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{{Short description|Architecture that uses edge devices}}
{{Short description|Architecture that uses edge devices}}
[[File:OpenFog Consortium.jpg|thumb|right|The [[OpenFog Consortium]] is an association of major tech companies aimed at standardizing and promoting fog computing.]]
[[File:OpenFog Consortium.jpg|thumb|right|The [[OpenFog Consortium]] was an association of major tech companies aimed at standardizing and promoting fog computing.]]
'''Fog computing'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmobile.org/mobicom/2011/vanet2011/program.html|title=Connected Vehicles, the Internet of Things, and Fog Computing, The 8th ACM International Workshop on VehiculAr Inter-NETworking (VANET 2011), Las Vegas, NV, USA|last=Bonomi|first=Flavio|date=September 19–23, 2011|website=www.sigmobile.org|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/eon2011/topics|title=Cloud and Fog Computing: Trade-offs and Applications. EON-2011 Workshop, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2011), San Jose, CA, USA|last=Bonomi|first=Flavio|date=June 4–8, 2011|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> or '''fog networking''', also known as '''fogging''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cisco.com/perspectives/iot-from-cloud-to-fog-computing|title=IoT, from Cloud to Fog Computing|website=blogs@Cisco - Cisco Blogs|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-07|date=2015-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fog-computing.html|title=What Is Fog Computing? Webopedia Definition|website=www.webopedia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref> is an architecture that uses [[edge device]]s to carry out a substantial amount of computation ([[edge computing]]), storage, and communication locally and routed over the [[Internet backbone]].
'''Fog computing'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmobile.org/mobicom/2011/vanet2011/program.html|title=Connected Vehicles, the Internet of Things, and Fog Computing, The 8th ACM International Workshop on VehiculAr Inter-NETworking (VANET 2011), Las Vegas, NV, USA|last=Bonomi|first=Flavio|date=September 19–23, 2011|website=www.sigmobile.org|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/eon2011/topics|title=Cloud and Fog Computing: Trade-offs and Applications. EON-2011 Workshop, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2011), San Jose, CA, USA|last=Bonomi|first=Flavio|date=June 4–8, 2011|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2019-08-07|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731165630/https://sites.google.com/site/eon2011/topics|url-status=dead}}</ref> or '''fog networking''', also known as '''fogging''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cisco.com/perspectives/iot-from-cloud-to-fog-computing|title=IoT, from Cloud to Fog Computing|website=blogs@Cisco - Cisco Blogs|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-07|date=2015-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fog-computing.html|title=What Is Fog Computing? Webopedia Definition|website=www.webopedia.com|date=18 December 2014 |language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref> is an architecture that uses [[edge device]]s to carry out a substantial amount of computation ([[edge computing]]), storage, and communication locally and routed over the [[Internet backbone]].


== Concept ==
== Concept ==
In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Bonomi |first1=Flavio |title=Fog computing and its role in the internet of things |last2=Milito |first2=Rodolfo |last3=Zhu |first3=Jiang |last4=Addepalli |first4=Sateesh |date=2012-08-17 |publisher=ACM |isbn=9781450315197 |pages=13–16 |doi=10.1145/2342509.2342513 |s2cid=207196503}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Fog computing, also called edge computing, is intended for distributed computing where numerous "peripheral" devices connect to a [[cloud computing|cloud]].
In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Bonomi |first1=Flavio |last2=Milito |first2=Rodolfo |last3=Zhu |first3=Jiang |last4=Addepalli |first4=Sateesh |title=Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing |chapter=Fog computing and its role in the internet of things |date=2012-08-17 |publisher=ACM |isbn=9781450315197 |pages=13–16 |doi=10.1145/2342509.2342513 |s2cid=207196503}}</ref> Fog computing, also called edge computing, is intended for distributed computing where numerous "peripheral" devices connect to a [[cloud computing|cloud]]. The word "fog" refers to its cloud-like properties, but closer to the "ground", i.e. IoT devices.<ref name=":0" /> Many of these devices will generate voluminous raw data (e.g., from sensors), and rather than forward all this data to cloud-based servers to be processed, the idea behind fog computing is to do as much processing as possible using computing units co-located with the data-generating devices, so that processed rather than raw data is forwarded, and bandwidth requirements are reduced. An additional benefit is that the processed data is most likely to be needed by the same devices that generated the data, so that by processing locally rather than remotely, the latency between input and response is minimized. This idea is not entirely new: in non-cloud-computing scenarios, special-purpose hardware (e.g., signal-processing chips performing [[fast Fourier transform]]s) has long been used to reduce latency and reduce the burden on a CPU.


