters and the Master card.[10]: 134  The point values are 10 for 'A', 'E', and 'I'; 8 points for 'C', 'H', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', and 'W'; 6 points for 'D', 'J', and 'V'; 4 points for 'G', 'Q', and 'Y'; and 2 points for 'B', 'F', 'X', and 'Z'.[10]: 134  The Master card is a wild card that may represent any letter,[2] and has a point value of 15.[10]: 134 

On their turn, a player may lay down a complete word with their letters, extend a word already played, or discard one of their cards and draw one from the top of the draw or discard piles.[8]: 25  The player may also choose to exchange one or more cards with those forming a word in play, so long as the exchange results in a complete word.[3]

The object is for a player to eliminate all cards from their hand.[11]: 8  When a player has no cards left in their hand, the round ends and the other players each tally the point value of the cards they hold.[8]: 25  A player may challenge a word as being non-existent or mis-spelt. A successful challenge reduces the challenger's accumulated points by 10, and an unsuccessful one increases it by 10.[3] When a player has accumulated 100 penalty points over any number of rounds, they are eliminated from the game, and the last player remaining is the winner.[8]: 25 

Other games

[edit]

The Lexicon deck of cards can be used to play numerous games. Among them are Clock Patience, Lexicon Bridge, Lexicon Cribbage, Lexicon Criss-Cross, Lexicon Dominoes, Lexicon Eights, Lexicon Riddance, Lexicon Scrabble, various solitaire games, and team games.[7]: 15 [9]: 19 [10]: 135 

In Lexicon Criss-Cross, the players form words within a 5×5 grid using 25 cards revealed in succession from the deck.[10]: 135  Points are awarded based on the length of words formed, with 10 points for 5-letter words, 7 points for 4-letter words, 3 points for 3-letter words, and 1 point for 2-letter words.[10]: 135 

In Lexicon Scrabble, a shuffled deck is scattered face-up on the playing surface and the players collect cards as quickly as possible to spell out a seven-letter word.[7]: 15  The first player to announce their word wins the round.[7]: 15  Players retain cards that were picked up for subsequent rounds, but any player who collected more than seven cards is disqualified.[7]: 15 

Reception

[edit]

An entry in a 1934 article in The Sydney Mail stated that the cards "are packed in amusing little boxes looking like pocket dictionaries".[5]: 20  In 1938, the game was promoted by Jane Froman on her radio programme Radio Row.[12]: 3 

In a 1973 review, Richard Sharp described it as a "durable game" owing to its simplicity, as players can learn its rules quickly and games are generally short.[8]: 25 

In its catalogue description, the Victoria and Albert Museum state that Lexicon is "the best known of the more sophisticated spelling card games" published during the 1920s and 1930s.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Word, number and chess games". Games & Puzzles. No. 55. Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd. December 1976. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lexicon". Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games. University of Waterloo Faculty of Health. 5 June 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Lexicon". Victoria and Albert Museum. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b Wintle, Simon (29 August 2015). "Lexicon". The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Social news and notes". The Sydney Mail. 14 March 1934. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b Blalock, Dick (19 March 1938). "Inventor of famous games began success career as schoolboy". Evening Independent. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Bell, R.C. (December 1974). "Word games". Games & Puzzles. No. 31. Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sharp, Richard (March 1973). "Games View". Games & Puzzles. No. 11. Edu-Games (U.K.) Ltd. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  9. ^ a b c "Weekend fun for the word game fans". Evening Times. 29 July 1983. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Augarde, Tony (1994). The Oxford A to Z of word games. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-19-866178-9.
  11. ^ Ross, Eleanor (23 December 1938). "Household hints". Washington Reporter. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  12. ^ "Right out of the air". Sheffield Observer. 10 February 1938. Retrieved 23 February 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
  1. ^ "The Playboy winner's guide to board games". 1979.
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