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| range_map_caption = Distribution of the spiny-tailed monitor
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the spiny-tailed monitor
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The '''spiny-tailed monitor'''<ref name="wilsonswan2010"/> ('''''Varanus acanthurus'''''), also known as the '''Australian spiny-tailed monitor''', the '''ridge-tailed monitor'''<ref name="cogger2000"/> the '''Ackie dwarf monitor''', and [[Colloquialism|colloquially]] simply '''ackie monitor''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/animals/ackies-dwarf-monitor/ |title=Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905083217/http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/animals/ackies-dwarf-monitor/ |archive-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an [[Australia|Australian]] species of [[lizard]] belonging to the [[genus]] of [[monitor lizard]]s (''Varanus'').
[[File:RedAckie.jpg|thumb|"Red ackie" (''V. a. acanthurus'')]]
⚫
The '''spiny-tailed monitor'''<ref name="wilsonswan2010"/> (''Varanus acanthurus''), also known as the '''Australian spiny-tailed monitor''', the '''ridge-tailed monitor'''<ref name="cogger2000"/> or '''Ackie's dwarf monitor''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/animals/ackies-dwarf-monitor/ |title=Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905083217/http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/animals/ackies-dwarf-monitor/ |archive-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Australian species of lizard belonging to the genus of [[monitor lizard]]s (''Varanus'').


== Description ==
== Description ==
⚫
[[File:Ackies Dwarf Monitor (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Head view]]
The spiny-tailed monitor, a medium-sized monitor lizard, can attain a total length of up to 70&nbsp;cm (27&nbsp;in), although there are unconfirmed reports of wild individuals growing up to 34 inches.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2011-12-01|title=Spiny-Tailed Monitor Lizard Care Tips|url=https://www.reptilesmagazine.com/spiny-tailed-monitor-lizard-care-tips/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Reptiles Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> The tail is about 1.3-2.3 times as long as the head and body combined. The upper side is a rich, dark brown and painted with bright-yellowish to cream spots, which often enclose a few dark scales. Its tail is round in section and features very spinose scales. There are 70-115 scales around the middle of the body.<ref name="cogger2000"/> The spiny-tailed monitor is distinguished from the similar-looking species ''[[Varanus baritji|V. baritji]]'' and ''[[Varanus primordius|V. primordius]]'' by the presence of pale longitudinal stripes on the neck.<ref name="wilsonswan2010"/>
The spiny-tailed monitor, a somewhat small monitor lizard, can attain a total length of up to 70&nbsp;cm (27&nbsp;in), although there are unconfirmed reports of wild individuals growing up to 34 inches.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2011-12-01|title=Spiny-Tailed Monitor Lizard Care Tips|url=https://www.reptilesmagazine.com/spiny-tailed-monitor-lizard-care-tips/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Reptiles Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> The tail is about 1.3-2.3 times as long as the head and body combined. The upper side is a rich, dark brown and painted with bright-yellowish to cream spots, which often enclose a few dark scales. Its tail is round in section and features very spinose scales. There are 70-115 scales around the middle of the body.<ref name="cogger2000" />

The spiny-tailed monitor is distinguished from the similar-looking species ''[[Varanus baritji|V. baritji]]'' and ''[[Varanus primordius|V. primordius]]'' by the presence of pale longitudinal stripes on the neck.<ref name="wilsonswan2010" />


