Ford Building (San Diego): Difference between revisions

	Ford Building
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	San Diego Historic Landmark No. 60
	The Ford Building
Location	Balboa Park, Palisades Area, San Diego, California
Coordinates	32°43′34″N 117°9′13″W / 32.72611°N 117.15361°W
Area	5 acres (2.0 ha)
Built	1935
Architect	Walter Dorwin Teague
Architectural style	Moderne
NRHP reference No.	73000433
SDHL No.	60
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	April 26, 1973
Designated SDHL	April 7, 1972

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The Ford Building is a Streamline Moderne structure in Balboa Park in San Diego, California, that serves as the home of the San Diego Air & Space Museum. The building was built by the Ford Motor Company for the California Pacific International Exposition, which was held in 1935 and 1936. The Ford Motor Company built a total of five exposition buildings for the world's fairs. This is the last remaining structure.

Design and construction

The building's architect was noted American industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague.^[3] The building was styled to resemble a V8 engine. Overall, it consists of two different-sized circles in the shape of an "8", and in the courtyard of the larger circle, a large fountain is shaped like the Ford V8 logo. The lights in the courtyard ("Pavilion of Flight") are shaped like valves. Along the interior wall of the outer ring is a mural depicting the history of transportation from the times of hunter-gatherers to 1935.^[4] The last panel of the mural was left open for the artist to depict his vision of the future of transportation after 1935, which is still visible today.

Initially, Ford wanted the building to be a 200-foot tower, but with the building near the flight path of arriving planes at San Diego International Airport, it was lowered to 90 feet.^[5] The size of the building was also decreased to 60,000 square feet from the initially proposed 113,000 square feet.^[5]

The site for the building was initially going to be near the Spreckels Organ Pavilion, but was later decided to be built in the Palisades area of the park.^[6] Construction took 11 months to complete. The main exhibit hall was a concrete plaster structure framed by steel.^[6]

History

Ford was the exposition's principal exhibitor and invested $2 million in the 45,000-square-foot (4,200 m²), 296-foot (90 m) diameter building to showcase its vehicles and other forms of transportation.^[6] Throughout the exposition, Ford was assembling autos along the outer rings and used the courtyard area to display the latest-model automobiles. The newly assembled vehicles were rolled out the large doors on the west side. Also, a test track was set up down the hill behind the building where visitors could take one of the model autos for a test drive.^[7]

By the end of the exhibition, 2.5 million people had toured the building and its exhibits.^[8] Ford donated the building to the city of San Diego at the exhibition's completion in November 1935.^[8] The city decided to extend the exhibition into 1936 and renamed the building "The Palace of Transportation" to showcase exhibits related to transportation.^[9] When the 1936 exhibition concluded, the building was closed and was not available to the public until 1980, when the San Diego Air & Space Museum opened.^[10]

With the building empty, the National Guard temporarily stored in it antiaircraft artillery, trucks, and searchlights.^[11] During World War II, Balboa Park was renamed to Camp Kidd, to be used for U.S. Navy training, barracks, and hospital wards. The Ford Building was used for training mechanics in aircraft repair and welding from 1941 to 1946.^[11]^[12] Convair considered using the building for construction of B-24 Liberators until they realized the building was too small to fit the plane's extensive wingspan.^[13]

From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the building was used for storage for both the Starlight Civic Opera and San Diego's Park and Recreation department.^[13] By this point the building was in poor shape and was recommended by a 1960 commission to be demolished. In the late 1960s, the building was used a temporary studio space for the Chicano artist group Los Toltecas en Azatlán.^[14] In 1973, several San Diego groups worked to get the building listed on the National Register of Historic Places, saving it from being destroyed.^[13]

The Studio of Los Toltecas en Aztlán

In 1968, the San Diego Parks and Recreation Department gave Chicano artist Salvador Roberto Torres permission to use the then-abandoned Ford Building as a studio for six months. Torres eventually invited other Chicano artists to the building and they eventually formed Los Toltecas en Azatlán.^[14] In 1970, Los Toltecas en Azatlán created a proposal to create El Centro Cultural de la Raza in an effort to keep the building as a space for cultural production. The proposal was eventually denied by the San Diego city government, but Los Toltecas en Azatlán decided to remain and occupy the building until 1971, when the city agreed on another space for the proposed Chicano cultural center within Balboa Park.^[15]

San Diego Air & Space Museum

During the process of adding the building to the National Register, the San Diego City Council recommended it be used for a new home to the San Diego Aerospace Museum, now known as the San Diego Air & Space Museum. After its earlier location in the former Electric Building was burned down in a fire in 1978, the Ford Building was remodeled to house the museum at a cost of $8 million and opened on June 28, 1980.^[13]^[16] The museum uses the Ford-themed courtyard for weddings, balls, parties, and other occasions.