⚫
Fog networking consists of a [[control plane]] and a [[data plane]]. For example, on the data plane, fog computing enables computing services to reside at the edge of the network as opposed to servers in a data-center. Compared to [[cloud computing]], fog computing emphasizes proximity to end-users and client objectives (e.g. operational costs, security policies,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forti |first1=Stefano |last2=Ferrari |first2=Gian-Luigi |last3=Brogi |first3=Antonio |title=Secure Cloud-Edge Deployments, with Trust |journal=Future Generation Computer Systems |date=January 2020 |volume=102 |pages=775–788 |doi=10.1016/j.future.2019.08.020|doi-access=free |arxiv=1901.05347 }}</ref> resource exploitation), dense geographical distribution and context-awareness (for what concerns computational and IoT resources), latency reduction and backbone bandwidth savings to achieve better [[quality of service]] (QoS)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brogi|first1=Antonio|last2=Forti|first2=Stefano|date=2017|title=QoS-aware Deployment of IoT Applications Through the Fog|journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal|volume=PP|issue=99|pages=1185–1192|doi=10.1109/JIOT.2017.2701408|s2cid=2880664|issn=2327-4662|url=http://eprints.adm.unipi.it/2362/1/paper.pdf}}</ref> and edge analytics/stream mining, resulting in superior user-experience<ref name="CiscoFog">Cisco RFP-2013-078. Fog Computing, Ecosystem, Architecture and Applications: ''[http://research.cisco.com/research#rfp-2013078] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119015130/http://research.cisco.com/research#rfp-2013078 |date=2020-01-19 }}'' Also available from the Internet Archive: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061044/http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac50/ac207/crc_new/university/RFP/rfp13078.html].''</ref> and redundancy in case of failure while it is also able to be used in [[Assisted Living]] scenarios.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nikoloudakis|first1=Y.|last2=Panagiotakis|first2=S.|last3=Markakis|first3=E.|last4=Pallis|first4=E.|last5=Mastorakis|first5=G.|last6=Mavromoustakis|first6=C. X.|last7=Dobre|first7=C.|date=November 2016|title=A Fog-Based Emergency System for Smart Enhanced Living Environments|journal=IEEE Cloud Computing|volume=3|issue=6|pages=54–62|doi=10.1109/mcc.2016.118|s2cid=25475572|issn=2325-6095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/what-comes-after-the-cloud-how-about-the-fog|title=What Comes After the Cloud? How About the Fog?|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnomics.com/channelnomics-us/news/2370241/is-there-a-buzz-over-fog-computing|title=Is There a Buzz Over Fog Computing?|work=Channelnomics|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en|archive-date=2016-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027223133/http://www.channelnomics.com/channelnomics-us/news/2370241/is-there-a-buzz-over-fog-computing|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/new-solutions-horizon-fog-or-edge-computing|title=New Solutions on the Horizon—"Fog" or "Edge" Computing?|work=The National Law Review|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref name="backToFut">Cloud Evolution: Back to the Future?: ''[http://www.1cloudroad.com/cloud-evolution-back-to-the-future/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009112050/http://www.1cloudroad.com/cloud-evolution-back-to-the-future/|date=2015-10-09}}.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arkian|first1=Hamid Reza|last2=Diyanat|first2=Abolfazl|last3=Pourkhalili|first3=Atefe|date=2017-03-15|title=MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications|journal=Journal of Network and Computer Applications|volume=82|pages=152–165|doi=10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.012}}</ref>
The word "fog" refers to its cloud-like properties, but closer to the "ground", i.e. IoT devices.<ref name=":0" /> Many of these devices will generate voluminous raw data (e.g., from sensors), and rather than forward all this data to cloud-based servers to be processed, the idea behind fog computing is to do as much processing as possible using computing units co-located with the data-generating devices, so that processed rather than raw data is forwarded, and bandwidth requirements are reduced. An additional benefit is that the processed data is most likely to be needed by the same devices that generated the data, so that by processing locally rather than remotely, the latency between input and response is minimized. This idea is not entirely new: in non-cloud-computing scenarios, special-purpose hardware (e.g., signal-processing chips performing [[Fast Fourier Transforms]]) has long been used to reduce latency and reduce the burden on a CPU.


