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{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}
{{short description|Flora}}
{{short description|Flora}}
The '''''Flore des Mascareignes''''' ('''Fl. Mascar.''') is a [[Flora]], in French, covering the three islands in the [[Mascarene Islands|Mascarenes]]: [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Rodrigues]].
The '''''Flore des Mascareignes''''' ('''Fl. Mascar.''') is a [[Flora (publication)|flora]], in French, covering the three islands in the [[Mascarene Islands|Mascarenes]]: [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Rodrigues]].


==Project history==
==Project history==
⚫
The project began in 1970 with the agreement signed in 1971, prepared jointly by the [[Research Institute for Development|Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)]], the [[Sugar industry of Mauritius|Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI)]], and the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]. The completion of the Flora was funded by the EC's [[European Development Fund]] (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mathew|first=Brian|date=November 1996|title=Editorial |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066024|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4 |pages=181 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00566.x|jstor=45066024|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
⚫
{{See also|Mascarene Islands#Flora}}


⚫
The first editors appointed were [[Jean Marie Bosser|J. Bosser]] (Editor-in-Chief), [[Wessel Marais|W. Marais]], and Dr. R. Julien, with Dr. [[Reginald Edward Vaughan|R.E. Vaughan]] as adviser. The first taxonomist was [[Mark James Elgar Coode|M.J.E. Coode]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1973|title=THE MAURITIUS HERBARIUM Flora of the Mascarene Islands|url=http://www.beep.ird.fr/collect/msiri/index/assoc/HASH9f1c.dir/Annual%20Report%201972%20-%20Full%20Text.pdf|journal=Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute Annual Report 1972|pages=i}}</ref> who worked on the Flora until the end of 1975; he was replaced by [[Ian Bertram Kay Richardson|I.B.K. Richardson]] in 1976, who spent 6 weeks collecting in the Mascarenes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sands|first=Martin|date=1978|title=News of Kewites at home and abroad in 1977|url=https://issuu.com/kewguildjournal/docs/v9s82p539-all|journal=The Journal of the Kew Guild|volume=10|pages=613|via=ISSUU}}</ref> The first fascicule of the Flora was published in 1976.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109571|journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=4|pages=859–932|jstor=4109571|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1978|title=Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1976 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109791|journal=Kew Bulletin|volume=32|issue=4|pages=809–862 |jstor=4109791|via=JSTOR}}</ref> The final two volumes, covering the orchids, were published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Mauritius: Flora of the Mascarenes Project - Launching of Last Two Volumes On Orchids |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202305050517.html |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref>
⚫
The project began in the early 1970s, prepared jointly in Britain, France and Mauritius, by the [[Sugar industry of Mauritius|Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI)]], [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], and [[Institut de recherche pour le développement|L'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM)]]. The completion of the Flora was funded by the EC's [[European Development Fund]] (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mathew|first=Brian|date=November 1996|title=Editorial |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066024|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4 |pages=181 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00566.x|jstor=45066024|via=JSTOR}}</ref>


⚫
The Flora treats the native flora in detail, including ferns,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rickard|first=Martin|date=2010|title=BOOK REVIEW|url=https://www.ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FGV18P7B1.pdf|journal=Fern Gazette|volume=18|issue=7|page=319|via=British Pteridological Society}}</ref> but includes naturalised and commonly cultivated plants.
⚫
The first editors appointed were [[Jean Marie Bosser|J. Bosser]] (Editor-in-Chief), [[Wessel Marais|W. Marais]], and Dr. R. Julien, with Dr. [[Reginald Edward Vaughan|R.E. Vaughan]] as adviser. The first taxonomist was [[Mark James Elgar Coode|M.J.E. Coode]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1973|title=THE MAURITIUS HERBARIUM Flora of the Mascarene Islands|url=http://www.beep.ird.fr/collect/msiri/index/assoc/HASH9f1c.dir/Annual%20Report%201972%20-%20Full%20Text.pdf|journal=Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute Annual Report 1972|pages=i}}</ref> who worked on the Flora until the end of 1975; he was replaced by [[I.B.K. Richardson]] in 1976, who spent 6 weeks collecting in the Mascarenes. The first part of the Flora was published in 1976.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109571|journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=4|pages=859–932|jstor=4109571|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1978|title=Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1976 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4109791|journal=Kew Bulletin|volume=32|issue=4|pages=809–862 |jstor=4109791|via=JSTOR}}</ref>


⚫
Editors have been R. Antoine (MSIRI), J.C. Autrey (MSIRI), J. Bosser (IRD), [[John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan|J.P.M. Brenan]] (Kew), [[Jack Heslop-Harrison|J. Heslop-Harrison]] (Kew), [[Ian Keith Ferguson|I.K. Ferguson]] (Kew), G.Mangenot (ORSTOM), C. Soopramanien (MSIRI).
⚫
The Flora treats the native flora in detail, including ferns,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rickard|first=Martin|date=2010|title=BOOK REVIEW|url=https://www.ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FGV18P7B1.pdf|journal=Fern Gazette|volume=18(7)|page=319|via=British Pteridological Society}}</ref> but includes naturalised and commonly cultivated plants.