== Distribution and habitat ==
== Distribution and habitat ==
This arid-adapted<ref name="dryden2004"/> lizard is found in northern [[Western Australia]], in the [[Northern Territory]] and in the western and north-western parts of [[Queensland]].<ref name="dryden2004"/> The spiny-tailed monitor inhabits is associated with arid rocky ranges and outcrops.<ref name="wilsonswan2010"/><ref name="cogger2000"/>
This [[arid]]-adapted<ref name="dryden2004"/> lizard is found in northern [[Western Australia]], in the [[Northern Territory]] and in the western and north-western parts of [[Queensland]].<ref name="dryden2004"/> The spiny-tailed monitor inhabits is associated with arid rocky ranges and outcrops.<ref name="wilsonswan2010"/><ref name="cogger2000"/>
''V. a. acanthurus'' is native to northern Australia, from Broome on the west coast, through the Kimberley and the Top End, to the Gulf of Carpentaria. ''V. a. brachyurus'' can be found in the center, western, and eastern parts of the ackie's total range, as far west as Carnarvon and as far east as Mt. Isa. ''V. a. insulanicus''' range is limited to Groote Eylandt and the Wessel Islands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185009165|title=Monitor lizards natural history, captive care, breeding|date=2007|others=Bernd Eidenmüller, Grant Husband|isbn=978-3-89973-471-3|edition=Rev., enl. and updated|location=Frankfurt, M|oclc=185009165}}</ref>
''V. a. acanthurus'' is native to northern Australia, from Broome on the west coast, through the Kimberley and the Top End, to the Gulf of Carpentaria. ''V. a. brachyurus'' can be found in the center, western, and eastern parts of the ackie's total range, as far west as Carnarvon and as far east as Mt. Isa. ''V. a. insulanicus''' range is limited to Groote Eylandt and the Wessel Islands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185009165|title=Monitor lizards natural history, captive care, breeding|date=2007|others=Bernd Eidenmüller, Grant Husband|isbn=978-3-89973-471-3|edition=Rev., enl. and updated|location=Frankfurt, M|oclc=185009165}}</ref>


== Subspecies and taxonomy ==
== Subspecies and taxonomy ==
The spiny-tailed monitor is part of an Indonesian and Australian [[Evolutionary radiation|radiation]] of dwarf monitor lizards, the subgenus ''Odatria''.<ref name="böhme2003"/><ref name="fitchetal2006"/>
The spiny-tailed monitor is part of an Indonesian and Australian [[Evolutionary radiation|radiation]] of dwarf monitor lizards, the subgenus ''[[Varanus (Odatria)|Odatria]]''.<ref name="böhme2003"/><ref name="fitchetal2006"/>


Three subspecies of ''V. acanthurus'' are recognized:
Three [[subspecies]] of ''V. acanthurus'' are recognized:


* ''V. a. acanthurus'' of [[North West Australia|northwestern]] and [[northern Australia]]
* ''V. a. acanthurus'' of [[North West Australia|northwestern]] and [[northern Australia]]
* ''V. a. brachyurus'' of [[Western Australia|western]] and [[central Australia]], [[Queensland]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Auliya|first1=Marc|url=http://doi.org/10.19217/skr552|title=Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)|last2=Koch|first2=André|date=2020|publisher=Bundesamt für Naturschutz|doi=10.19217/skr552|isbn=9783896242907}}</ref>
* ''V. a. brachyurus'' of [[Western Australia|western]] and [[central Australia]], [[Queensland]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Auliya|first1=Marc|url=http://doi.org/10.19217/skr552|title=Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)|last2=Koch|first2=André|date=2020|publisher=Bundesamt für Naturschutz|doi=10.19217/skr552|isbn=9783896242907}}</ref>
* ''V. a. insulanicus'' of [[Groote Eylandt]] and the islands of the [[Wessel Islands|Wessel group]]<ref name="wilsonswan2010" /><ref name="cogger2000" />
* ''V. a. insulanicus'' of [[Groote Eylandt]] and the islands of the [[Wessel Islands|Wessel group]]<ref name="wilsonswan2010" /><ref name="cogger2000" />
⚫
''[[Varanus primordius]]'' was at one point considered a subspecies (''V. a. primordius''), but has since been elevated to full species status.[[File:RedAckie.jpg|thumb|"Red ackie" (''V. a. acanthurus'')|left]]In the pet trade, two "variants" of spiny-tailed monitors are commonly available. The "red ackie" monitor is likely the subspecies ''V. a. acanthurus'', while the "yellow ackie" is likely ''V. a. brachyurus''. The red ackie is generally larger and less commonly available than the yellow ackie.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuhn|first1=Peter|last2=Julander|first2=Justin|date=1999|title=Husbandry and Captive Breeding of the Red Acanthurus Monitor Varanus acanthurus: A Giant Dwarf|journal=Vivarium|volume=10}}</ref>
''[[Varanus primordius]]'' was at one point considered a subspecies (''V. a. primordius''), but has since been elevated to full species status.

