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{{short description|American architect}}
{{multiple image
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
| align = right
{{Infobox architect
| direction = horizontal
|birth_date= 1815
| image1 = WLA nyhistorical John Butler Snook ca 1837.jpg
|death_date= {{death date and age|1901|1815}}
| width1 = 200
| caption1 = Snook c.1837
|image=WLA nyhistorical John Butler Snook ca 1837.jpg
|caption= Snook c.1837
| image2 = Grand Central Depot 1890s crop.jpg
|birth_place=[[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| width2 = 385
|death_place=[[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| caption2 = Snook's [[Grand Central Depot]], completed in 1871, seen here in the 1890s, not long before it was torn down to make way for the current [[Grand Central Terminal]]
|resting_place= [[Green-Wood Cemetery]]
|spouse={{marriage|Maria A. Weekes|1836}}
|practice={{Plainlist|
* [[Joseph Trench]]
}}
}}
|significant_buildings={{Plainlist|
* [[History_of_Grand_Central_Terminal#Grand_Central_Depot|Grand Central Depot]]
* [[Metropolitan Hotel (New York City)|Metropolitan Hotel]]
* [[St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City)|St. Nicholas Hotel]]
}}
|significant_design= [[Cast-iron buildings]]
}}
[[File:Grand Central Depot 1890s crop.jpg|thumb|right|385px|Snook's [[Grand Central Depot]], completed in 1871, seen here in the 1890s, not long before it was torn down to make way for the current [[Grand Central Terminal]]]]

[[File:1880 Grand Central.jpg|thumb|Looking out the north end of the [[Park Avenue Tunnel (roadway)|Murray Hill Tunnel]] toward the station in 1880. Note the labels for the ''New York and Harlem'' and ''New York and New Haven'' Railroads; the ''New York Central and Hudson River'' was off to the left. The two larger portals on the right allowed some horse-drawn trains to continue further downtown.]]
[[File:503-511 Broadway from north.jpg|thumb|right|237px|More characteristic of Snook's work are these [[cast iron architecture|cast-iron buildings]], the Loubat Stores, at 503-511 Broadway (1878-79), with cast-iron by Cornell Iron Works<ref>{{cite AIA4}}</ref> They replaced the southern wing of the St. Nicholas Hotel.<ref name=sohodesrep />]]
[[File:503-511 Broadway from north.jpg|thumb|right|237px|More characteristic of Snook's work are these [[cast iron architecture|cast-iron buildings]], the Loubat Stores, at 503-511 Broadway (1878-79), with cast-iron by Cornell Iron Works<ref>{{cite AIA4}}</ref> They replaced the southern wing of the St. Nicholas Hotel.<ref name=sohodesrep />]]


'''John Butler Snook''' (1815–1901) was an American architect who practiced in [[New York City]] and was responsible for the design of a number of notable [[cast-iron buildings]], most of which are now in and around the [[SoHo]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]],<ref>Smith, Mary Ann Clegg, ''The Commercial Architecture of John Butler Snook'', (Pennsylvania State University Press) 1974.</ref> as well as the original [[Grand Central Depot]], which preceded the current [[Grand Central Terminal]].
'''John Butler Snook''' (1815–1901) was an American architect who practiced in [[New York City]]. He was responsible for the design of a number of notable [[cast-iron buildings]], most of which are now in and around [[SoHo, Manhattan]],<ref>Smith, Mary Ann Clegg, ''The Commercial Architecture of John Butler Snook'', (Pennsylvania State University Press) 1974.</ref> as well as the original [[Grand Central Depot]], which preceded the current [[Grand Central Terminal]].