References

Citations

^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Richard Amero. "History of the Ford Building in Balboa Park". Balboa Park Buildings. San Diego History Center. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
^ "The Ford Building 1935 - 1936". Exhibits. San Diego Air & Space Museum. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Pescador (2010), p. 12
^ ^a ^b ^c Pescador (2010), p. 10
^ Pescador (2010), p. 18
^ ^a ^b Pescador (2010), p. 21
^ Pescador (2010), p. 22
^ Pescador (2010), p. 26
^ ^a ^b Pescador (2010), p. 27
^ Christman (1985), p. 99
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pescador (2010), pp. 28-29
^ ^a ^b Made in Aztlán. Brookman, Philip., Gómez-Peña, Guillermo., Centro Cultural de la Raza (San Diego, Calif.) (1st ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Centro Cultural de la Raza. 1986. ISBN 0938461001. OCLC 21410771.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Michael., Fallon (2014). Creating the Future : Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s. New York: Counterpoint. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 9781619024045. OCLC 890980992.
^ "History of the Casa de Balboa building in Balboa Park". San Diego History Center. Retrieved July 24, 2011.

Bibliography

Christman, Florence (1985). The Romance of Balboa Park (4th ed.). San Diego: San Diego Historical Society. ISBN 0-918740-03-7.
Pescador, Katrina; Karen Garcia Raines, Pamela Gay, and Nelson Chase (2010). Wheels to Wings: San Diego's Ford Building. San Diego: San Diego Air & Space Museum.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Welcome to the San Diego Air & Space Museum—SDAM.

[nris-1] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.

[SDHL-2] "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[3] Richard Amero. "History of the Ford Building in Balboa Park". Balboa Park Buildings. San Diego History Center. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

[4] "The Ford Building 1935 - 1936". Exhibits. San Diego Air & Space Museum. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

[Wheels12-5] Pescador (2010), p. 12

[Wheels10-6] Pescador (2010), p. 10

[Wheels18-7] Pescador (2010), p. 18

[Wheels21-8] Pescador (2010), p. 21

[Wheels22-9] Pescador (2010), p. 22

[Wheels26-10] Pescador (2010), p. 26

[Wheels27-11] Pescador (2010), p. 27

[12] Christman (1985), p. 99

[Wheels289-13] Pescador (2010), pp. 28-29

[:0-14] Made in Aztlán. Brookman, Philip., Gómez-Peña, Guillermo., Centro Cultural de la Raza (San Diego, Calif.) (1st ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Centro Cultural de la Raza. 1986. ISBN 0938461001. OCLC 21410771.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[15] Michael., Fallon (2014). Creating the Future : Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s. New York: Counterpoint. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 9781619024045. OCLC 890980992.