⚫
Fog networking supports the [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) concept, in which most of the devices used by humans on a daily basis will be connected to each other. Examples include phones, wearable health monitoring devices, [[connected vehicle]] and [[augmented reality]] using devices such as the [[Google Glass]].<ref name="iotCisco">Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rodolfo_Milito/publication/235409978_Fog_Computing_and_its_Role_in_the_Internet_of_Things/links/0deec531f19946228c000000/Fog-Computing-and-its-Role-in-the-Internet-of-Things.pdf Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things]. In Proc of MCC (2012), pp. 13-16.''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2342513].''</ref><ref name="iot1">Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices: ''[http://newsroom.cisco.com/release/1334100/Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices].''</ref><ref name="iotOutCloudFog">IoT: Out Of The Cloud & Into The Fog: ''[http://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-infrastructure/iot-out-of-the-cloud-and-into-the-fog/a/d-id/1298101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223132905/http://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-infrastructure/iot-out-of-the-cloud-and-into-the-fog/a/d-id/1298101|date=2015-12-23}}.''</ref><ref name="iotdistIntelligence">Distributed intelligence and IoT fog: ''[http://www.insightaas.com/distributed-intelligence-and-iot-fog-2].''</ref><ref name="iotDataWhere">Fog Computing Keeps Data Right Where the Internet of Things Needs It: ''[http://www.biztechmagazine.com/article/2014/08/fog-computing-keeps-data-right-where-internet-things-needs-it].''</ref> IoT devices are often resource-constrained and have limited computational abilities to perform cryptography computations. A fog node can provide security for IoT devices by performing these cryptographic computations instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alrawais|first1=Arwa|last2=Alhothaily|first2=Abdulrahman|last3=Hu|first3=Chunqiang|last4=Cheng|first4=Xiuzhen|author4-link= Xiuzhen Cheng |date=March 2017|title=Fog Computing for the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7867732|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=21|issue=2|pages=34–42|doi=10.1109/MIC.2017.37|s2cid=18074495|issn=1089-7801}}</ref>
⚫
Fog networking consists of a [[control plane]] and a [[data plane]]. For example, on the data plane, fog computing enables computing services to reside at the edge of the network as opposed to servers in a data-center. Compared to [[cloud computing]], fog computing emphasizes proximity to end-users and client objectives (e.g. operational costs, security policies,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forti |first1=Stefano |last2=Ferrari |first2=Gian-Luigi |last3=Brogi |first3=Antonio |title=Secure Cloud-Edge Deployments, with Trust |journal=Future Generation Computer Systems |date=January 2020 |volume=102 |pages=775–788 |doi=10.1016/j.future.2019.08.020|doi-access=free }}</ref> resource exploitation), dense geographical distribution and context-awareness (for what concerns computational and IoT resources), latency reduction and backbone bandwidth savings to achieve better [[quality of service]] (QoS)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brogi|first1=Antonio|last2=Forti|first2=Stefano|date=2017|title=QoS-aware Deployment of IoT Applications Through the Fog|journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal|volume=PP|issue=99|pages=1185–1192|doi=10.1109/JIOT.2017.2701408|s2cid=2880664|issn=2327-4662|url=http://eprints.adm.unipi.it/2362/1/paper.pdf}}</ref> and edge analytics/stream mining, resulting in superior user-experience<ref name="CiscoFog">Cisco RFP-2013-078. Fog Computing, Ecosystem, Architecture and Applications: ''[http://research.cisco.com/research#rfp-2013078]'' Also available from the Internet Archive: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061044/http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac50/ac207/crc_new/university/RFP/rfp13078.html].''</ref> and redundancy in case of failure while it is also able to be used in [[Assisted Living]] scenarios.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nikoloudakis|first1=Y.|last2=Panagiotakis|first2=S.|last3=Markakis|first3=E.|last4=Pallis|first4=E.|last5=Mastorakis|first5=G.|last6=Mavromoustakis|first6=C. X.|last7=Dobre|first7=C.|date=November 2016|title=A Fog-Based Emergency System for Smart Enhanced Living Environments|journal=IEEE Cloud Computing|volume=3|issue=6|pages=54–62|doi=10.1109/mcc.2016.118|s2cid=25475572|issn=2325-6095}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/what-comes-after-the-cloud-how-about-the-fog|title=What Comes After the Cloud? How About the Fog?|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnomics.com/channelnomics-us/news/2370241/is-there-a-buzz-over-fog-computing|title=Is There a Buzz Over Fog Computing?|work=Channelnomics|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/new-solutions-horizon-fog-or-edge-computing|title=New Solutions on the Horizon—"Fog" or "Edge" Computing?|work=The National Law Review|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref name="backToFut">Cloud Evolution: Back to the Future?: ''[http://www.1cloudroad.com/cloud-evolution-back-to-the-future/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009112050/http://www.1cloudroad.com/cloud-evolution-back-to-the-future/ |date=2015-10-09 }}.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arkian|first1=Hamid Reza|last2=Diyanat|first2=Abolfazl|last3=Pourkhalili|first3=Atefe|date=2017-03-15|title=MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications|journal=Journal of Network and Computer Applications|volume=82|pages=152–165|doi=10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.012}}</ref>

⚫
Fog networking supports the [[Internet of Things]] (IoT) concept, in which most of the devices used by humans on a daily basis will be connected to each other. Examples include phones, wearable health monitoring devices, [[connected vehicle]] and [[augmented reality]] using devices such as the [[Google Glass]].<ref name="iotCisco">Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli,S. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rodolfo_Milito/publication/235409978_Fog_Computing_and_its_Role_in_the_Internet_of_Things/links/0deec531f19946228c000000/Fog-Computing-and-its-Role-in-the-Internet-of-Things.pdf Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things]. In Proc of MCC (2012), pp. 13-16.''[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2342513].''</ref><ref name="iot1">Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices: ''[http://newsroom.cisco.com/release/1334100/Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices].''</ref><ref name="iotOutCloudFog">IoT: Out Of The Cloud & Into The Fog: ''[http://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-infrastructure/iot-out-of-the-cloud-and-into-the-fog/a/d-id/1298101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223132905/http://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-infrastructure/iot-out-of-the-cloud-and-into-the-fog/a/d-id/1298101 |date=2015-12-23 }}.''</ref><ref name="iotdistIntelligence">Distributed intelligence and IoT fog: ''[http://www.insightaas.com/distributed-intelligence-and-iot-fog-2].''</ref><ref name="iotDataWhere">Fog Computing Keeps Data Right Where the Internet of Things Needs It: ''[http://www.biztechmagazine.com/article/2014/08/fog-computing-keeps-data-right-where-internet-things-needs-it].''</ref> IoT devices are often resource-constrained and have limited computational abilities to perform cryptography computations. A fog node can provide security for IoT devices by performing these cryptographic computations instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alrawais|first1=Arwa|last2=Alhothaily|first2=Abdulrahman|last3=Hu|first3=Chunqiang|last4=Cheng|first4=Xiuzhen|date=March 2017|title=Fog Computing for the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7867732|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=21|issue=2|pages=34–42|doi=10.1109/MIC.2017.37|s2cid=18074495|issn=1089-7801}}</ref>