⚫
In the pet trade, two "variants" of spiny-tailed monitors are commonly available. The "red ackie" monitor is likely the subspecies ''V. a. acanthurus'', while the "yellow ackie" is likely ''V. a. brachyurus''. The red ackie is generally larger and less commonly available than the yellow ackie.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuhn|first=Peter|last2=Julander|first2=Justin|date=1999|title=Husbandry and Captive Breeding of the Red Acanthurus Monitor Varanus acanthurus: A Giant Dwarf|journal=Vivarium|volume=10}}</ref>


The taxonomic status of the three subspecies is uncertain.<ref name=":0" /> In 2006, the results of a study on the [[mtDNA]] of Australian monitors were published, according to which the two continental subspecies do not form natural ([[monophyletic]]) taxonomic entities. ''V. a. insulanicus'' was found to be monophyletic, but it is more closely related to ''[[Varanus baritji|V. baritji]]'' than to other ''V. acanthurus''. Therefore, ''V. a. insulanicus'' might represent a distinct species.<ref name="fitchetal2006" /> Wilson and Swan (2010) still accept ''V. a. insulanicus'' as a valid subspecies of ''V. acanthurus'', which is easily distinguished from other spiny-tailed monitors by its dark colouration and more banded pattern.<ref name="wilsonswan2010" />
The taxonomic status of the three subspecies is uncertain.<ref name=":0" /> In 2006, the results of a study on the [[mtDNA]] of Australian monitors were published, according to which the two continental subspecies do not form natural ([[monophyletic]]) taxonomic entities. ''V. a. insulanicus'' was found to be monophyletic, but it is more closely related to ''[[Varanus baritji|V. baritji]]'' than to other ''V. acanthurus''. Therefore, ''V. a. insulanicus'' might represent a distinct species.<ref name="fitchetal2006" /> Wilson and Swan (2010) still accept ''V. a. insulanicus'' as a valid subspecies of ''V. acanthurus'', which is easily distinguished from other spiny-tailed monitors by its dark colouration and more banded pattern.<ref name="wilsonswan2010" />

[[File:Varanus acanthurus25.JPG|thumb|right|Two spiny-tailed monitors at the Cincinnati Zoo]]
⚫
[[File:Ackies Dwarf Monitor.jpg|thumb|right|Head view]]


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
[[File:Varanus acanthurus25.JPG|thumb|right|Two spiny-tailed monitors at the Cincinnati Zoo]]Spiny-tailed monitors are diurnal, typically solitary ground-dwellers. This species is most often found in its shelter, mainly under rock slabs, wedged among boulders or in rock crevices, and in burrows. Only rarely do they hide in [[Triodia (grass)|spinifex]].<ref name="cogger2000"/> Sheltering underground gives them access to humid microclimates which helps keep them hydrated enough to survive the otherwise arid nature of their habitat. Their diet is consistent with the diet of intensive [[Foraging|foragers]], implying that they likely spend quite a bit of their time hunting.<ref name=":2" />
As the spiny-tailed monitor has a lower level of activity compared to other monitor lizards, as well as a lower metabolic rate, it is often found in its hideout at day, and most likely it is a sit-and-wait-predator.
[[File:Varanus acanthurus skull (cropped).png|thumb|Skull]]


=== Diet ===
=== Diet ===
They prey mainly on arthropods, such as grasshoppers, beetles, cockroaches, spiders, isopods, caterpillars, cicadas, snails, stick insects, centipedes, crickets, and ticks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Dennis|date=2008|title=The Diet and Foraging Strategy of Varanus acanthurus|url=http://varanidae.org/Vol_2_No_1_King.pdf|journal=Biawak|volume=2|issue=1|pages=11–17}}</ref> Small lizards such as skinks, geckos, or [[Agamidae|dragon lizards]] are also eaten, making up about a third of its diet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Losos|first1=Jonathan B.|last2=Greene|first2=Harry W.|date=1988-12-01|title=Ecological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/35/4/379/2646908|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=379–407|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00477.x|issn=0024-4066}}</ref> Approximately 70% of its water requirement comes from food.<ref name="dryden2004" />
They prey mainly on arthropods, such as grasshoppers, beetles, cockroaches, spiders, isopods, caterpillars, cicadas, snails, stick insects, centipedes, crickets, and ticks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Dennis|date=2008|title=The Diet and Foraging Strategy of Varanus acanthurus|url=http://varanidae.org/Vol_2_No_1_King.pdf|journal=Biawak|volume=2|issue=1|pages=11–17}}</ref> Small lizards such as [[Skink|skinks]], [[Gecko|geckos]], [[Agamidae|dragon lizards]], or possibly smaller [[monitor lizard]]s are also eaten, making up about a third of its diet, as well as [[marsupial]] joeys.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Losos|first1=Jonathan B.|last2=Greene|first2=Harry W.|date=1988-12-01|title=Ecological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards|url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/35/4/379/2646908|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=379–407|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00477.x|issn=0024-4066}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://johnhutchingsmuseum.org/ackie-moniter/#:~:text=Scientific%20Name%3A%20Varanus%20Acanthurus&text=Diet%3A%20Ackie%20Monitors%20Diet%20Includes,young%20marsupials%2C%20and%20other%20insects.&text=Length%3A%20Ackie%20Monitors%20can%20be,of%2024%20to%2028%20inches | title=Ackie's Dwarf Monitor | date=14 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://biocyclopedia.com/index/monitor_lizards/varanus_acantiiurus.php | title=Varanus Acantiiurus }}</ref> Approximately 70% of its water requirement comes from food.<ref name="dryden2004" />


