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{{Short description|Romanian politician}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Avram Bunaciu
| name = Avram Bunaciu
|image = Avram Bunaciu.jpg
| image = Avram Bunaciu.jpg
|order =
| order =
|title = [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice of Romania]]
| office = [[President of Romania|President of the State Council]]
| status = {{small|(Acting)}}
⚫
|term_start = March 25, 1948
| alongside = [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]] and [[Ștefan Voitec]]
⚫
|term_end = September 23, 1949
⚫
| term_start = 19 March 1965
⚫
|office2 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]]
⚫
| term_end = 24 March 1965
⚫
|term_start2 = January 23, 1958
| predecessor = [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]]
⚫
|term_end2 = March 20, 1961
|predecessor2 = [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]]
| successor = [[Chivu Stoica]]
| title1 = [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice of Romania]]
⚫
|successor2 = [[Corneliu Mănescu]]
| primeminister1 = [[Petru Groza]]
⚫
|primeminister2= [[Chivu Stoica]]
| term_start1 = 25 February 1948
|office3 = ''[[Acting (law)|acting]]'' [[President of Romania|President of the State Council]]
| term_end1 = 23 September 1949
|president3 =
| predecessor1 = [[Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu]]
⚫
|term_start3 = March 19, 1965
| successor1 = {{ill|Stelian Nițulescu|ro}}
|term_end3 = March 24, 1965
⚫
| primeminister2 = [[Chivu Stoica]]
⚫
|birth_date = {{birth date|1909|11|11}}
⚫
| term_start2 = 31 December 1957
⚫
|birth_place = [[Transylvania]], [[Romania]]
⚫
| term_end2 = 23 January 1958
⚫
|death_date = {{death-date and age|1983|11 November 1909}}
| predecessor2 = [[Gheorghe Diaconescu]]
|death_place =
|spouse =
| successor2 = [[Gheorghe Diaconescu]]
⚫
| office3 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]]
⚫
|religion =
|branch =
| primeminister3 = [[Chivu Stoica]]
⚫
| term_start3 = 23 January 1958
⚫
|serviceyears =
|rank =
| term_end3 = 20 March 1961
| predecessor3 = [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]]
⚫
|battles =
⚫
| successor3 = [[Corneliu Mănescu]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|11|11|df=y}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Șicula|Gurba]], [[Transylvania]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|04|28|1909|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]
| alma_mater = [[Babeș-Bolyai University|University of Cluj]]
| party = [[Romanian Communist Party]]
| spouse = Noemi Nussbacher
| children = 2
⚫
| religion =
| branch =
⚫
| serviceyears =
| rank =
⚫
| battles =
| occupation = Politician, jurist
}}
}}


'''Avram Bunaciu''' ({{IPA-ro|aˈvram buˈnat͡ʃju}}; November 11, 1909 – 1983) was a [[Romania]]n [[communist]] politician who served as the [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and was the acting [[President of Romania|President of the State Council]] of Romania.
'''Avram Bunaciu''' ({{IPA|ro|aˈvram buˈnat͡ʃju}}; 11 November 1909 – 28 April 1983) was a [[Romania]]n [[communist]] politician and jurist who served as the [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and in March 1965 was for 5 days the acting [[President of Romania|President of the State Council]] of Romania.