[[Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command|SPAWAR]], a division of the US Navy, is prototyping and testing a scalable, secure Disruption Tolerant Mesh Network to protect strategic military assets, both stationary and mobile. Machine-control applications, running on the mesh nodes, "take over", when Internet connectivity is lost. Use cases include Internet of Things e.g. smart drone swarms.<ref>''[http://meshdynamics.com/documents/ABSTRACTED-NETWORK-FOR-IOT.pdf].''</ref>
[[Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command|SPAWAR]], a division of the US Navy, is prototyping and testing a scalable, secure Disruption Tolerant Mesh Network to protect strategic military assets, both stationary and mobile. Machine-control applications, running on the mesh nodes, "take over", when Internet connectivity is lost. Use cases include Internet of Things e.g. smart drone swarms.<ref>''[http://meshdynamics.com/documents/ABSTRACTED-NETWORK-FOR-IOT.pdf].''</ref>


The University of Melbourne is addressing the challenges of collecting and processing data from cameras, ECG devices, laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices with its project FogBus 2, which uses edge/fog and [[Oracle Cloud#Infrastructure%20as%20a%20Service%20(IaaS)|Oracle Cloud Infrastructure]] to process data in real-time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris-Reade |first=Ryan |date=2022-02-16 |title=University of Melbourne uses Oracle Cloud to harness the power of IoT |url=https://securitybrief.com.au/story/university-of-melbourne-uses-oracle-cloud-to-harness-the-power-of-iot |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=SecurityBrief Australia |language=en}}</ref>
The University of Melbourne is addressing the challenges of collecting and processing data from cameras, ECG devices, laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices with its project FogBus 2, which uses edge/fog and [[Oracle Cloud#Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS)|Oracle Cloud Infrastructure]] to process data in real-time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris-Reade |first=Ryan |date=2022-02-16 |title=University of Melbourne uses Oracle Cloud to harness the power of IoT |url=https://securitybrief.com.au/story/university-of-melbourne-uses-oracle-cloud-to-harness-the-power-of-iot |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=SecurityBrief Australia |language=en}}</ref>


[[ISO/IEC 20248]] provides a method whereby the data of objects identified by [[edge computing]] using Automated Identification Data Carriers (AIDC), a [[barcode]] and/or [[RFID]] tag, can be read, interpreted, verified and made available into the "Fog" and on the "Edge," even when the AIDC tag has moved on.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dupGDgAAQBAJ&dq=ISO/IEC+20248+provides+a+method+whereby+the+data+of+objects+identified+by+edge+computing+using+Automated+Identification+Data+Carriers+%5BAIDC%5D,+a+barcode+and/or+RFID+tag,+can+be+read,+interpreted,+verified+and+made+available+into+the+%22Fog%22+and+on+the+%22Edge%22+even+when+the+AIDC+tag+has+moved+on.&pg=PA157|title=Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models|last1=Huang|first1=Dijiang|last2=Wu|first2=Huijun|date=2017-09-08|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=9780128096444|language=en}}</ref>
[[ISO/IEC 20248]] provides a method whereby the data of objects identified by [[edge computing]] using Automated Identification Data Carriers (AIDC), a [[barcode]] and/or [[RFID]] tag, can be read, interpreted, verified and made available into the "Fog" and on the "Edge," even when the AIDC tag has moved on.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dupGDgAAQBAJ&dq=ISO/IEC+20248+provides+a+method+whereby+the+data+of+objects+identified+by+edge+computing+using+Automated+Identification+Data+Carriers+%5BAIDC%5D,+a+barcode+and/or+RFID+tag,+can+be+read,+interpreted,+verified+and+made+available+into+the+%22Fog%22+and+on+the+%22Edge%22+even+when+the+AIDC+tag+has+moved+on.&pg=PA157|title=Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models|last1=Huang|first1=Dijiang|last2=Wu|first2=Huijun|date=2017-09-08|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=9780128096444|language=en}}</ref>
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==History==
The term "fog computing" was first developed by [[Cisco]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Sandipkumar |last2=Patel |first2=Ritesh |date=2022 |title=Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Simulation Tools, Applications and Research Challenges with Use Cases |url=http://www.jestr.org/downloads/Volume15Issue3/fulltext81532022.pdf |journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=63–83 |doi=10.25103/jestr.153.08|s2cid=251463942 }}</ref> November 19, 2015, [[Cisco Systems]], [[ARM Holdings]], [[Dell]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Princeton University]], founded the [[OpenFog Consortium]] to promote interests and development in fog computing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=18 April 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> Cisco Sr. Managing-Director [[Helder Antunes]] became the consortium's first chairman and Intel's Chief IoT Strategist Jeff Fedders became its first president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iiconsortium.org/index.htm|title=Industrial Internet Consortium|website=www.iiconsortium.org}}</ref>