==Flora==
⚫
Editors have been R. Antoine (MSIRI), J.C. Autrey (MSIRI), J. Bosser (IRD), J.P.M. Brenan (Kew), J. Heslop-Harrison (Kew), I.K. Ferguson (Kew), G.Mangenot (ORSTOM), C. Soopramanien (MSIRI).
⚫
{{See also|Mascarene Islands#Flora}}
⚫
[[File:Pandanus vandermeeschii - Mauritius endemic.jpg|thumb|''[[Pandanus vandermeeschii]]'' ([[Pandanaceae]]) is endemic to Mauritius.]]
[[File:Chassalia boryana, Princess of Wales Conservatory, Kew Gardens.jpg|thumb|''[[Chassalia boryana]]'' ([[Rubiaceae]])]]
⚫
The Mascarenes have a high level of endemism, about 65%, with some shared between the islands of the archipelago. Others are found only on a single island, Rodrigues (47), Réunion (165) and Mauritius (273). Some are already extinct while most are threatened.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mascarenes|url=https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/MAU|website=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baider|first1=Claudia |url=https://www.bgci.org/files/Dublin2010/papers/Baider-Claudia.pdf|title=Proceedings of the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress.|last2=Florens|first2=F. B. Vincent|last3=Baret|first3=Stéphane |last4=Beaver|first4=Katy |last5=Matatiken|first5=Denis |last6=Strasberg|first6=Dominique |last7=Kueffer|first7=Christoph |publisher=Botanic Gardens Conservation International|date=June 2010|pages=1–7|chapter=Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lorence|first1=David H. |last2=Sussman|first2=Robert W.|date=1986|title=Exotic Species Invasion into Mauritius Wet Forest Remnants|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2559253|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=2|issue=2|pages=147–162 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400000742|jstor=2559253|s2cid=85713237 }}</ref>


⚫
==Botanical history==
⚫
The Mascarenes have a high level of endemism, about 65%, with some shared between the islands of the archipelago. Others are found only on a single island, Rodrigues (47), Réunion (165) and Mauritius (273). Some are already extinct while most are threatened.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mascarenes|url=https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/MAU|url-status=live|website=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baider|first1=Claudia |url=https://www.bgci.org/files/Dublin2010/papers/Baider-Claudia.pdf|title=Proceedings of the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress.|last2=Florens|first2=F. B. Vincent|last3=Baret|first3=Stéphane |last4=Beaver|first4=Katy |last5=Matatiken|first5=Denis |last6=Strasberg|first6=Dominique |last7=Kueffer|first7=Christoph |publisher=Botanic Gardens Conservation International|date=June 2010|pages=1–7|chapter=Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lorence|first1=David H. |last2=Sussman|first2=Robert W.|date=1986|title=Exotic Species Invasion into Mauritius Wet Forest Remnants|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2559253|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=2|issue=2|pages=147–162 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400000742|jstor=2559253}}</ref>


⚫
==Botanical History==
There has been a long history of botanical studies on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion. The botany of Rodriguez was not studied until 1879.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strahm|first=Wendy|title=Botanical History of the Mascarene Islands|date=1996|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066033|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4|pages=217–228|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00575.x|jstor=45066033|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorence|first=D|date=1976|title=The Pteridophytes of Rodrigues Island|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=72|issue=4|pages=269–283|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01364.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorence|first=David H.|date=1978|title=The pteridophytes of Mauritius (Indian Ocean): ecology and distribution|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=76|issue=3|pages=207–247|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb02362.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mauremootoo|first1=John|title=Mauritius & Rodrigues Historical Context|last2=Cheke|first2=Anthony|last3=Watt|first3=Iain|year=2015|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3372.6169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Figier|first=J|date=2010|title=Histoire de la botanique dans les îles Mascareignes|url=https://societebotaniquedefrance.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Annales-001-Reunion.pdf|journal=Annales de la Société Botanique de France|volume=Revue numérique |issue=1|pages=35–42|via=Société botanique de France}}</ref>
There has been a long history of botanical studies on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion. The botany of Rodriguez was not studied until 1879.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strahm|first=Wendy|title=Botanical History of the Mascarene Islands|date=1996|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066033|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4|pages=217–228|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00575.x|jstor=45066033|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorence|first=D|date=1976|title=The Pteridophytes of Rodrigues Island|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=72|issue=4|pages=269–283|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01364.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorence|first=David H.|date=1978|title=The pteridophytes of Mauritius (Indian Ocean): ecology and distribution|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=76|issue=3|pages=207–247|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb02362.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mauremootoo|first1=John|title=Mauritius & Rodrigues Historical Context|last2=Cheke|first2=Anthony|last3=Watt|first3=Iain|year=2015|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3372.6169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Figier|first=J|date=2010|title=Histoire de la botanique dans les îles Mascareignes|url=https://societebotaniquedefrance.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Annales-001-Reunion.pdf|journal=Annales de la Société Botanique de France|volume=Revue numérique |issue=1|pages=35–42|via=Société botanique de France}}</ref>
* {{Cite book|author-link=Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent|last=Bory de Saint-Vincent |first=Jean-Baptiste |via=BNF Gallica|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1047374/f1.item.texteImage |title=Voyage dans les quatre principales îles des mers d'Afrique, Ténériffe, Maurice, Bourbon et Sainte-Hélène |year=1804}}