In captivity, they are sometimes fed cat and dog food as well as processed canned food. This isn't recommended as this type of food doesn't contain the correct nutrients for this species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ackie Monitor |url=https://www.reptilerange.com/ackie-monitor-care-sheet/ |website=Reptile Range |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>
In captivity, they are sometimes fed cat and dog food as well as processed canned food. This isn't recommended as this type of food doesn't contain the correct nutrients for this species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ackie Monitor |url=https://www.reptilerange.com/ackie-monitor-care-sheet/ |website=Reptile Range |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> A varied diet rich with different vertebrate and invertebrate prey (such as Dubia roaches, crickets, mealworms, eggs, shrimp, and, on a monthly basis, rodents) is important to the health of captive spiny-tailed monitors, as they naturally have a wide range of prey in the wild.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reptiledirect.com/ackies-monitor/ | title=Ackies Monitor Care: Size, Enclosure, Lifespan, Diet | date=21 June 2020 }}</ref>


== Reproduction ==
== Reproduction ==
There are a number of methods of sexing ackie monitors, although the hemipenal transillumination technique<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Danny|date=2009|title=Hemipenal Transillumination as a Sexing Technique in Varanids|url=http://varanidae.org/Vol3_No1_Brown.pdf|journal=Biawak|volume=3|issue=1|pages=26–29}}</ref> is generally considered to be the easiest and most accurate. Sex can also be guessed using visual markers.
There are a number of methods of sexing ackie monitors, although the hemipenal transillumination technique<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Danny|date=2009|title=Hemipenal Transillumination as a Sexing Technique in Varanids|url=http://varanidae.org/Vol3_No1_Brown.pdf|journal=Biawak|volume=3|issue=1|pages=26–29}}</ref> is generally considered to be the easiest and most accurate. Sex can also be guessed using visual markers, but it is typically not nearly as accurate. Male ackie monitors are generally larger, have blockier heads, and have grippy scales on the underside of their tail. Females are generally smaller with narrower, pointier heads, and smooth scales under their tail.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ackie Monitor |url=https://www.reptilerange.com/ackie-monitor-care-sheet/ |website=Reptile Range |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

⚫
In captivity, a clutch consists of up to 18 eggs. The young hatch after three to five months of [[Egg incubation|incubation]], and measure 15&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;in). The knowledge on reproduction in the wild is sparse. Males most likely mature at 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) snout-vent length, females mature at 25–36&nbsp;cm (10–14&nbsp;in) snout-vent length. Ovulation occurs in August and November. The eggs are deposited in self-dug tunnels.<ref name="dryden2004" /> In the wild, females have been shown to share massive burrows, nesting communally.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319035338_Varanus_acanthurus_Spiny-tailed_Monitor_Lizard_Communal_nesting_and_commensalism Doody, J. & Clulow, Simon & McHenry, Colin & Brown, Michael & Vas, Gary & Canning, Gordon. (2017). Varanus acanthurus (Spiny-tailed Monitor Lizard). Communal nesting and commensalism. Herpetological Review. 48. 203.]