==Definition==
==Definition==
Both [[cloud computing]] and fog computing provide storage, applications, and data to end-users. However, fog computing is closer to end-users and has wider geographical distribution.<ref>F. Bonomi, R. Milito, J. Zhu, and S. Addepalli, "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things," in Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, ser. MCC'12. ACM, 2012, pp. 13–16.</ref>
Both [[cloud computing]] and fog computing provide storage, applications, and data to end-users. However, fog computing is closer to end-users and has wider geographical distribution.<ref>F. Bonomi, R. Milito, J. Zhu, and S. Addepalli, "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things," in Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, ser. MCC'12. ACM, 2012, pp. 13–16.</ref>


'Cloud computing' is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cloud_computing|title=cloud computing {{!}} Definition of cloud computing in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>
'Cloud computing' is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cloud_computing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927033704/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cloud_computing|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2016|title=cloud computing {{!}} Definition of cloud computing in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>


Also known as edge computing or fogging, fog computing facilitates the operation of compute, storage, and networking services between end devices and cloud computing data centers.
⚫
Also known as edge computing or fogging, fog computing facilitates the operation of compute, storage, and networking services between end devices and cloud computing data centers. While edge computing is typically referred to the location where services are instantiated, fog computing implies distribution of the communication, computation, storage resources, and services on or close to devices and systems in the control of end-users.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhang|first=Chiang|date=2016|title=Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities|journal= IEEE Internet of Things Journal|volume=3|issue=6|pages=854–864|doi=10.1109/EuCNC.2017.7980667|hdl=11572/272828|isbn=978-1-5386-3873-6|s2cid=19836815|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-4539-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ostberg|display-authors=etal|date=2017|title=Reliable Capacity Provisioning for Distributed Cloud/Edge/Fog Computing Applications|journal=Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2017 European Conference on|volume=3|issue=6|pages=854–864|doi=10.1109/JIOT.2016.2584538|s2cid=207018722}}</ref> Fog computing is a medium weight and intermediate level of computing power.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perera|first1=Charith|last2=Qin|first2=Yongrui|last3=Estrella|first3=Julio C.|last4=Reiff-Marganiec|first4=Stephan|last5=Vasilakos|first5=Athanasios V.|date=2017-10-09|title=Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Survey|journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=50|issue=3|pages=32|doi=10.1145/3057266|arxiv=1703.07079|bibcode=2017arXiv170307079P|s2cid=12675271|issn=0360-0300|url=http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/31927/8/__nas01_librhome_librsh3_Desktop_acmsmall-sample.pdf}}</ref> Rather than a substitute, fog computing often serves as a complement to cloud computing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matt|first=Christian|date=2018-04-19|title=Fog Computing|journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering|volume=60|issue=4|language=en|pages=351–355|doi=10.1007/s12599-018-0540-6|s2cid=51874973|issn=2363-7005|url=https://boris.unibe.ch/121416/3/Matt%20%282018%29_Fog%20Computing_postprint.pdf}}</ref>


[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] in March, 2018 released a definition of fog computing adopting much of Cisco's commercial terminology as NIST Special Publication 500-325, ''Fog Computing Conceptual Model'', that defines fog computing as a horizontal, physical or virtual resource paradigm that resides between smart end-devices and traditional [[cloud computing]] or [[data center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.cisco.com/feature-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1894659|title=Fog brings the cloud closer to the ground: Cisco innovates in fog computing|website=newsroom.cisco.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> This paradigm supports vertically-isolated, latency-sensitive applications by providing ubiquitous, scalable, layered, federated, distributed computing, storage, and network connectivity. Thus fog computing is most distinguished by distance from the edge. In the theoretical model of fog computing, fog computing nodes are physically and functionally operative between edge nodes and centralized cloud.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=S.|last2=Misra|first2=S.|date=2016|title=Theoretical modelling of fog computing: a green computing paradigm to support IoT applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7437623|journal=IET Networks|volume=5|issue=2|pages=23–29|doi=10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034|issn=2047-4954}}</ref> Much of the terminology is undefined, including key architectural terms like "smart", and the distinction between fog computing from edge computing is not generally agreed. Fog computing is more energy-efficient than cloud computing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=S.|last2=Chatterjee|first2=S.|last3=Misra|first3=S.|date=2018|title=Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things|journal=IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing|volume=6|issue=1|pages=46–59|doi=10.1109/TCC.2015.2485206|s2cid=3823420|issn=2168-7161}}</ref>
[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] in March 2018 released a definition of fog computing adopting much of Cisco's commercial terminology as NIST Special Publication 500-325, ''Fog Computing Conceptual Model'', that defines fog computing as a horizontal, physical or virtual resource paradigm that resides between smart end-devices and traditional [[cloud computing]] or [[data center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.cisco.com/feature-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1894659|title=Fog brings the cloud closer to the ground: Cisco innovates in fog computing|website=newsroom.cisco.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> This paradigm supports vertically-isolated, latency-sensitive applications by providing ubiquitous, scalable, layered, federated, distributed computing, storage, and network connectivity. Thus, fog computing is most distinguished by distance from the edge. In the theoretical model of fog computing, fog computing nodes are physically and functionally operative between edge nodes and centralized cloud.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=S.|last2=Misra|first2=S.|date=2016|title=Theoretical modelling of fog computing: a green computing paradigm to support IoT applications|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7437623|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006142611/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7437623/?|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 2016|journal=IET Networks|volume=5|issue=2|pages=23–29|doi=10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034|issn=2047-4954}}</ref> Much of the terminology is undefined, including key architectural terms like "smart", and the distinction between fog computing from edge computing is not generally agreed.