[16] "History of the Casa de Balboa building in Balboa Park". San Diego History Center. Retrieved July 24, 2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
 {{Infobox NRHP
-  | name = Ford Building
+| name                     = Ford Building
-  | nrhp_type =
+| nrhp_type                =
-  | image =  AerospaceMuseum.jpg
+| image                    = AerospaceMuseum.jpg
-  | caption =  The Ford Building
+| caption                  = The Ford Building
-  | location= Balboa Park, Palisades Area, [[San Diego, California]]
+| location                 = Balboa Park, Palisades Area, [[San Diego, California]]
+| coordinates              = {{coord|32|43|34|N|117|9|13|W|display=inline,title}}
-  | lat_degrees = 32
+| locmapin                 = United States San Diego#USA California San Diego County#USA California#USA
-  | lat_minutes = 43
+| built                    = 1935
-  | lat_seconds = 34
+| architect                = Walter Dorwin Teague
-  | lat_direction = N
+| architecture             = Moderne
-  | long_degrees = 117
+| added                    = April 26, 1973
-  | long_minutes = 9
+| designated_other1        = San Diego
-  | long_seconds = 13
+| designated_other1_number = 60
-  | long_direction = W
+| designated_other1_date   = April 7, 1972<ref name=SDHL>{{cite web|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board|publisher=City of San Diego|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/landmarklist.pdf|access-date=November 18, 2012|archive-date=March 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318002909/https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/planning/programs/historical/pdf/landmarklist.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-  | coord_display = inline,title
+| area                     = {{convert|5|acre}}
-  | locmapin = California
+| refnum                   = 73000433<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
-  | built = 1935
-  | architect = Teague,Walter Dorwin
-  | architecture = Moderne
-  | added = April 26, 1973
-|designated_other1=San Diego
-|designated_other1_number=60
-|designated_other1_date=April 7, 1972<ref name=SDHL>{{cite web|title=Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board|publisher=City of San Diego|url=http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/programs/historical/pdf/landmarklist.pdf}}</ref>
-  | area = {{convert|5|acre}}
-  | governing_body = Local
-  | refnum = 73000433<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''Ford Building''', a [[Streamline Moderne]] structure in [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]], [[San Diego]], [[California]], serves as the home of the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]].  The building was originally built by the [[Ford Motor Company]] for the [[California Pacific International Exposition (1935)|California Pacific International Exposition]], which was held in 1935 and 1936.  Ford was the exposition's principal exhibitor and invested [[United States dollar|$]]2.8 million in the {{convert|45000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, {{convert|296|ft|m|adj=on}} diameter building to showcase its vehicles and other forms of transportation.  The architect was noted American industrial designer [[Walter Dorwin Teague]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bpbuildings/fordbldg.htm |title=History of the Ford Building in Balboa Park |author=Richard Amero |date= |work=Balboa Park Buildings |publisher=San Diego History Center |accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref> In the middle of the museum the Ford's Hall is used for weddings, balls, parties, and other occasions.
+The '''Ford Building''' is a [[Streamline Moderne]] structure in [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]] in [[San Diego, California]], that serves as the home of the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]]. The building was built by the [[Ford Motor Company]] for the [[California Pacific International Exposition (1935)|California Pacific International Exposition]], which was held in 1935 and 1936. The Ford Motor Company built a total of five exposition buildings for the world's fairs. This is the last remaining structure.
-==Design==
+==Design and construction==
-The building was styled to resemble a [[V8 engine]]. The building overall consists of two different sized circles in the shape of an "8," and in the courtyard of the larger circle there is a large fountain shaped like the Ford V8 logo. The lights in the courtyard ("Pavilion of Flight") are shaped like valves. Along the interior wall of the outer ring is a mural depicting the history of transportation from the times of [[hunter-gatherer]]s through 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegoairandspace.org/exhibits/ford_building_exhibit/the-ford-building-1935-1936.php |title=The Ford Building 1935 - 1936 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=Exhibits |publisher=San Diego Air & Space Museum |accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref> The last panel of the mural was left open for the artist to depict his vision of the future of transportation after 1935, which is still visible today.
+The building's architect was noted American industrial designer [[Walter Dorwin Teague]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bpbuildings/fordbldg.htm |title=History of the Ford Building in Balboa Park |author=Richard Amero |work=Balboa Park Buildings |publisher=San Diego History Center |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> The building was styled to resemble a [[V8 engine]].  Overall, it consists of two different-sized circles in the shape of an "8", and in the courtyard of the larger circle, a large fountain is shaped like the Ford V8 logo. The lights in the courtyard ("Pavilion of Flight") are shaped like valves. Along the interior wall of the outer ring is a mural depicting the history of transportation from the times of [[hunter-gatherer]]s to 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegoairandspace.org/exhibits/ford_building_exhibit/the-ford-building-1935-1936.php |title=The Ford Building 1935 - 1936 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Exhibits |publisher=San Diego Air & Space Museum |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> The last panel of the mural was left open for the artist to depict his vision of the future of transportation after 1935, which is still visible today.
+Initially, Ford wanted the building to be a 200-foot tower, but with the building near the flight path of arriving planes at [[San Diego International Airport]], it was lowered to 90 feet.<ref name="Wheels12">Pescador (2010), p. 12</ref> The size of the building was also decreased to 60,000 square feet from the initially proposed 113,000 square feet.<ref name="Wheels12"/>
+The site for the building was initially going to be near the [[Spreckels Organ Pavilion]], but was later decided to be built in the Palisades area of the park.<ref name="Wheels10">Pescador (2010), p. 10</ref> Construction took 11 months to complete.  The main exhibit hall was a concrete plaster structure framed by steel.<ref name="Wheels10"/>
 ==History==
-Throughout the Exposition, Ford was assembling autos along the outer rings and used the courtyard area like a showroom to display the latest model automobiles. The newly assembled vehicles were rolled out the large doors on the west side. There was also a test track set up down the hill behind the building where visitors could take one of the model autos for a test drive.