* {{Cite book |author-link=Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|last=Petit-Thouars |first=Louis-Marie Aubert du |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10250557 |title=Histoire des végétaux recueillis dans les îles de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar |via=BNF Gallica|year=1804}}
⚫
* [[Wenceslas Bojer|Bojer, W.]] (1837) ''Hortus Mauritianus: ou énumération des plantes, exotiques et indigènes, qui croissent a l'Ile Maurice, disposées d'après la méthode naturelle.'' at the Biodiversity Heritage Library. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/150]


⚫
* {{cite book |author-link=Wenceslas Bojer |last=Bojer |first=W. |year=1837 |title=Hortus Mauritianus: ou énumération des plantes, exotiques et indigènes, qui croissent a l'Ile Maurice, disposées d'après la méthode naturelle |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/150}}
⚫
* [[James Backhouse]] (1844). A Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa [https://books.google.com/books/download/A_Narrative_of_a_Visit_to_the_Mauritius.pdf?id=AaQUAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf]


⚫
* {{cite book|author=[[James Backhouse]]|year=1844|title=A Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa|publisher=Hamilton, Adams |isbn=9780524087282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaQUAAAAYAAJ|via=[[Google Books]]}}
⚫
* [[John Gilbert Baker|Baker, J. Gilbert]] (1877). Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles :a description of the flowering plants and ferns of those islands. Published under the authority of the Colonial Government of Mauritius. Published:London : L. Reeve. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001826761]


⚫
* {{cite book|author-link=John Gilbert Baker|last=Baker|first=J. Gilbert|year=1877|title=Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles: a description of the flowering plants and ferns of those islands. Published under the authority of the Colonial Government of Mauritius|location=London|publisher=L. Reeve|hdl=2027/coo.31924001826761 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001826761}}
⚫
* [[Isaac Bayley Balfour]] (1879). The physical features of Rodriguez. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society 168:289-292 [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1879.0032]


⚫
* {{cite journal|author-link=Isaac Bayley Balfour|first=Isaac Bayley|last=Balfour|year=1879|title=The physical features of Rodriguez|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|volume=168|issue=289–292|pages=289–292 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1879.0032|doi-access=free}}
* - Introductory remarks. (1879). Philosophical transactions 168:302-325 [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1879.0035]


* - Flowering Plants and Ferns. (1879). Philosophical transactions 168:326-387 [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1879.0036]
* - {{cite journal|last=Balfour|title=Introductory remarks|year=1879|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=168|issue=302–325|pages=302–325 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1879.0035}}


* - {{cite journal|last=Balfour|title=Flowering Plants and Ferns|year=1879|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=168|issue=326–387|pages=326–387 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1879.0036}}
⚫
* [[Eugène Jacob de Cordemoy]] (1895). Flore de l'île de la Réunion (phanérogames, cryptogames, vasculaires, muscinées) avec l'indication des propriétés économiques & industrielles des plantes. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/70623]


⚫
* {{cite book|author=[[Eugène Jacob de Cordemoy]]|year=1895|title=Flore de l'île de la Réunion (phanérogames, cryptogames, vasculaires, muscinées) avec l'indication des propriétés économiques & industrielles des plantes|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/70623|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}
⚫
* H. H. Johnston (1896). Additions To The Flora Of Mauritius, As Recorded In Baker's “Flora Of Mauritius And The Seychelles.”, Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 20:1-4, 391-407, {{DOI|10.1080/03746609609468880}}