=== Differences with edge computing and cloud computing ===
⚫
While edge computing is typically referred to the location where services are instantiated, fog computing implies distribution of the communication, computation, storage resources, and services on or close to devices and systems in the control of end-users.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Chiang |title=2017 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC) |chapter=Reliable capacity provisioning for distributed cloud/Edge/Fog computing applications |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-4539-1 |date=2016 |journal=IEEE Internet of Things Journal |isbn=978-1-5386-3873-6 |volume=3 |pages=854–864 |doi=10.1109/EuCNC.2017.7980667 |hdl=11572/272828 |issue=6 |s2cid=19836815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ostberg |display-authors=etal |date=2017 |title=Reliable Capacity Provisioning for Distributed Cloud/Edge/Fog Computing Applications |journal=Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2017 European Conference on |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=854–864 |doi=10.1109/JIOT.2016.2584538 |s2cid=207018722}}</ref> Fog computing is a medium weight and intermediate level of computing power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perera |first1=Charith |last2=Qin |first2=Yongrui |last3=Estrella |first3=Julio C. |last4=Reiff-Marganiec |first4=Stephan |last5=Vasilakos |first5=Athanasios V. |date=2017-10-09 |title=Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Survey |url=http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/31927/8/__nas01_librhome_librsh3_Desktop_acmsmall-sample.pdf |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=32 |arxiv=1703.07079 |bibcode=2017arXiv170307079P |doi=10.1145/3057266 |issn=0360-0300 |s2cid=12675271}}</ref> Rather than a substitute, fog computing often serves as a complement to cloud computing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matt |first=Christian |date=2018-04-19 |title=Fog Computing |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/121416/3/Matt%20%282018%29_Fog%20Computing_postprint.pdf |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=351–355 |doi=10.1007/s12599-018-0540-6 |issn=2363-7005 |s2cid=51874973}}</ref> Fog computing is more energy-efficient than cloud computing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=S. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |last3=Misra |first3=S. |date=2018 |title=Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things |journal=IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=46–59 |doi=10.1109/TCC.2015.2485206 |issn=2168-7161 |s2cid=3823420}}</ref>


==Standards==
==Standards==
IEEE adopted the fog computing standards proposed by OpenFog Consortium.<ref name=IEEE>{{Cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1934-2018.html|title=IEEE 1934-2018 - IEEE Standard for Adoption of OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing|website=standards.ieee.org}}</ref>
IEEE adopted the fog computing standards proposed by OpenFog Consortium.<ref name=IEEE>{{Cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1934/7137/|title=IEEE 1934-2018 - IEEE Standard for Adoption of OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[OpenFog Consortium]]
* [[Fog robotics]]
* [[Fog robotics]]
* [[Edge computing]]
* [[Edge computing]]
* [[Dew computing]]
* [[Mobile edge computing]]
* [[Mobile edge computing]]
⚫
* [[OpenFog Consortium]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}



{{Embedded systems}}
{{Embedded systems}}

Latest revision as of 17:16, 4 September 2024

The OpenFog Consortium was an association of major tech companies aimed at standardizing and promoting fog computing.

Fog computing[1][2] or fog networking, also known as fogging,[3][4] is an architecture that uses edge devices to carry out a substantial amount of computation (edge computing), storage, and communication locally and routed over the Internet backbone.

Concept

[edit]

In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications.[5] Fog computing, also called edge computing, is intended for distributed computing where numerous "peripheral" devices connect to a cloud. The word "fog" refers to its cloud-like properties, but closer to the "ground", i.e. IoT devices.[6] Many of these devices will generate voluminous raw data (e.g., from sensors), and rather than forward all this data to cloud-based servers to be processed, the idea behind fog computing is to do as much processing as possible using computing units co-located with the data-generating devices, so that processed rather than raw data is forwarded, and bandwidth requirements are reduced. An additional benefit is that the processed data is most likely to be needed by the same devices that generated the data, so that by processing locally rather than remotely, the latency between input and response is minimized. This idea is not entirely new: in non-cloud-computing scenarios, special-purpose hardware (e.g., signal-processing chips performing fast Fourier transforms) has long been used to reduce latency and reduce the burden on a CPU.