+Ford was the exposition's principal exhibitor and invested [[United States dollar|$]]2 million in the {{convert|45000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, {{convert|296|ft|m|adj=on}} diameter building to showcase its vehicles and other forms of transportation.<ref name="Wheels10"/> Throughout the exposition, Ford was assembling autos along the outer rings and used the courtyard area to display the latest-model automobiles. The newly assembled vehicles were rolled out the large doors on the west side. Also, a test track was set up down the hill behind the building where visitors could take one of the model autos for a test drive.<ref name="Wheels18">Pescador (2010), p. 18</ref>
+By the end of the exhibition, 2.5 million people had toured the building and its exhibits.<ref name="Wheels21">Pescador (2010), p. 21</ref> Ford donated the building to the city of San Diego at the exhibition's completion in November 1935.<ref name="Wheels21"/> The city decided to extend the exhibition into 1936 and renamed the building "The Palace of Transportation" to showcase exhibits related to transportation.<ref name="Wheels22">Pescador (2010), p. 22</ref> When the 1936 exhibition concluded, the building was closed and was not available to the public until 1980, when the San Diego Air & Space Museum opened.<ref name="Wheels26">Pescador (2010), p. 26</ref>
-During World War II, Balboa Park was renamed to Camp Kidd, to be used for U.S. Navy training, barracks, and hospital wards. The Ford Building was used for training mechanics in aircraft repair and welding.<ref>Christman (1985), p. 99</ref>
+With the building empty, the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] temporarily stored in it antiaircraft artillery, trucks, and searchlights.<ref name="Wheels27">Pescador (2010), p. 27</ref> During World War II, Balboa Park was renamed to Camp Kidd, to be used for U.S. Navy training, barracks, and hospital wards. The Ford Building was used for training mechanics in aircraft repair and welding from 1941 to 1946.<ref name="Wheels27"/><ref>Christman (1985), p. 99</ref> [[Convair]] considered using the building for construction of [[B-24 Liberator]]s until they realized the building was too small to fit the plane's extensive wingspan.<ref name="Wheels289">Pescador (2010), pp. 28-29</ref>
-==Air and Space Museum==
-The Air and Space Museum opened in the building on June 28, 1980, after its earlier location in the former Electric Building was burned down in an arson fire in 1978. The Ford Building was remodeled to house the museum at a cost of $8 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bpbuildings/casabalb.htm |title=History of the Casa de Balboa building in Balboa Park |author= |date= |work= |publisher=San Diego History Center |accessdate=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
+From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the building was used for storage for both the Starlight Civic Opera and San Diego's Park and Recreation department.<ref name="Wheels289"/> By this point the building was in poor shape and was recommended by a 1960 commission to be demolished. In the late 1960s, the building was used a temporary studio space for the Chicano artist group Los Toltecas en Azatlán.<ref name=":0" />  In 1973, several San Diego groups worked to get the building listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], saving it from being destroyed.<ref name="Wheels289"/>
+== The Studio of Los Toltecas en Aztlán ==
+In 1968, the San Diego Parks and Recreation Department gave [[Chicano]] artist [[Salvador Torres|Salvador Roberto Torres]] permission to use the then-abandoned Ford Building as a studio for six months. Torres eventually invited other Chicano artists to the building and they eventually formed [[Los Toltecas en Azatlán]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Made in Aztlán|date=1986|publisher=Centro Cultural de la Raza|others=Brookman, Philip., Gómez-Peña, Guillermo., Centro Cultural de la Raza (San Diego, Calif.)|isbn=0938461001|edition= 1st|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=21410771}}</ref> In 1970, Los Toltecas en Azatlán created a proposal to create [[Centro Cultural de la Raza|El Centro Cultural de la Raza]] in an effort to keep the building as a space for cultural production. The proposal was eventually denied by the San Diego city government, but Los Toltecas en Azatlán decided to remain and occupy the building until 1971, when the city agreed on another space for the proposed Chicano cultural center within Balboa Park.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Creating the Future : Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s.|last=Michael.|first=Fallon|date=2014|publisher=Counterpoint|isbn=9781619024045|location=New York|pages=70, 71|oclc=890980992}}</ref>
+== San Diego Air & Space Museum ==
+During the process of adding the building to the National Register, the San Diego City Council recommended it be used for a new home to the San Diego Aerospace Museum, now known as the San Diego Air & Space Museum. After its earlier location in the former Electric Building was burned down in a fire in 1978, the Ford Building was remodeled to house the museum at a cost of $8 million and opened on June 28, 1980.<ref name="Wheels289" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bpbuildings/casabalb.htm |title=History of the Casa de Balboa building in Balboa Park |publisher=San Diego History Center |access-date=July 24, 2011}}</ref> The museum uses the Ford-themed courtyard for weddings, balls, parties, and other occasions.
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|California}}
 * [[Ford Building (Detroit)]]
 ==References==
 ;Citations
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|30em}}
 ;Bibliography
-*{{cite book|last=Christman|first=Florence|title=The Romance of Balboa Park|year=1985|edition=4th|location=San Diego|publisher=San Diego Historical Society|isbn=0-918740-03-7}}
+*{{cite book|last=Christman|first=Florence|title=The Romance of Balboa Park|year=1985|edition= 4th|location=San Diego|publisher=San Diego Historical Society|isbn=0-918740-03-7}}
+*{{cite book|last=Pescador|first=Katrina|author2=Karen Garcia Raines, Pamela Gay, and Nelson Chase|title=Wheels to Wings: San Diego's Ford Building|year=2010|location=San Diego|publisher=San Diego Air & Space Museum}}
 ==External links==
+{{commonscat}}
-*[http://www.aerospacemuseum.org/collections/  Welcome to the San Diego Air & Space Museum—SDAM] — ''Museum Map''.
+*[http://sandiegoairandspace.org/  Welcome to the San Diego Air & Space Museum—SDAM].
-{{National Register of Historic Places}}
-{{Ford}}
 {{Balboa Park}}
+{{Ford}}
+{{National Register of Historic Places}}
 [[Category:Balboa Park (San Diego)]]
-[[Category:Buildings and structures in San Diego, California]]
+[[Category:Buildings and structures in San Diego]]
-[[Category:Ford Motor Company]]
+[[Category:Ford Motor Company facilities]]
-[[Category:World's fair architecture in the United States]]
+[[Category:World's fair architecture in California]]
 [[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California]]
-[[Category:National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego, California]]
+[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in San Diego]]
 [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1935]]
-[[Category:Landmarks in San Diego, California]]
 [[Category:Streamline Moderne architecture in California]]
+[[Category:Motor vehicle buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places]]
+[[Category:Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California]]