==Early life==
==Early life and political career ==
Bunaciu was born in 1909 in [[Șicula|Gurba]], a village not far from [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], to a [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Greek-Catholic]] Romanian peasant family.<ref>Liviu Țăranu, ''Avram Bunaciu. Biografie – reflecții – corespondență'', Editura Enciclopedică, București 2012</ref> Some far-right sources have claimed that he was of Jewish origin; however, according to recent research by Romanian historians, this claim has been discredited.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silvesan|first=Marius|date=2011-10-24|title=Lansare de carte: Avram Bunaciu. Biografie – reflecții – corespondență|url=https://istorieevanghelica.ro/2011/10/24/lansare-de-carte-avram-bunaciu-biografie-reflectii-corespondenta/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=istorieevanghelica.ro|language=ro-RO}}</ref> During [[World War I]], he and his elder brother were mobilized in the army{{cn|date=January 2023|reason=How could Bunaciu be conscripted in the (Romanian? Austro-Hungarian?) Army if he turned 9 on the day WWI ended?}} and the family lived in poverty.
⚫
Bunaciu was born in [[Transylvania]]. He was a [[communist]] intellectual during [[World War II]] and had several high ranking positions after the war, mostly within the Ministry of Justice.<ref name=Balas>{{cite book |title=Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey Through Fascism and Communism |last1=Balas |first1=Egon |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher= Syracure University |location= United States |isbn= 0-8156-0603-6 |page= 430 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV03bFwxm7wC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=Avram+Bunaciu&source=bl&ots=SRGEo5OL2t&sig=OB_UROFDJq4J3_rC-3vSgAHiz4g&hl=en&ei=6ExtTIfkFMO78gaG_rX2Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Avram%20Bunaciu&f=false |accessdate= 2010-08-17}}</ref> Bunaciu was a [[lawyer]] by profession and close ally to [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]] with whom he defended communists at pre-war trials and was also close to [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] who eventually became the [[President of Romania]].<ref name=RFE>{{cite news|url=http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/50-4-49.shtml |title=SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN RUMANIAN GOVERNMENT RESHUFFLE |publisher=[[RL/RFE]] |date=1965-08-28 |accessdate=2010-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226110619/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/50-4-49.shtml |archivedate=2012-02-26 |df= }}</ref> After the war, Bunaciu was the Chief Public Prosecutor at [[Cluj]] tribunal which was set up on June 22, 1945 to prosecute war criminals. There were two tribunals in the post-war Romania (one in Bucharest and one in Cluj) which were charged with trials of individuals involved in war crimes. Bunaciu was involved in prosecuting mainly crimes committed by Hungarian authorities and their collaborators in Northern Transylvania while the Bucharest tribunal mostly dealt with crimes perpetrated by Romanians under [[Ion Antonescu|Marshal Antonescu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/what_new/data_whats_new/pdf/english/1.12_Trials_of_War_Criminals.pdf |title=TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS |accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref>


⚫
After graduating from the Samuil Vulcan High School in [[Beiuș]], he studied Law from 1929 to 1933 at the [[Babeș-Bolyai University|University of Cluj]]. He was a [[Communism|communist]] intellectual during [[World War II]] and had several high ranking positions after the war, mostly within the Ministry of Justice.<ref name="Balas">{{cite book |title=Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey Through Fascism and Communism |last1=Balas |first1=Egon |year=2000 |publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]] |location= United States |isbn= 0-8156-0603-6 |page= 430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV03bFwxm7wC&q=Avram+Bunaciu&pg=PA431 |access-date= 2010-08-17}}</ref> Bunaciu was a lawyer by profession and close ally to [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]], with whom he defended communists at pre-war trials; he was also close to [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], who eventually became the [[President of Romania|President of the State Council]] and ''de facto'' ruler of Romania.<ref name="RFE">{{cite news|url=http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/50-4-49.shtml |title=Significant Changes in Rumanian Government Reshuffle |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=1965-08-28 |access-date=2010-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226110619/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/50-4-49.shtml |archive-date=2012-02-26 }}</ref>
⚫
==Political career==