Fog networking consists of a control plane and a data plane. For example, on the data plane, fog computing enables computing services to reside at the edge of the network as opposed to servers in a data-center. Compared to cloud computing, fog computing emphasizes proximity to end-users and client objectives (e.g. operational costs, security policies,[7] resource exploitation), dense geographical distribution and context-awareness (for what concerns computational and IoT resources), latency reduction and backbone bandwidth savings to achieve better quality of service (QoS)[8] and edge analytics/stream mining, resulting in superior user-experience[9] and redundancy in case of failure while it is also able to be used in Assisted Living scenarios.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Fog networking supports the Internet of Things (IoT) concept, in which most of the devices used by humans on a daily basis will be connected to each other. Examples include phones, wearable health monitoring devices, connected vehicle and augmented reality using devices such as the Google Glass.[16][17][18][19][20] IoT devices are often resource-constrained and have limited computational abilities to perform cryptography computations. A fog node can provide security for IoT devices by performing these cryptographic computations instead.[21]

SPAWAR, a division of the US Navy, is prototyping and testing a scalable, secure Disruption Tolerant Mesh Network to protect strategic military assets, both stationary and mobile. Machine-control applications, running on the mesh nodes, "take over", when Internet connectivity is lost. Use cases include Internet of Things e.g. smart drone swarms.[22]

The University of Melbourne is addressing the challenges of collecting and processing data from cameras, ECG devices, laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices with its project FogBus 2, which uses edge/fog and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure to process data in real-time.[23]

ISO/IEC 20248 provides a method whereby the data of objects identified by edge computing using Automated Identification Data Carriers (AIDC), a barcode and/or RFID tag, can be read, interpreted, verified and made available into the "Fog" and on the "Edge," even when the AIDC tag has moved on.[24]

History

[edit]

The term "fog computing" was first developed by Cisco in 2012.[25] November 19, 2015, Cisco Systems, ARM Holdings, Dell, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium to promote interests and development in fog computing.[26] Cisco Sr. Managing-Director Helder Antunes became the consortium's first chairman and Intel's Chief IoT Strategist Jeff Fedders became its first president.[27]

Definition

[edit]

Both cloud computing and fog computing provide storage, applications, and data to end-users. However, fog computing is closer to end-users and has wider geographical distribution.[28]

'Cloud computing' is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.[29]

Also known as edge computing or fogging, fog computing facilitates the operation of compute, storage, and networking services between end devices and cloud computing data centers.

National Institute of Standards and Technology in March 2018 released a definition of fog computing adopting much of Cisco's commercial terminology as NIST Special Publication 500-325, Fog Computing Conceptual Model, that defines fog computing as a horizontal, physical or virtual resource paradigm that resides between smart end-devices and traditional cloud computing or data center.[6] This paradigm supports vertically-isolated, latency-sensitive applications by providing ubiquitous, scalable, layered, federated, distributed computing, storage, and network connectivity. Thus, fog computing is most distinguished by distance from the edge. In the theoretical model of fog computing, fog computing nodes are physically and functionally operative between edge nodes and centralized cloud.[30] Much of the terminology is undefined, including key architectural terms like "smart", and the distinction between fog computing from edge computing is not generally agreed.

Differences with edge computing and cloud computing

[edit]

While edge computing is typically referred to the location where services are instantiated, fog computing implies distribution of the communication, computation, storage resources, and services on or close to devices and systems in the control of end-users.[31][32] Fog computing is a medium weight and intermediate level of computing power.[33] Rather than a substitute, fog computing often serves as a complement to cloud computing.[34] Fog computing is more energy-efficient than cloud computing.[35]

Standards

[edit]