⚫
* {{cite journal|author=H. H. Johnston|year=1896|title=Additions To The Flora Of Mauritius, As Recorded In Baker's "Flora Of Mauritius And The Seychelles."|journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh|volume=20|issue=1–4|pages=391–407|doi=10.1080/03746609609468880|hdl=2027/hvd.32044106358930|hdl-access=free}}
⚫
* [[Reginald Edward Vaughan|Vaughan, R.E.]] (1937). Contributions to the flora of Mauritius.—I. An account of the naturalized flowering plants recorded from Mauritius since the publication of Baker's ‘Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles’. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 51: 285-308 [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1937.tb01908.x]

⚫
* {{cite journal|author-link=Reginald Edward Vaughan|last=Vaughan|first=R.E.|year=1937|title=Contributions to the flora of Mauritius.—I. An account of the naturalized flowering plants recorded from Mauritius since the publication of Baker's 'Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles'|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|volume=51|issue=285–308|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1937.tb01908.x}}

==Geology==
{{See also|Mascarene Islands#Geology}}


==Origins==
The Mascarenes are volcanic in origin. Reunion is the largest island, formed about 3 million years ago, rising to 3070m with an active volcano. Mauritius and Rodrigues were formed about 8-10 million years ago. Mauritius consists of large plains with steep mountains surrounding them, the remnants of an old caldera, that are only 828m high. Rodrigues is the smallest of the islands and is much eroded, reaching 398m high at Mt Limon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strahm|first=Wendy|date=1996|title=Mascarene Islands: an Introduction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066025|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4|pages=182–185|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00567.x|jstor=45066025|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
The Mascarenes are volcanic in origin. Reunion is the largest island, formed about 3 million years ago, rising to 3070m with an active volcano. Mauritius and Rodrigues were formed about 8-10 million years ago. Mauritius consists of large plains with steep mountains surrounding them, the remnants of an old caldera, that are only 828m high. Rodrigues is the smallest of the islands and is much eroded, reaching 398m high at Mt Limon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strahm|first=Wendy|date=1996|title=Mascarene Islands: an Introduction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45066025|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=13|issue=4|pages=182–185|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00567.x|jstor=45066025|via=JSTOR}}</ref>


==Families==
==Families==


⚫
[[File:Pandanus vandermeeschii - Mauritius endemic.jpg|thumb|''[[Pandanus vandermeeschii]]'' ([[Pandanaceae]]) is endemic to Mauritius.]]


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Number!!Family!!Date published!!Author
!Number!!Family!!Year published!!Author
|-
|-
| 1||Psilotacées||2008||F. Badré
| 1||Psilotacées||2008||F. Badré
Line 117: Line 124:
| 31||Renonculacées||1980||M.J.E. Coode
| 31||Renonculacées||1980||M.J.E. Coode
|-
|-
| 32||Dilleniaciees||1980||W. Marais
| 32||Dilléniacées||1980||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 33||Magnoliacées||1980||W. Marais
| 33||Magnoliacées||1980||W. Marais
Line 123: Line 130:
| 34||Annonacées||1980||M. Keraudren-Aymonin
| 34||Annonacées||1980||M. Keraudren-Aymonin
|-
|-
| 35||Menispennacées||1980||L.L. Forman
| 35||Ménispermacées||1980||L.L. Forman
|-
|-
| 36||Nympheacées||1980||W. Marais
| 36||Nymphéacées||1980||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 37||Papaveracées||1980||W. Marais
| 37||Papavéracées||1980||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 38||Cruciferes||1980||W. Marais
| 38||Cruciféres||1980||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 39||Capparidacées||1980||W. Marais
| 39||Capparidacées||1980||W. Marais
Line 149: Line 156:
| 47||Tamaricacées||1980||M.J.E. Coode
| 47||Tamaricacées||1980||M.J.E. Coode
|-
|-
| 49||Guttiferes||1980||N.K.B. Robson, P.F. Stevens
| 49||Guttiféres||1980||N.K.B. Robson, P.F. Stevens
|-
|-
| 50||Theacées||1980||W. Marais
| 50||Théacées||1980||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 51||Malvacées||1987||W. Marais, F. Friedmann
| 51||Malvacées||1987||W. Marais, F. Friedmann
Line 399: Line 406:
| 169 bis||Ceratophyllacées||1985||W. Marais
| 169 bis||Ceratophyllacées||1985||W. Marais
|-
|-
| 170||Orchidees||||
| 170||Orchidées Vol 1||2023||J. Hermans, P.J. Cribb
|-
| 170||Orchidées Vol 2||2023||J. Hermans, P.J. Cribb, T. Pailler
|-
|-
| 171||Zingiberacées||1983||R.M. Smith
| 171||Zingiberacées||1983||R.M. Smith
Line 457: Line 466:
| 199||Ruppiacées||1984||A.J. Scott
| 199||Ruppiacées||1984||A.J. Scott
|-
|-
| 200||Zannichelliaces||1984||A.J. Scott
| 200||Zannichelliacées||1984||A.J. Scott
|-
|-
| 201||Eriocaulacées||1984||M.J.E. Coode
| 201||Eriocaulacées||1984||M.J.E. Coode
Line 463: Line 472:
| 202||Cyperacées||2018||W. Marais, A.C. Araujo
| 202||Cyperacées||2018||W. Marais, A.C. Araujo
|-
|-
| 203||Graminees||2018||J. Bosser, S.A. Renvoize
| 203||Graminées||2018||J. Bosser, S.A. Renvoize
|-
| ||Glossaire||1987||R. Antoine, J. Bosser, I.K. Ferguson
|}
|}