⚫
Bunaciu served as the [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice of Romania]] from March 25, 1948 until September 23, 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/romgov.html|title=Rulers. Ministers of Justice |accessdate=2010-08-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100827150022/http://rulers.org/romgov.html| archivedate= 27 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
After the war, Bunaciu was one of the main prosecutors of the [[Romanian People's Tribunals|People's Tribunals]]. There were two such tribunals in post-war Romania (one in Bucharest and one in [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]]), which were charged with trials of individuals involved in war crimes. From May 30 to June 4, 1945, together with [[Alexandra Sidorovici]], Constantin Vicol, and Ion D. Ioan, he prosecuted in Bucharest a dozen prominent journalists, including [[Pan M. Vizirescu]], {{ill|Pamfil Șeicaru|ro}}, [[Stelian Popescu]], [[Nichifor Crainic]], {{ill|Grigore Manoilescu|ro}}, and [[Radu Gyr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.descopera.ro/istorie/14366342-75-de-ani-de-la-procesul-ziaristilor-fascisti-vinovati-de-dezastrul-tarii-cum-ii-santaja-pe-politicieni-pamfil-seicaru|title=75 de ani de la procesul "ziariștilor fasciști, vinovați de dezastrul țării". Cum îi șantaja pe politicieni Pamfil Șeicaru| first=Mihaela|last=Stoica| website=www.descopera.ro|language=ro|date=May 30, 2020|access-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref> Afterwards, Bunaciu was the Chief Public Prosecutor at the Cluj tribunal, which was set up on 22 June 1945 to prosecute war criminals. Bunaciu was involved in prosecuting mainly crimes committed by [[Hungary in World War II|Hungarian authorities]] and their collaborators in [[Northern Transylvania]], while the Bucharest tribunal mostly dealt with crimes perpetrated by Romanians under [[Mareșal (Romania)|Marshal]] [[Ion Antonescu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/what_new/data_whats_new/pdf/english/1.12_Trials_of_War_Criminals.pdf |title=Trials of the War Criminals |access-date=2010-08-19|website=www1.yadvashem.org}}</ref>
In 1952, Bunaciu was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs when [[Ana Pauker]] was the minister.<ref name=RFE/> At the time he also was the Chairman of the National Assembly for the Application of Constitution.<ref name=Balas/> When Pauker was sacked by the communist leadership aided by [[Joseph Stalin]], Bunaciu left the foreign service and became the rector of the [[Bucharest University]] in 1954.<ref name=RFE/>

⚫
On January 23, 1958 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964|last1=Khrushchev |first1=Nikita Sergeevich |last2=Khrushchev |first2=Sergeĭ |last3=Shriver |first3=George |last4=Shenfield |first4=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher= Pennsylvania State University |location= United States |isbn= 978-0-271-02935-1 |page= 292 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&pg=PT302&lpg=PT302&dq=Avram+Bunaciu&source=bl&ots=zOvPv2NznT&sig=rjHn1ej-NTrWaZHzgQyV8aijJCQ&hl=en&ei=5E1tTL_cHcP38AbsjunwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCDge#v=onepage&q=Avram%20Bunaciu&f=false |accessdate= 2010-08-17}}</ref> On March 20, 1961, when he left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was elected the Vice President of the [[President of Romania|State Council]].<ref name=RFE/> From March 19 to March 24, 1965, before [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power, he was the ''[[Acting (law)|acting]]'' President of State Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/government_positions/president_of_the_state_council/lh/90/wn/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120918094119/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/government_positions/president_of_the_state_council/lh/90/wn/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-09-18 |title=President of the State Council |accessdate=2010-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Romania.htm |title=Romania statesmen |accessdate=2010-08-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100804231915/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Romania.htm| archivedate= 4 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
⚫
==State career==
⚫
Bunaciu served as the [[Ministry of Justice (Romania)|Minister of Justice of Romania]] from 25 March 1948 until 23 September 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/romgov.html|title=Rulers. Ministers of Justice |access-date=2010-08-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100827150022/http://rulers.org/romgov.html| archive-date= 27 August 2010 | url-status= live|website=rulers.org}}</ref>
⚫
In 1952, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs when [[Ana Pauker]] was the minister.<ref name=RFE/> At the time he also was the chairman of the National Assembly for the Application of Constitution.<ref name=Balas/> When Pauker was sacked by the communist leadership aided by [[Joseph Stalin]], Bunaciu left the foreign service and became the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[University of Bucharest]] in 1954.<ref name=RFE/> On 13 January 1958 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964|last1=Khrushchev |first1=Nikita|last2=Khrushchev |first2=Sergey|last3=Shriver |first3=George |last4=Shenfield |first4=Stephen |year=2007 |publisher= Pennsylvania State University |location= United States |isbn= 978-0-271-02935-1 |page= 292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&q=Avram+Bunaciu&pg=PT302 |access-date= 2010-08-17}}</ref> On 20 March 1961, when he left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was elected vice president of the [[President of Romania|State Council]].<ref name=RFE/> From 19 March to 24 March 1965, before [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] came to power, he was the ''[[Acting (law)|acting]]'' President of the State Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/government_positions/president_of_the_state_council/lh/90/wn/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918094119/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/government_positions/president_of_the_state_council/lh/90/wn/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-18 |title=President of the State Council |access-date=2010-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Romania.htm |title=Romania statesmen |access-date=2010-08-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100804231915/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Romania.htm| archive-date= 4 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 1971, he was awarded the {{ill|Order of Tudor Vladimirescu|de|Orden Tudor Vladimirescu}}, 2nd class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gu4tqoju/decretul-nr-157-1971-privind-conferirea-unor-ordine-ale-republicii-socialiste-romania|title=Decretul nr. 157/1971 privind conferirea unor ordine ale Republicii Socialiste România|lang=ro|publisher=Buletinul Oficial|volume= 96|date=August 6, 1971|website=lege5.ro|access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Noemi Nussbacher (at the time, a fellow communist sympathiser) in Cluj in 1938;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CeTDwAAQBAJ|title=Destine individuale și colective în comunism|author1=Budeancă, Cosmin|author2= Olteanu, Florentin|series= Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc, Memorialul Rezistenței Anticomuniste Țara Făgărașului|date=14 June 2016|isbn=978-973-46-3432-3|publisher=[[Polirom]]|location=Iași|oclc=846907712}}</ref> the Bunacius had two children, Tudor and Doina, a physicist now living in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/special/reportaje/reportaj/dininterior-marele-jaf-comunist-dosarul-patrimoniu-348429|title=Marele jaf comunist. Dosarul "Patrimoniu"|trans-title=The Great Communist Robbery. The "Heritage" Dossier|date=January 18, 2015|work=[[Digi24]]|language=ro|access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> He died in 1983 in Bucharest.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 51: Line 73:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunaciu, Avram}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunaciu, Avram}}
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[[Category:Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
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[[Category:Romanian communists]]
[[Category:People from Arad County]]
[[Category:People from Arad County]]
[[Category:University of Bucharest faculty]]
[[Category:Babeș-Bolyai University alumni]]
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[[Category:Romanian jurists]]
[[Category:Romanian Communist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Romania]]
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[[Category:Ministers of justice of Romania]]
[[Category:State Council of Romania]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Bucharest]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Bucharest]]