IEEE adopted the fog computing standards proposed by OpenFog Consortium.[36]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bonomi, Flavio (September 19–23, 2011). "Connected Vehicles, the Internet of Things, and Fog Computing, The 8th ACM International Workshop on VehiculAr Inter-NETworking (VANET 2011), Las Vegas, NV, USA". www.sigmobile.org. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  2. ^ Bonomi, Flavio (June 4–8, 2011). "Cloud and Fog Computing: Trade-offs and Applications. EON-2011 Workshop, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2011), San Jose, CA, USA". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  3. ^ "IoT, from Cloud to Fog Computing". blogs@Cisco - Cisco Blogs. 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  4. ^ "What Is Fog Computing? Webopedia Definition". www.webopedia.com. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  5. ^ Bonomi, Flavio; Milito, Rodolfo; Zhu, Jiang; Addepalli, Sateesh (2012-08-17). "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things". Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing. ACM. pp. 13–16. doi:10.1145/2342509.2342513. ISBN 9781450315197. S2CID 207196503.
  6. ^ a b "Fog brings the cloud closer to the ground: Cisco innovates in fog computing". newsroom.cisco.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
  7. ^ Forti, Stefano; Ferrari, Gian-Luigi; Brogi, Antonio (January 2020). "Secure Cloud-Edge Deployments, with Trust". Future Generation Computer Systems. 102: 775–788. arXiv:1901.05347. doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.08.020.
  8. ^ Brogi, Antonio; Forti, Stefano (2017). "QoS-aware Deployment of IoT Applications Through the Fog" (PDF). IEEE Internet of Things Journal. PP (99): 1185–1192. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2017.2701408. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 2880664.
  9. ^ Cisco RFP-2013-078. Fog Computing, Ecosystem, Architecture and Applications: [1] Archived 2020-01-19 at the Wayback Machine Also available from the Internet Archive: [2].
  10. ^ Nikoloudakis, Y.; Panagiotakis, S.; Markakis, E.; Pallis, E.; Mastorakis, G.; Mavromoustakis, C. X.; Dobre, C. (November 2016). "A Fog-Based Emergency System for Smart Enhanced Living Environments". IEEE Cloud Computing. 3 (6): 54–62. doi:10.1109/mcc.2016.118. ISSN 2325-6095. S2CID 25475572.
  11. ^ "What Comes After the Cloud? How About the Fog?". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  12. ^ "Is There a Buzz Over Fog Computing?". Channelnomics. Archived from the original on 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  13. ^ "New Solutions on the Horizon—"Fog" or "Edge" Computing?". The National Law Review. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  14. ^ Cloud Evolution: Back to the Future?: [3] Archived 2015-10-09 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ Arkian, Hamid Reza; Diyanat, Abolfazl; Pourkhalili, Atefe (2017-03-15). "MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications". Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 82: 152–165. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.012.
  16. ^ Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things. In Proc of MCC (2012), pp. 13-16.[4].
  17. ^ Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices: [5].
  18. ^ IoT: Out Of The Cloud & Into The Fog: [6] Archived 2015-12-23 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ Distributed intelligence and IoT fog: [7].
  20. ^ Fog Computing Keeps Data Right Where the Internet of Things Needs It: [8].
  21. ^ Alrawais, Arwa; Alhothaily, Abdulrahman; Hu, Chunqiang; Cheng, Xiuzhen (March 2017). "Fog Computing for the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues". IEEE Internet Computing. 21 (2): 34–42. doi:10.1109/MIC.2017.37. ISSN 1089-7801. S2CID 18074495.
  22. ^ [9].
  23. ^ Morris-Reade, Ryan (2022-02-16). "University of Melbourne uses Oracle Cloud to harness the power of IoT". SecurityBrief Australia. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  24. ^ Huang, Dijiang; Wu, Huijun (2017-09-08). Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 9780128096444.
  25. ^ Patel, Sandipkumar; Patel, Ritesh (2022). "Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Simulation Tools, Applications and Research Challenges with Use Cases" (PDF). Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review. 15 (3): 63–83. doi:10.25103/jestr.153.08. S2CID 251463942.
  26. ^ Janakiram, MSV (18 April 2016). "Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Industrial Internet Consortium". www.iiconsortium.org.
  28. ^ F. Bonomi, R. Milito, J. Zhu, and S. Addepalli, "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things," in Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, ser. MCC'12. ACM, 2012, pp. 13–16.
  29. ^ "cloud computing | Definition of cloud computing in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  30. ^ Sarkar, S.; Misra, S. (2016). "Theoretical modelling of fog computing: a green computing paradigm to support IoT applications". IET Networks. 5 (2): 23–29. doi:10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034. ISSN 2047-4954. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016.
  31. ^ Zhang, Chiang (2016). "Reliable capacity provisioning for distributed cloud/Edge/Fog computing applications". 2017 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC). Vol. 3. pp. 854–864. doi:10.1109/EuCNC.2017.7980667. hdl:11572/272828. ISBN 978-1-5386-3873-6. S2CID 19836815. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  32. ^ Ostberg; et al. (2017). "Reliable Capacity Provisioning for Distributed Cloud/Edge/Fog Computing Applications". Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2017 European Conference on. 3 (6): 854–864. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2584538. S2CID 207018722.
  33. ^ Perera, Charith; Qin, Yongrui; Estrella, Julio C.; Reiff-Marganiec, Stephan; Vasilakos, Athanasios V. (2017-10-09). "Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Survey" (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 50 (3): 32. arXiv:1703.07079. Bibcode:2017arXiv170307079P. doi:10.1145/3057266. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 12675271.
  34. ^ Matt, Christian (2018-04-19). "Fog Computing" (PDF). Business & Information Systems Engineering. 60 (4): 351–355. doi:10.1007/s12599-018-0540-6. ISSN 2363-7005. S2CID 51874973.
  35. ^ Sarkar, S.; Chatterjee, S.; Misra, S. (2018). "Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things". IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. 6 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1109/TCC.2015.2485206. ISSN 2168-7161. S2CID 3823420.
  36. ^ "IEEE 1934-2018 - IEEE Standard for Adoption of OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing". IEEE.
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