</ref>
⚫
In captivity, a clutch consists of up to 18 eggs. The young hatch after three to five months of [[Egg incubation|incubation]], and measure 15&nbsp;cm (6&nbsp;in). The knowledge on reproduction in the wild is sparse. Males most likely mature at 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) snout-vent length, females mature at 25–36&nbsp;cm (10–14&nbsp;in) snout-vent length. Ovulation occurs in August and November. The eggs are deposited in self-dug tunnels.<ref name="dryden2004" />


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 08:10, 4 September 2024

Spiny-tailed monitor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Varanidae
Genus: Varanus
Subgenus: Odatria
Species:
V. acanthurus
Binomial name
Varanus acanthurus
Boulenger, 1885
Subspecies
  • V. a. acanthurus
  • V. a. brachyurus
  • V. a. insulanicus
Distribution of the spiny-tailed monitor

The spiny-tailed monitor[2] (Varanus acanthurus), also known as the Australian spiny-tailed monitor, the ridge-tailed monitor[3] the Ackie dwarf monitor, and colloquially simply ackie monitor,[4] is an Australian species of lizard belonging to the genus of monitor lizards (Varanus).

Description

[edit]
Head view

The spiny-tailed monitor, a somewhat small monitor lizard, can attain a total length of up to 70 cm (27 in), although there are unconfirmed reports of wild individuals growing up to 34 inches.[5] The tail is about 1.3-2.3 times as long as the head and body combined. The upper side is a rich, dark brown and painted with bright-yellowish to cream spots, which often enclose a few dark scales. Its tail is round in section and features very spinose scales. There are 70-115 scales around the middle of the body.[3]

The spiny-tailed monitor is distinguished from the similar-looking species V. baritji and V. primordius by the presence of pale longitudinal stripes on the neck.[2]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

This arid-adapted[6] lizard is found in northern Western Australia, in the Northern Territory and in the western and north-western parts of Queensland.[6] The spiny-tailed monitor inhabits is associated with arid rocky ranges and outcrops.[2][3] V. a. acanthurus is native to northern Australia, from Broome on the west coast, through the Kimberley and the Top End, to the Gulf of Carpentaria. V. a. brachyurus can be found in the center, western, and eastern parts of the ackie's total range, as far west as Carnarvon and as far east as Mt. Isa. V. a. insulanicus' range is limited to Groote Eylandt and the Wessel Islands.[7]

Subspecies and taxonomy

[edit]

The spiny-tailed monitor is part of an Indonesian and Australian radiation of dwarf monitor lizards, the subgenus Odatria.[8][9]

Three subspecies of V. acanthurus are recognized:

Varanus primordius was at one point considered a subspecies (V. a. primordius), but has since been elevated to full species status.

"Red ackie" (V. a. acanthurus)

In the pet trade, two "variants" of spiny-tailed monitors are commonly available. The "red ackie" monitor is likely the subspecies V. a. acanthurus, while the "yellow ackie" is likely V. a. brachyurus. The red ackie is generally larger and less commonly available than the yellow ackie.[5][11]

The taxonomic status of the three subspecies is uncertain.[10] In 2006, the results of a study on the mtDNA of Australian monitors were published, according to which the two continental subspecies do not form natural (monophyletic) taxonomic entities. V. a. insulanicus was found to be monophyletic, but it is more closely related to V. baritji than to other V. acanthurus. Therefore, V. a. insulanicus might represent a distinct species.[9] Wilson and Swan (2010) still accept V. a. insulanicus as a valid subspecies of V. acanthurus, which is easily distinguished from other spiny-tailed monitors by its dark colouration and more banded pattern.[2]

Ecology

[edit]
Two spiny-tailed monitors at the Cincinnati Zoo

Spiny-tailed monitors are diurnal, typically solitary ground-dwellers. This species is most often found in its shelter, mainly under rock slabs, wedged among boulders or in rock crevices, and in burrows. Only rarely do they hide in spinifex.[3] Sheltering underground gives them access to humid microclimates which helps keep them hydrated enough to survive the otherwise arid nature of their habitat. Their diet is consistent with the diet of intensive foragers, implying that they likely spend quite a bit of their time hunting.[12]

Skull

Diet

[edit]

They prey mainly on arthropods, such as grasshoppers, beetles, cockroaches, spiders, isopods, caterpillars, cicadas, snails, stick insects, centipedes, crickets, and ticks.[12] Small lizards such as skinks, geckos, dragon lizards, or possibly smaller monitor lizards are also eaten, making up about a third of its diet, as well as marsupial joeys.[13][14][15] Approximately 70% of its water requirement comes from food.[6]