Latest revision as of 02:57, 4 September 2024

Avram Bunaciu
President of the State Council
(Acting)
In office
19 March 1965 – 24 March 1965
Preceded byGheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Succeeded byChivu Stoica
Minister of Justice of Romania
In office
25 February 1948 – 23 September 1949
Prime MinisterPetru Groza
Preceded byLucrețiu Pătrășcanu
Succeeded byStelian Nițulescu [ro]
In office
31 December 1957 – 23 January 1958
Prime MinisterChivu Stoica
Preceded byGheorghe Diaconescu
Succeeded byGheorghe Diaconescu
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania
In office
23 January 1958 – 20 March 1961
Prime MinisterChivu Stoica
Preceded byIon Gheorghe Maurer
Succeeded byCorneliu Mănescu
Personal details
Born(1909-11-11)11 November 1909
Gurba, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary
Died28 April 1983(1983-04-28) (aged 73)
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania
Political partyRomanian Communist Party
SpouseNoemi Nussbacher
Children2
Alma materUniversity of Cluj
OccupationPolitician, jurist

Avram Bunaciu (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈvram buˈnat͡ʃju]; 11 November 1909 – 28 April 1983) was a Romanian communist politician and jurist who served as the Minister of Justice, Minister of Foreign Affairs and in March 1965 was for 5 days the acting President of the State Council of Romania.

Early life and political career

[edit]

Bunaciu was born in 1909 in Gurba, a village not far from Arad, to a Greek-Catholic Romanian peasant family.[1] Some far-right sources have claimed that he was of Jewish origin; however, according to recent research by Romanian historians, this claim has been discredited.[2] During World War I, he and his elder brother were mobilized in the army[citation needed] and the family lived in poverty.

