Himalayan rubythroat: Difference between revisions

Himalayan rubythroat
	Male of the nominate subspecies (Dehradun, India)
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Muscicapidae
Genus:	Calliope
Species:	C. pectoralis
Binomial name
	Calliope pectoralis; Gould, 1837
Subspecies
	See text
Synonyms
	Luscinia pectoralis

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The Himalayan rubythroat (Calliope pectoralis) is a species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the Chinese rubythroat, together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the Tien Shan and Himalayan ranges from Afghanistan to Myanmar. Three subspecies are recognized across its wide range.

Taxonomy

The first formal description of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1837. He coined the binomial name Calliope pectoralis.^[2]^[3] The species was given the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" and moved to the genus Luscinia. A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Luscinia was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were returned to the reinstated genus Calliope.^[4]^[5] Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several Calliope pectoralis subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that C. p. tschebaiewi be promoted to species rank with the English name Chinese rubythroat. At the same time the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat.^[5]^[6]

There are three subspecies:^[5]

C. p. ballioni (Severtsov, 1873) – Tien Shan mountains of central Asia to northeast Afghanistan
C. p. pectoralis Gould, 1837 – Himalaya from northern Pakistan to central Nepal
C. p. confusa (Hartert, 1910) – Himalaya from eastern Nepal to Bhutan

Description

The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.^[7] The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.^[7]

The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shan, C. p. ballioni, has the male paler than the nominate subspecies of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, C. p. confusa, is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercilia over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ballioni is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. The subspecies C. p. confusa which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam.^[11]^[13] Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub.^[8] They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat.^[14]^[15] A single bird was observed by Col Rohit Sharma at Wan Sanctuary, Melghat Tiger Reserve on 29 January 2023 during first bird survey in the reserve.^[16]

Behaviour and ecology

Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the breeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping skyap.^[8]^[17]

In the Tien Shan region, the Himalayan rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days.^[18] The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.^[17]

In culture

The summer song of the male inspired the 1995 composition Summoning Dawn by Scottish composer and birdcall recorder Magnus Robb who was inspired by the tune he noticed by playing the calls at a fourth of its normal speed.^[19]

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Calliope pectoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103768539A132043046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103768539A132043046.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 44.
^ Gould, John (1837). Icones avium, or figures and descriptions of new and interesting species of birds from various parts of the globe. Vol. Part 1. Plate 4, text.
^ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Liu, Y.; Chen, G.; Huang, Q.; Jia, C.; Carey, G.; Leader, P.; Li, Y.; Zou, F.; Yang, X.; Olsson, U.; Alström, P. (2016). "Species delimitation of the white-tailed rubythroat Calliope pectoralis complex (Aves, Turdidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach". Avian Biology. 47 (6): 899–910. doi:10.1111/jav.01015.
^ ^a ^b Ali S, Ripley SD (1997). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–229.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 391–392.
^ Deignan, HG; RA Paynter Jr; S D Ripley (1964). Mayr E; R A Paynter Jr (eds.). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 44–45.
^ Hartert, E (1910). Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn. pp. 739–740.
^ ^a ^b Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 92–95.
^ Prjevalsky, N (1877). "The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet". In Rowley, George Dawson (ed.). Ornithological Miscellany. Volume. London: Trubner and Co. pp. 138–204.
^ Inskipp, C & Inskipp T (1985). A guide to the birds of Nepal (2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 239. ISBN 9780713681093.
^ Prasad, Anand (2006). "Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat Luscinia pectoralis at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion" (PDF). Indian Birds. 2 (1): 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
^ Oates, Eugene W. (1890). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 103–104.
^ "10 new species of birds recorded in Melghat".
^ ^a ^b Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF (1970). "Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67 (1): 14–25.
^ Badyaev, AV & CK Ghalambor (2001). "Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients: Trade-off between parental care and fecundity" (PDF). Ecology. 82 (10): 2948–2960. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
^ Doolitte, Emily (2008). "Crickets in the concert hall: A history of animals in western music". TRANS Revista Transcultural de Musica. 12.

External links

[iucn_status_17_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Calliope pectoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103768539A132043046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103768539A132043046.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

[2] Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 44.

[3] Gould, John (1837). Icones avium, or figures and descriptions of new and interesting species of birds from various parts of the globe. Vol. Part 1. Plate 4, text.

[4] Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

[6] Liu, Y.; Chen, G.; Huang, Q.; Jia, C.; Carey, G.; Leader, P.; Li, Y.; Zou, F.; Yang, X.; Olsson, U.; Alström, P. (2016). "Species delimitation of the white-tailed rubythroat Calliope pectoralis complex (Aves, Turdidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach". Avian Biology. 47 (6): 899–910. doi:10.1111/jav.01015.

[hbk-7] Ali S, Ripley SD (1997). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–229.

[pcr-8] Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 391–392.