Line 470: Line 481:


==External links==
==External links==
[https://doi.org/10.15468/7ws1fk Checklist of flowering plants of the island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean]
*[https://doi.org/10.15468/7ws1fk Checklist of flowering plants of the island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean]
⚫
*[https://www.tela-botanica.org/projets/flore-de-la-reunion/ Flore de la Reunion]

⚫
*[https://mascarine.cbnm.org/ Mascarine-Cadetiana]
⚫
[https://www.tela-botanica.org/projets/flore-de-la-reunion/ Flore de la Reunion]

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[https://mascarine.cbnm.org/ Mascarine-Cadetiana]





[[Category:Florae (publication)|Mascarenes]]
[[Category:Florae (publication)|Mascarenes]]
[[Category:Flora of the Western Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Flora of the Mascarene Islands]]

Latest revision as of 13:42, 4 September 2024

The Flore des Mascareignes (Fl. Mascar.) is a flora, in French, covering the three islands in the Mascarenes: Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues.

Project history

[edit]

The project began in 1970 with the agreement signed in 1971, prepared jointly by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI), and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The completion of the Flora was funded by the EC's European Development Fund (1996).[1]

The first editors appointed were J. Bosser (Editor-in-Chief), W. Marais, and Dr. R. Julien, with Dr. R.E. Vaughan as adviser. The first taxonomist was M.J.E. Coode,[2] who worked on the Flora until the end of 1975; he was replaced by I.B.K. Richardson in 1976, who spent 6 weeks collecting in the Mascarenes.[3] The first fascicule of the Flora was published in 1976.[4][5] The final two volumes, covering the orchids, were published in 2023.[6]

The Flora treats the native flora in detail, including ferns,[7] but includes naturalised and commonly cultivated plants.

Editors have been R. Antoine (MSIRI), J.C. Autrey (MSIRI), J. Bosser (IRD), J.P.M. Brenan (Kew), J. Heslop-Harrison (Kew), I.K. Ferguson (Kew), G.Mangenot (ORSTOM), C. Soopramanien (MSIRI).

Flora

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See also: Mascarene Islands § Flora
Pandanus vandermeeschii (Pandanaceae) is endemic to Mauritius.
Chassalia boryana (Rubiaceae)

The Mascarenes have a high level of endemism, about 65%, with some shared between the islands of the archipelago. Others are found only on a single island, Rodrigues (47), Réunion (165) and Mauritius (273). Some are already extinct while most are threatened.[8][9][10]

Botanical history

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There has been a long history of botanical studies on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion. The botany of Rodriguez was not studied until 1879.[11][12][13][14][15]

  • Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean-Baptiste (1804). Voyage dans les quatre principales îles des mers d'Afrique, Ténériffe, Maurice, Bourbon et Sainte-Hélène – via BNF Gallica.
  • - Balfour (1879). "Introductory remarks". Philosophical Transactions. 168 (302–325): 302–325. doi:10.1098/rstl.1879.0035.
  • - Balfour (1879). "Flowering Plants and Ferns". Philosophical Transactions. 168 (326–387): 326–387. doi:10.1098/rstl.1879.0036.
  • Vaughan, R.E. (1937). "Contributions to the flora of Mauritius.—I. An account of the naturalized flowering plants recorded from Mauritius since the publication of Baker's 'Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles'". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 51 (285–308). doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1937.tb01908.x.