In captivity, they are sometimes fed cat and dog food as well as processed canned food. This isn't recommended as this type of food doesn't contain the correct nutrients for this species.[16] A varied diet rich with different vertebrate and invertebrate prey (such as Dubia roaches, crickets, mealworms, eggs, shrimp, and, on a monthly basis, rodents) is important to the health of captive spiny-tailed monitors, as they naturally have a wide range of prey in the wild.[12][17]

Reproduction

[edit]

There are a number of methods of sexing ackie monitors, although the hemipenal transillumination technique[18] is generally considered to be the easiest and most accurate. Sex can also be guessed using visual markers, but it is typically not nearly as accurate. Male ackie monitors are generally larger, have blockier heads, and have grippy scales on the underside of their tail. Females are generally smaller with narrower, pointier heads, and smooth scales under their tail.[19]

In captivity, a clutch consists of up to 18 eggs. The young hatch after three to five months of incubation, and measure 15 cm (6 in). The knowledge on reproduction in the wild is sparse. Males most likely mature at 30 cm (12 in) snout-vent length, females mature at 25–36 cm (10–14 in) snout-vent length. Ovulation occurs in August and November. The eggs are deposited in self-dug tunnels.[6] In the wild, females have been shown to share massive burrows, nesting communally.[20]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varanus acanthurus.
  1. ^ Shea, G.; Cogger, H. (2018). "Varanus acanthurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T83777229A101752285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T83777229A101752285.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wilson S, Swan G. 2010. A complete guide to reptiles of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, Auckland, London, Cape Town. ISBN 978-1-877069-76-5. P 392.
  3. ^ a b c d e Cogger H. 2000. Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. Ralph Curtis Publishing, Sanibel Island, Florida. ISBN 0-88359-048-4. Pp 359-361.
  4. ^ "Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden". Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  5. ^ a b "Spiny-Tailed Monitor Lizard Care Tips". Reptiles Magazine. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  6. ^ a b c d Dryden G. 2004. Varanus acanthurus. In: Varanoid Lizards of the World (Hrsg. Pianka ER, King DR), pp 298-307. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis. ISBN 0-253-34366-6.
  7. ^ Monitor lizards natural history, captive care, breeding. Bernd Eidenmüller, Grant Husband (Rev., enl. and updated ed.). Frankfurt, M. 2007. ISBN 978-3-89973-471-3. OCLC 185009165.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Böhme W. 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen 341, pp 3–43.
  9. ^ a b Fitch AJ, Goodman AE, Donnellan SC. 2006. A molecular phylogeny of the Australian monitor lizards (Squamata:Varanidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Australian Journal of Zoology 54, p 253-269.
  10. ^ a b Auliya, Marc; Koch, André (2020). Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus). Bundesamt für Naturschutz. doi:10.19217/skr552. ISBN 9783896242907.
  11. ^ Kuhn, Peter; Julander, Justin (1999). "Husbandry and Captive Breeding of the Red Acanthurus Monitor Varanus acanthurus: A Giant Dwarf". Vivarium. 10.
  12. ^ a b c King, Dennis (2008). "The Diet and Foraging Strategy of Varanus acanthurus" (PDF). Biawak. 2 (1): 11–17.
  13. ^ Losos, Jonathan B.; Greene, Harry W. (1988-12-01). "Ecological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 35 (4): 379–407. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00477.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  14. ^ "Ackie's Dwarf Monitor". 14 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Varanus Acantiiurus".
  16. ^ "Ackie Monitor". Reptile Range. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  17. ^ "Ackies Monitor Care: Size, Enclosure, Lifespan, Diet". 21 June 2020.
  18. ^ Brown, Danny (2009). "Hemipenal Transillumination as a Sexing Technique in Varanids" (PDF). Biawak. 3 (1): 26–29.
  19. ^ "Ackie Monitor". Reptile Range. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  20. ^ Doody, J. & Clulow, Simon & McHenry, Colin & Brown, Michael & Vas, Gary & Canning, Gordon. (2017). Varanus acanthurus (Spiny-tailed Monitor Lizard). Communal nesting and commensalism. Herpetological Review. 48. 203.
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