[9] Deignan, HG; RA Paynter Jr; S D Ripley (1964). Mayr E; R A Paynter Jr (eds.). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 44–45.

[10] Hartert, E (1910). Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn. pp. 739–740.

[fbi2-11] Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 92–95.

[12] Prjevalsky, N (1877). "The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet". In Rowley, George Dawson (ed.). Ornithological Miscellany. Volume. London: Trubner and Co. pp. 138–204.

[13] Inskipp, C & Inskipp T (1985). A guide to the birds of Nepal (2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 239. ISBN 9780713681093.

[14] Prasad, Anand (2006). "Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat Luscinia pectoralis at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion" (PDF). Indian Birds. 2 (1): 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2011-11-30.

[fbi-15] Oates, Eugene W. (1890). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 103–104.

[16] "10 new species of birds recorded in Melghat".

[breeding-17] Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF (1970). "Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67 (1): 14–25.

[18] Badyaev, AV & CK Ghalambor (2001). "Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients: Trade-off between parental care and fecundity" (PDF). Ecology. 82 (10): 2948–2960. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2011-11-30.

[19] Doolitte, Emily (2008). "Crickets in the concert hall: A history of animals in western music". TRANS Revista Transcultural de Musica. 12.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
 | image = White tailed rubythroat.jpg
 | image_caption = Male of the nominate subspecies ([[Dehradun]], India)
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=103768539 |title=''Calliope pectoralis'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2017 |accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Calliope pectoralis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T103768539A132043046 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103768539A132043046.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| genus = Calliope
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| species = pectoralis
-| classis = [[Aves]]
+| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1837
+| synonyms = ''Luscinia pectoralis''
-| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
+| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
-| familia = [[Muscicapidae]]
+| subdivision = See text
-| genus = ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''
-| species = '''''C. pectoralis'''''
-| binomial = ''Calliope pectoralis''
-| binomial_authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1837
-| synonyms = ''Luscinia pectoralis''
-| range_map =
-| range_map_caption =
-| subdivision_ranks=[[Subspecies]]
-| subdivision=
-* ''C. p. pectoralis'' (Gould, 1837)
-* ''C. p. bailloni'' (Severtzov 1873)
-* ''C. p. confusa'' (Hartert 1910)
 }}
-The  '''Himalayan rubythroat''' (''Calliope pectoralis'') is a species of bird in the family [[Muscicapidae]]. It is closely related to the [[Siberian rubythroat]] which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the [[Chinese rubythroat]], together called the [[white-tailed rubythroat]]. It is found along the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] ranges from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Burma]]. Three [[subspecies]] are recognized across its wide range.
+The  '''Himalayan rubythroat''' ('''''Calliope pectoralis''''') is a species of [[passerine]] bird in the family [[Muscicapidae]]. It is closely related to the [[Siberian rubythroat]] which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the [[Chinese rubythroat]], together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the [[Tien Shan]] and [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] ranges from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Myanmar]]. Three [[subspecies]] are recognized across its wide range.
 ==Taxonomy==
-The first [[Species description|formal description]] of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist [[John Gould]] in 1837. He coined the [[binomial name]]  ''Calliope pectoralis''.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Mayr | first1=Ernst | last2=Paynter | first2=Raymond A. Jr. | year=1964 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=44 | url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486233 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1837 | title=Icones avium, or figures and descriptions of new and interesting species of birds from various parts of the globe | volume=Part 1 | at=Plate 4, text }}<!--Surprisingly a scan of this book is not available online --></ref> The species was given the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" and moved to the genus ''[[Luscinia]]''.  A large [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2010 found that the genus ''Luscinia'' was not [[monophyletic]]. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster  | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=20 May 2016 }}</ref> A study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several ''Calliope pectoralis'' subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that ''C. p. tschebaiewi'' be promoted to species rank with the English name [[Chinese rubythroat]]. At the same time the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Liu | first1=Y. | last2=Chen| first2=G. | last3=Huang | first3=Q. | last4=Jia | first4=C. | last5=Carey | first5=G. | last6=Leader | first6=P. | last7=Li | first7=Y. | last8=Zou | first8=F. | last9=Yang | first9=X. | last10=Olsson | first10=U. | last11=Alström | first11=P. | year=2016 | title=Species delimitation of the white-tailed rubythroat ''Calliope pectoralis'' complex (Aves, Turdidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach | journal=Avian Biology | volume=47 | issue=6 | pages=899–910 | doi=10.1111/jav.01015 }}</ref>