Geology

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See also: Mascarene Islands § Geology

The Mascarenes are volcanic in origin. Reunion is the largest island, formed about 3 million years ago, rising to 3070m with an active volcano. Mauritius and Rodrigues were formed about 8-10 million years ago. Mauritius consists of large plains with steep mountains surrounding them, the remnants of an old caldera, that are only 828m high. Rodrigues is the smallest of the islands and is much eroded, reaching 398m high at Mt Limon.[16]

Families

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Number Family Year published Author
1 Psilotacées 2008 F. Badré
2 Equisetacées 2008 F. Badré
3 Lycopodiacées 2008 F. Badré
4 Selaginellacées 2008 F. Badré
5 Ophioglossacées 2008 F. Badré
6 Marattiacées 2008 F. Badré
7 Osmondacées 2008 F. Badré
8 Gleicheniacées 2008 F. Badré
9 Hymenophyllacées 2008 M.-L. Tardieu-Blot
10 Schizeacées 2008 F. Badré
11 Adiantacées 2008 F. Badré, D. Lorence
12 Vittariacées 2008 F. Badré
13 Cyatheacées 2008 T. Janssen
14 Dennstedtiacées 2008 F. Badré
15 Lindseacées 2008 F. Badré
16 Polypodiacées 2008 F. Badré
17 Grammitidacées 2008 F. Badré
18 Davalliacées 2008 F. Badré
19 Thelypteridacées 2008 R.E. Holtum
20 Aspidiacées 2008 F. Badré, R.E. Holtum, J.P. Roux
21 Athyriacées 2008 F. Badré
22 Lomariopsidacées 2008 D. Lorence, G. Rouhan
23 Blechnacées 2008 F. Badré
24 Aspleniacées 2008 M.-L. Tardieu-Blot
25 Salviniacées 2008 F. Badré
26 Marsileacées 2008 F. Badré
27 Araucariacées 1997 W. Marais
28 Pinacées 1997 W. Marais
28 bis Taxodiacées 1997 W. Marais
29 Cupressacées 1997 W. Marais
29 bis Podocarpacées 1997 W. Marais
30 Cycadacées 1997 W. Marais
30 bis Zamiacées 1997 W. Marais
31 Renonculacées 1980 M.J.E. Coode
32 Dilléniacées 1980 W. Marais
33 Magnoliacées 1980 W. Marais
34 Annonacées 1980 M. Keraudren-Aymonin
35 Ménispermacées 1980 L.L. Forman
36 Nymphéacées 1980 W. Marais
37 Papavéracées 1980 W. Marais
38 Cruciféres 1980 W. Marais
39 Capparidacées 1980 W. Marais
40 Violacées 1980 W. Marais
41 Bixacées 1980 W. Marais
42 Flacourtiacées 1980 H. Sleumer adapte par J. Bosser
43 Pittosporacées 1980 M.J.E. Coode
44 Polygalacées 1980 W. Marais
45 Caryophyllacées 1980 W. Marais, M.J.E. Coode
46 Portulacacées 1980 W. Marais
47 Tamaricacées 1980 M.J.E. Coode
49 Guttiféres 1980 N.K.B. Robson, P.F. Stevens
50 Théacées 1980 W. Marais
51 Malvacées 1987 W. Marais, F. Friedmann
52 Bombacacées 1987 W. Marais
53 Sterculiacées 1987 F. Friedmann
54 Tiliacées 1987 J. Bosser
55 Eleocarpacées 1987 M.J.E. Coode
56 Linacées 1987 F. Friedmann
57 Erythroxylacées 1987 F. Friedmann
58 Malpighiacées 1987 F. Friedmann
59 Zygophyllacées 1987 M.J.E. Coode
60 Geraniacées 1987 W. Marais
61 Tropeolacées 1987 W. Marais
62 Oxalidacées 1987 W. Marais
64 Balsaminacées 1979 C. Grey-Wilson
65 Rutacées 1979 M.J.E. Coode
66 Surianacées 1979 M.J.E. Coode
67 Ochnacées 1979 I.B.K. Richardson
68 Burseracées 1979 M.J.E. Coode
69 Meliacées 1997 A.J. Scott (J. Bosser)
70 Olacacées 1997 A.J. Scott
71 Icacinacées 1997 A.J. Scott
72 Celastracées 1997 W. Marais (J. Bosser)
73 Rhamnacées 1997 J. Guého
74 Vitacées 1997 B. Descoings
75 Leeacées 1997 B. Descoings
76 Sapindacées 1997 F. Friedmann
77 Anacardiacées 1997 F. Friedmann
78 Moringacées 1997 Monique Keraudren-Aymonin
79 Connaracées 1997 Monique Keraudren-Aymonin
80 Legumineuses 1990 R.M. Polhill
81 Rosacées 1997 F. Friedmann
82 Chrysobalanacées 1997 F. Friedmann
83 Hydrangeacées 1997 A.J. Scott
84 Escalloniacées 1997 A.J. Scott
85 Brexiacées 1997 A.J. Scott
86 Cunoniacées 1997 A.J. Scott (J. Bosser)
87 Crassulacées 1997 F. Friedmann
88 Haloragidacées 1997 J. Bosser
89 Callitrichacées 1997 J. Bosser
90 Rhizophoracées 1990 A.J. Scott
91 Combretacées 1990 G.E. Wickens
92 Myrtacées 1990 A.J. Scott
93 Lecythidacées 1990 F. Friedmann, A.J. Scott
94 Melastomatacées 1990 G.E. Wickens
95 Lythracées 1990 M.J.E. Coode
96 Punicacées 1990 W. Marais
97 Onagracées 1990 A.J. Scott
98 Turneracées 1990 Maria Mercedes Arbo
99 Passifloracées 1990 A.J. Scott