After graduating from the Samuil Vulcan High School in Beiuș, he studied Law from 1929 to 1933 at the University of Cluj. He was a communist intellectual during World War II and had several high ranking positions after the war, mostly within the Ministry of Justice.[3] Bunaciu was a lawyer by profession and close ally to Ion Gheorghe Maurer, with whom he defended communists at pre-war trials; he was also close to Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who eventually became the President of the State Council and de facto ruler of Romania.[4]

After the war, Bunaciu was one of the main prosecutors of the People's Tribunals. There were two such tribunals in post-war Romania (one in Bucharest and one in Cluj), which were charged with trials of individuals involved in war crimes. From May 30 to June 4, 1945, together with Alexandra Sidorovici, Constantin Vicol, and Ion D. Ioan, he prosecuted in Bucharest a dozen prominent journalists, including Pan M. Vizirescu, Pamfil Șeicaru [ro], Stelian Popescu, Nichifor Crainic, Grigore Manoilescu [ro], and Radu Gyr.[5] Afterwards, Bunaciu was the Chief Public Prosecutor at the Cluj tribunal, which was set up on 22 June 1945 to prosecute war criminals. Bunaciu was involved in prosecuting mainly crimes committed by Hungarian authorities and their collaborators in Northern Transylvania, while the Bucharest tribunal mostly dealt with crimes perpetrated by Romanians under Marshal Ion Antonescu.[6]

State career

[edit]

Bunaciu served as the Minister of Justice of Romania from 25 March 1948 until 23 September 1949.[7] In 1952, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs when Ana Pauker was the minister.[4] At the time he also was the chairman of the National Assembly for the Application of Constitution.[3] When Pauker was sacked by the communist leadership aided by Joseph Stalin, Bunaciu left the foreign service and became the rector of the University of Bucharest in 1954.[4] On 13 January 1958 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.[8] On 20 March 1961, when he left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was elected vice president of the State Council.[4] From 19 March to 24 March 1965, before Nicolae Ceaușescu came to power, he was the acting President of the State Council.[9][10] In 1971, he was awarded the Order of Tudor Vladimirescu [de], 2nd class.[11]

Personal life

[edit]

He married Noemi Nussbacher (at the time, a fellow communist sympathiser) in Cluj in 1938;[12] the Bunacius had two children, Tudor and Doina, a physicist now living in Switzerland.[13] He died in 1983 in Bucharest.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Liviu Țăranu, Avram Bunaciu. Biografie – reflecții – corespondență, Editura Enciclopedică, București 2012
  2. ^ Silvesan, Marius (2011-10-24). "Lansare de carte: Avram Bunaciu. Biografie – reflecții – corespondență". istorieevanghelica.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  3. ^ a b Balas, Egon (2000). Will to Freedom: A Perilous Journey Through Fascism and Communism. United States: Syracuse University Press. p. 430. ISBN 0-8156-0603-6. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  4. ^ a b c d "Significant Changes in Rumanian Government Reshuffle". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1965-08-28. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  5. ^ Stoica, Mihaela (May 30, 2020). "75 de ani de la procesul "ziariștilor fasciști, vinovați de dezastrul țării". Cum îi șantaja pe politicieni Pamfil Șeicaru". www.descopera.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  6. ^ "Trials of the War Criminals" (PDF). www1.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  7. ^ "Rulers. Ministers of Justice". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  8. ^ Khrushchev, Nikita; Khrushchev, Sergey; Shriver, George; Shenfield, Stephen (2007). Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964. United States: Pennsylvania State University. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-271-02935-1. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  9. ^ "President of the State Council". Archived from the original on 2012-09-18. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  10. ^ "Romania statesmen". Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  11. ^ "Decretul nr. 157/1971 privind conferirea unor ordine ale Republicii Socialiste România". lege5.ro (in Romanian). Buletinul Oficial. August 6, 1971. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  12. ^ Budeancă, Cosmin; Olteanu, Florentin (14 June 2016). Destine individuale și colective în comunism. Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului și Memoria Exilului Românesc, Memorialul Rezistenței Anticomuniste Țara Făgărașului. Iași: Polirom. ISBN 978-973-46-3432-3. OCLC 846907712.
  13. ^ "Marele jaf comunist. Dosarul "Patrimoniu"" [The Great Communist Robbery. The "Heritage" Dossier]. Digi24 (in Romanian). January 18, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
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