+The first [[Species description|formal description]] of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist [[John Gould]] in 1837. He coined the [[binomial name]] ''Calliope pectoralis''.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Mayr | first1=Ernst | last2=Paynter | first2=Raymond A. Jr. | year=1964 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10 | volume=10 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=44 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1837 | title=Icones avium, or figures and descriptions of new and interesting species of birds from various parts of the globe | volume=Part 1 | at=Plate 4, text }}<!--Surprisingly a scan of this book is not available online --></ref> The species was given the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" and moved to the genus ''[[Luscinia]]''.  A large [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2010 found that the genus ''Luscinia'' was not [[monophyletic]]. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were returned to the reinstated genus ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sangster  | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044| bibcode=2010MolPE..57..380S }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 7.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=1 May 2017 }}</ref> Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several ''Calliope pectoralis'' subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that ''C. p. tschebaiewi'' be promoted to species rank with the English name [[Chinese rubythroat]]. At the same time the English name "white-tailed rubythroat" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Liu | first1=Y. | last2=Chen| first2=G. | last3=Huang | first3=Q. | last4=Jia | first4=C. | last5=Carey | first5=G. | last6=Leader | first6=P. | last7=Li | first7=Y. | last8=Zou | first8=F. | last9=Yang | first9=X. | last10=Olsson | first10=U. | last11=Alström | first11=P. | year=2016 | title=Species delimitation of the white-tailed rubythroat ''Calliope pectoralis'' complex (Aves, Turdidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach | journal=Avian Biology | volume=47 | issue=6 | pages=899–910 | doi=10.1111/jav.01015 }}</ref>
 There are three subspecies:<ref name=ioc/>
-* ''C. p. ballioni'' ([[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtsov]], 1873) – mountains of central Asia and northeast Afghanistan
+* ''C. p. ballioni'' ([[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtsov]], 1873) – Tien Shan mountains of central Asia to northeast Afghanistan
-* ''C. p. pectoralis'' [[John Gould|Gould]], 1837 – east Afghanistan
+* ''C. p. pectoralis'' [[John Gould|Gould]], 1837 – Himalaya from northern Pakistan to central Nepal
-* ''C. p. confusa'' ([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1910) – Nepal to Bhutan
+* ''C. p. confusa'' ([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1910) – Himalaya from eastern Nepal to Bhutan
 ==Description==
-[[File:White-tailed Rubythroat.jpg|thumb|left|Male of ssp. ''ballioni'' (Kazakhstan)]]
+[[File:White-tailed Rubythroat.jpg|thumb|left|Male of the subspecies ''C. p. ballioni'' in Kazakhstan]]
-The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.<ref name=hbk/> The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1997 |pages=225–229|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|volume=8|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref>
+The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.<ref name=hbk/> The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |pages=225–229|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|volume=8|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref>
-The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, ''ballioni'', has the male paler than the [[nominate subspecies]] of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, ''confusa'', is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC  |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington DC and Barcelona|pages=391–392}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds101964pete#page/44/mode/2up/|pages=44–45|title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10|editor1=Mayr E |editor2=R A Paynter Jr |author1=Deignan, HG |author2=RA Paynter Jr |author3=S D Ripley |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology|place=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/stream/dievgelderpal01hart#page/739/mode/1up|pages=739–740|title=Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1|author=Hartert, E|year=1910|publisher=Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn|place=Berlin}}</ref><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds2/bakerFBI2#page/n115/mode/1up|pages=92–95|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|edition=2nd|author=Baker, ECS|year=1924| publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet|author=Prjevalsky, N|url= https://archive.org/stream/Ornithologicalm2#page/137/mode/1up|pages=138–204|title=Ornithological Miscellany. Volume |editor=Rowley, George Dawson|year=1877|publisher=Trubner and Co.|place=London}}</ref>
+The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shan, ''C. p. ballioni'', has the male paler than the [[nominate subspecies]] of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, ''C. p. confusa'', is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercilia over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC  |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington DC and Barcelona|pages=391–392}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds101964pete#page/44/mode/2up/|pages=44–45|title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10|editor1=Mayr E |editor2=R A Paynter Jr |author1=Deignan, HG |author2=RA Paynter Jr |author3=S D Ripley |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology|place=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/stream/dievgelderpal01hart#page/739/mode/1up|pages=739–740|title=Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1|author=Hartert, E|year=1910|publisher=Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn|place=Berlin}}</ref><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds2/bakerFBI2#page/n115/mode/1up|pages=92–95|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|edition=2nd|author=Baker, ECS|year=1924| publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet|author=Prjevalsky, N|chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/Ornithologicalm2#page/137/mode/1up|pages=138–204|title=Ornithological Miscellany. Volume |editor=Rowley, George Dawson|year=1877|publisher=Trubner and Co.|place=London}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ''ballioni'' is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies ''confusa'' which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies ''tschebaiewi'' which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam.<ref name=fbi2/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/guidetobirdsofne85insk#page/238/mode/1up|page=239|title=A guide to the birds of Nepal|author1=Inskipp, C  |author2=Inskipp T |lastauthoramp=yes |edition=2nd| publisher=Christopher Helm|place=London|year=1985}}</ref>  Its natural [[habitat]] is open woodland and scrub.<ref name=pcr/> They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, Anand|year=2006| title= Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat ''Luscinia pectoralis'' at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion |journal=Indian Birds|volume=2|issue=1|page=12|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Himalayan%20%28White-tailed%29%20Rubythroat.pdf}}</ref><ref name=fbi>{{cite book|author=Oates, Eugene W.|year=1890|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/103/mode/1up/|pages=103–104|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref>