v t e Balboa Park
Attractions	Alcazar Garden Balboa Park Gardens Balboa Stadium Ballet Folklorico Aztlan Bea Evenson Fountain Botanical Building California Quadrangle Casa de Balboa Casa del Prado Electriquette El Prado Complex Ford Building George W. Marston House House of Charm House of Hospitality House of Pacific Relations International Cottages Japanese Friendship Garden Moreton Bay Fig Tree Morley Field Sports Complex Old Globe Theatre Plaza de Panama San Diego Velodrome San Diego Zoo Spanish Village Art Center Organ Pavilion Starlight Bowl Zoro Garden
Expositions	Panama–California Exposition (1915) California Pacific International Exposition (1935)
Museums	Centro Cultural de la Raza Mingei International Museum Museum of Photographic Arts Museum of Us San Diego Air & Space Museum San Diego Art Institute San Diego Automotive Museum San Diego Hall of Champions San Diego History Center San Diego Model Railroad Museum The San Diego Museum of Art San Diego Natural History Museum Fleet Science Center Timken Museum of Art Veterans Museum and Memorial Center
People	Bertram Goodhue George Marston Ephraim Morse William Templeton Johnson Samuel Parsons Richard Requa Kate Sessions Salvador Torres A.R. Valentien Carleton Winslow
Related	Barnes-Wallace v. Boy Scouts of America Cabrillo Bridge California Pacific International Exposition half dollar California State Route 163 Fatty and Mabel at the San Diego Exposition Municipal Gymnasium Naval Medical Center San Diego San Diego High School Zoro Garden Nudist Colony

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