100 Caricacées 1990 A.J. Scott
101 Cucurbitacées 1990 Monique Keraudren-Aymonin
102 Begoniacées 1990 M.J.S. Sands
103 Cactacées 1990 J.L. Guillaumet, W. Marais
104 Aizoacées 1990 W. Marais
105 Ombelliferes 1990 A.J. Scott
106 Araliacées 1990 W. Marais
107 Caprifoliacées 1989 W. Marais
108 Rubiacées 1989 B. Verdcourt, J.F. Leroy, D.D. Tirvengadum
108 bis Valerianacées 1989 M.J.E. Coode
109 Composees 1993 D.J.N. Hind, C. Jeffrey, A.J. Scott
110 Goodeniacées 1976 J.-L. Guillaumet
111 Campanulacées 1976/1981 F. Badré, W. Marais
112 Ericacées 1981 F. Friedmann
113 Plombaginacées 1981 W. Marais
114 Primulacées 1981 J.L. Guillaumet
115 Myrsinacées 1981 M.J.E. Coode
116 Sapotacées 1981 F. Friedmann
117 Ebenacées 1981 I.B.K. Richardson
118 Styracacées 1981 J. Bosser
119 Oleacées 1981 A.J. Scott
120 Salvadoracées 1981 J. Bosser
121 Apocynacées 2005 A.J.M. Leewenberg, Rudjiman
122 Asclepiadacées 2005 J. Bosser, W. Marais
123 Loganiacées 2005 A.J.M. Leewenberg
124 Gentianacées 2005 W.Marais
125 Menyanthacées 2005 J. Bosser
126 Borraginacées 2005 C. Feuillet (J. Bosser)
127 Convolvulacées 2000 J. Bosser, H. Heine
127 bis Polemoniacées 2000 J. Bosser
128 Solanacées 2000 A.J. Scott
129 Scrofulariacées 2000 F.N. Hepper
130 Orobanchacées 2000 F.N. Hepper
131 Lentibulariacées 2000 P. Taylor
132 Gesneriacées 2000 C. Feuillet
133 Bignoniacées 2000 J.Bosser, H. Heine
133 bis Cobaeacées 2000 J. Bosser
134 Pedaliacées 2000 J. Bosser
135 Acanthacées 2000 J. Bosser, H. Heine
136 Myoporacées 1994 J. Bosser
137 Verbenacées 1994 A.J. Scott
138 Nesogenacées 1994 W. Marais
139 Labiees 1994 A.J. Scott, J. Bosser
140 Plantaginacées 1994 A.J. Scott
141 Nyctaginacées 1994 D. Philcox, M.J.E. Coode
142 Amaranthacées 1994 C.C. Townsend
143 Chenopodiacées 1994 J.P.M. Brenan
144 Basellacées 1994 J.P.M. Brenan
145 Phytolaccacées 1994 D. Philcox, M.J.E. Coode
146 Polygonacées 1994 A.J. Scott
147 Tristichacées 1994 C. Cusset
148 Hydnoracées 1994 J. Bosser
149 Aristolochiacées 1998 J. Bosser
150 Piperacées 1998 F. Friedmann
150 bis Saururacées 1998 F. Friedmann
151 Myristicacées 1998 J. Guého
152 Monimiacées 1998 D.H. Lorence
153 Lauracées 1982 A.J.G.H. Kostermans
154 Hernandiacées 1982 A.J. Scott
155 Proteacées 1982 A.J. Scott
156 Thymeleacées 1982 A.J. Scott
157 Eleagnacées 1982 A.J. Scott
158 Loranthacées 1982 D. Philcox
159 Santalacées 1982 A.J. Scott
160 Euphorbiacées 1982 M.J.E. Coode
161 Urticacées 1985 W. Marais, S. Jellis
162 Ulmacées 1985 W. Marais
163 Cannabacées 1985 W. Marais
164 Moracées 1985 C.C. Berg, E.C.H. van Heusden
165 Platanacées 1985 W. Marais
166 Juglandacées 1985 W. Marais
167 Casuarinacées 1985 M.J.E. Coode
168 Fagacées 1985 W. Marais
169 Salicacées 1985 W. Marais
169 bis Ceratophyllacées 1985 W. Marais
170 Orchidées Vol 1 2023 J. Hermans, P.J. Cribb
170 Orchidées Vol 2 2023 J. Hermans, P.J. Cribb, T. Pailler
171 Zingiberacées 1983 R.M. Smith
173 Marantacées 1983 E.J. Cowley
174 Musacées 1983 W. Marais
175 Cannacées 1983 W. Marais
176 Bromeliacées 1983 D. Philcox
177 Iridacées 1978 W. Marais
178 Amaryllidacées 1978 W. Marais
179 Hypoxidacées 1978 W. Marais
180 Agavacées 1978 W. Marais, M.J.E. Coode
181 Taccacées 1978 M.J.E. Coode
182 Dioscoreacées 1978 W. Marais
183 Liliacées 1978 W. Marais, M.J.E. Coode
184 Pontederiacées 1978 M.J.E. Coode
185 Xyridacées 1978 M.J.E. Coode
186 Commelinacées 1978 B. Mathew
187 Flagellariacées 1978 M.J.E. Coode
188 Joncacées 1978 M.J.E. Coode
189 Palmiers 1984 H.E. Moore Jr., J. Guého
190 Pandanacées 2003 J. Bosser, J. Guého
191 Typhacées 1984 W. Marais
192 Aracées 1984 S.J. Mayo
193 Lemnacées 1984 A.J. Scott
194 Hydrocharitacées 1984 A.J. Scott
195 Najadacées 1984 A.J. Scott
196 Alismatacées 1984 A.J. Scott
197 Aponogetonacées 1984 A.J. Scott
198 Potamogetonacées 1984 A.J. Scott
199 Ruppiacées 1984 A.J. Scott
200 Zannichelliacées 1984 A.J. Scott
201 Eriocaulacées 1984 M.J.E. Coode
202 Cyperacées 2018 W. Marais, A.C. Araujo
203 Graminées 2018 J. Bosser, S.A. Renvoize
Glossaire 1987 R. Antoine, J. Bosser, I.K. Ferguson