+It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ''ballioni'' is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. The subspecies ''C. p. confusa'' which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam.<ref name=fbi2/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/guidetobirdsofne85insk#page/238/mode/1up|page=239|title=A guide to the birds of Nepal|author1=Inskipp, C  |author2=Inskipp T |name-list-style=amp |edition=2nd| publisher=Christopher Helm|place=London|year=1985|isbn=9780713681093 }}</ref>  Its natural [[habitat]] is open woodland and scrub.<ref name=pcr/> They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, Anand|year=2006|title=Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat ''Luscinia pectoralis'' at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion|journal=Indian Birds|volume=2|issue=1|page=12|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Himalayan%20%28White-tailed%29%20Rubythroat.pdf|access-date=2011-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405073320/http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Himalayan%20(White-tailed)%20Rubythroat.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=fbi>{{cite book|author=Oates, Eugene W.|year=1890|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/103/mode/1up/|pages=103–104|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref> A single bird was observed by Col Rohit Sharma at Wan Sanctuary, Melghat Tiger Reserve on 29 January 2023 during first bird survey in the reserve.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2023/2/2/10-new-species-of-birds-recorded-in-Melghat.html | title=10 new species of birds recorded in Melghat }}</ref>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
-Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the beeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping ''skyap''.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=breeding/>
+Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the breeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping {{not a typo|''skyap''}}.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=breeding/>
-In the Tien Shan region, the white-tailed rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 [[bird egg|eggs]] is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Badyaev, AV  |author2=CK Ghalambor |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2001| title=Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients: Trade-off between parental care and fecundity|journal=Ecology| volume=82| issue=10| pages=2948–2960|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~abadyaev/pubs/42.pdf|doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (''Cuculus canorus'') laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.<ref name=breeding>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF|lastauthoramp=yes |year=1970| title=Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 67|issue=1|pages=14–25}}</ref>
+In the Tien Shan region, the Himalayan rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 [[bird egg|eggs]] is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Badyaev, AV|author2=CK Ghalambor|name-list-style=amp|year=2001|title=Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients: Trade-off between parental care and fecundity|journal=Ecology|volume=82|issue=10|pages=2948–2960|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~abadyaev/pubs/42.pdf|doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2|access-date=2011-11-30|archive-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222154303/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~abadyaev/pubs/42.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (''Cuculus canorus'') laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.<ref name=breeding>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF|name-list-style=amp |year=1970| title=Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 67|issue=1|pages=14–25|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47819545}}</ref>
 ==In culture==
 The summer song of the male inspired the 1995 composition ''Summoning Dawn'' by Scottish composer and [[bird song|birdcall]] recorder Magnus Robb who was inspired by the tune he noticed by playing the calls at a fourth of its normal speed.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=TRANS Revista Transcultural de Musica |year=2008|author=Doolitte, Emily|title=Crickets in the concert hall: A history of animals in western music|volume=12|url=http://www.sibetrans.com/trans/a94/crickets-in-the-concert-hall-a-history-of-animals-in-western-music}}</ref>
-==References==<!-- FieldMusNatHistZoolSer18:343. -->
+==References==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
 <!--
 Loskot, V.M. & K.K. Daletskaya, 2001. Plumages and size variation of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Luscinia pectoralis (Gould, 1837) (Aves: Muscicapidae).— Zoosyst. Rossica 9(2): 463-486.
@@ Line 59: / Line 50: @@
 {{Commons|Luscinia pectoralis}}
 *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/white-tailed-rubythroat-luscinia-pectoralis Images and videos on the Internet Bird Collection]
-*[http://www.birds.kz/Luscinia%20pectoralis/indexe.html Birds of Kazakhstan]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110822035626/http://www.birds.kz/Luscinia%20pectoralis/indexe.html Birds of Kazakhstan]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q27075676}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:rubythroat, Himalayan}}
 [[Category:Calliope (genus)|Himalayan rubythroat]]
 [[Category:Birds of the Himalayas]]
-[[Category:Birds of Kyrgyzstan]]
+[[Category:Birds of Central Asia]]
-[[Category:Birds of Tajikistan]]
 [[Category:Birds of Tibet]]
 [[Category:Birds of Central China]]
 [[Category:Birds of Western China]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1837|Himalayan rubythroat]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by John Gould|Himalayan rubythroat]]
+[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]