References

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  1. ^ Mathew, Brian (November 1996). "Editorial". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 13 (4): 181. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00566.x. JSTOR 45066024 – via JSTOR.
  2. ^ "THE MAURITIUS HERBARIUM Flora of the Mascarene Islands" (PDF). Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute Annual Report 1972: i. 1973.
  3. ^ Sands, Martin (1978). "News of Kewites at home and abroad in 1977". The Journal of the Kew Guild. 10: 613 – via ISSUU.
  4. ^ "Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1975". Kew Bulletin. 31 (4): 859–932. 1977. JSTOR 4109571 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ "Review of the Work of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1976". Kew Bulletin. 32 (4): 809–862. 1978. JSTOR 4109791 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ "Mauritius: Flora of the Mascarenes Project - Launching of Last Two Volumes On Orchids". AllAfrica. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  7. ^ Rickard, Martin (2010). "BOOK REVIEW" (PDF). Fern Gazette. 18 (7): 319 – via British Pteridological Society.
  8. ^ "The Mascarenes". Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford.
  9. ^ Baider, Claudia; Florens, F. B. Vincent; Baret, Stéphane; Beaver, Katy; Matatiken, Denis; Strasberg, Dominique; Kueffer, Christoph (June 2010). "Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean". Proceedings of the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress (PDF). Botanic Gardens Conservation International. pp. 1–7.
  10. ^ Lorence, David H.; Sussman, Robert W. (1986). "Exotic Species Invasion into Mauritius Wet Forest Remnants". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 2 (2): 147–162. doi:10.1017/S0266467400000742. JSTOR 2559253. S2CID 85713237.
  11. ^ Strahm, Wendy (1996). "Botanical History of the Mascarene Islands". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 13 (4): 217–228. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00575.x. JSTOR 45066033 – via JSTOR.
  12. ^ Lorence, D (1976). "The Pteridophytes of Rodrigues Island". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 72 (4): 269–283. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb01364.x.
  13. ^ Lorence, David H. (1978). "The pteridophytes of Mauritius (Indian Ocean): ecology and distribution". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 76 (3): 207–247. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb02362.x.
  14. ^ Mauremootoo, John; Cheke, Anthony; Watt, Iain (2015). Mauritius & Rodrigues Historical Context. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3372.6169.
  15. ^ Figier, J (2010). "Histoire de la botanique dans les îles Mascareignes" (PDF). Annales de la Société Botanique de France. Revue numérique (1): 35–42 – via Société botanique de France.
  16. ^ Strahm, Wendy (1996). "Mascarene Islands: an Introduction". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 13 (4): 182–185. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1996.tb00567.x. JSTOR 45066025 – via JSTOR.
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