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
Born in England, Snook emigrated to the United States with his family as a child. He was trained as a carpenter in his father's carpentry business, and worked as a bookkeeper and draftsman there as well.<ref name=nohodesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/NoHo_HD.pdf "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report"] (June 29, 1999), p.219</ref> He was largely self-taught as an architect. His first work in the field was in partnership with [[William Beer]] from 1837–40,<ref name=sohoextdesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report"] (May 11, 2010), p.180</ref> then in 1842 he joined the firm of [[Joseph Trench]]. Within five years he was the junior partner in the firm, which became Trench and Snook, in which capacity he was the designer of the [[280 Broadway|A. T. Stewart department store]] (1846) at 280 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] between [[Duane Street (Manhattan)|Duane]] and [[Rector Street (Manhattan)|Rector]] Streets, the first department store in America.<ref name=sohoextdesrep /><ref>Smith, Mary Ann. "John Snook and the design for A. T. Stewart's Store", ''The New-York Historical Society Quarterly'' '''58'''1974.</ref> The store was the first [[Italianate architecture|Anglo-Italinate style]] building in New York,<ref name=sohodesrep /> and a significant factor in introducing that style to the United States.<ref name=sohoextdesrep /> Its "palazzo mode &ndash; borrowed from [[Charles Barry]]'s London clubs"<ref>Landau, Sarah Bradford and Condit, Carl W., ''Rise of the New York Skyscraper: 1865-1913'' 1999:43; "a grand commercialized style reminiscent of [[Palazzo|Roman palazzos]]" according to Ramirez, Jan Seidler; Bogart, Michele Helene and Taylor, William R., ''Painting the Town: Cityscapes of New York: Paintings from the Museum of the City of New York'' (2000:116), describing a painting of the Metropolitan Hotel, c.1852.</ref> set a style for New York commercial hotels that lasted until mid-century.
Born in England, Snook emigrated to the United States with his family as a child. He was trained as a carpenter in his father's carpentry business, and worked as a bookkeeper and draftsman there as well.<ref name=nohodesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/NoHo_HD.pdf "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326174009/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/NoHo_HD.pdf |date=2013-03-26 }} (June 29, 1999), p.219</ref> He was largely self-taught as an architect. His first work in the field was in partnership with [[William Beer (architect)|William Beer]] from 1837 to 1840,<ref name=sohoextdesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204125743/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf |date=2017-02-04 }} (May 11, 2010), p.180</ref> then in 1842 he joined the firm of [[Joseph Trench]]. Within five years he was the junior partner in the firm, which became Trench and Snook, in which capacity he was the designer of the [[280 Broadway|A. T. Stewart department store]] (1846) at 280 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] between [[Duane Street (Manhattan)|Duane]] and [[Rector Street (Manhattan)|Rector]] Streets, the first department store in America.<ref name=sohoextdesrep /><ref>Smith, Mary Ann. "John Snook and the design for A. T. Stewart's Store", ''The New-York Historical Society Quarterly'' '''58'''1974.</ref> The store was the first [[Italianate architecture|Anglo-Italianate style]] building in New York,<ref name=sohodesrep /> and a significant factor in introducing that style to the United States.<ref name=sohoextdesrep /> Its "palazzo mode &ndash; borrowed from [[Charles Barry]]'s London clubs"<ref>Landau, Sarah Bradford and Condit, Carl W., ''Rise of the New York Skyscraper: 1865-1913'' 1999:43; "a grand commercialized style reminiscent of [[Palazzo|Roman palazzos]]" according to Ramirez, Jan Seidler; Bogart, Michele Helene and Taylor, William R., ''Painting the Town: Cityscapes of New York: Paintings from the Museum of the City of New York'' (2000:116), describing a painting of the Metropolitan Hotel, c.1852.</ref> set a style for New York commercial hotels that lasted until mid-century.


In Snook's partnership with Trench he was also the architect of the [[brownstone]]-sheathed [[Metropolitan Hotel (New York City)|Metropolitan Hotel]] (1851–52) &ndash; erected in the same "palazzo" style &ndash; on Broadway at [[Prince Street (Manhattan)|Prince Street]]; the Boreel Building (1849–50), a full block building bounded by Broadway, Cedar, Thames, and Temple Streets, the site of the former City Hotel, which Trench and Snook's palace hotels had rendered out-of-date;<ref>Noted by Landau and Condit 1999:43</ref> and the marble-clad St. Nicholas Hotel (1854) on Broadway between [[Broome Street|Broome]] and [[Spring Street (Manhattan)|Spring]] Streets;<ref name=NYHSbio>New-York Historical Society [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/snook.html "Guide to the John B. Snook architectural record collection"]</ref><ref>[http://www.edochess.ca/batgirl/StNicholasHotel.html "St. Nicholas Hotel", ''The Gentleman's Magazine'', 1856]: n.b. "1844" is a misprint.</ref> although the design of the last has also been attributed to [[Griffith Thomas]].<ref name=sohodesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report"], (August 14, 1973). pp.40, 182-183</ref>
In Snook's partnership with Trench he was also the architect of the [[brownstone]]-sheathed [[Metropolitan Hotel (New York City)|Metropolitan Hotel]] (1851–52) &ndash; erected in the same "palazzo" style &ndash; on Broadway at [[Prince Street (Manhattan)|Prince Street]]; the Boreel Building (1849–50), a full block building bounded by Broadway, Cedar, Thames, and Temple Streets, the site of the former City Hotel, which Trench and Snook's palace hotels had rendered out-of-date;<ref>Noted by Landau and Condit 1999:43</ref> and the marble-clad [[St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City)|St. Nicholas Hotel]] (1854) on Broadway between [[Broome Street|Broome]] and [[Spring Street (Manhattan)|Spring]] Streets;<ref name=NYHSbio>New-York Historical Society [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/snook.html "Guide to the John B. Snook architectural record collection"]</ref><ref>[http://www.edochess.ca/batgirl/StNicholasHotel.html "St. Nicholas Hotel", ''The Gentleman's Magazine'', 1856]: n.b. "1844" is a misprint.</ref> although the design of the last has also been attributed to [[Griffith Thomas]].<ref name=sohodesrep>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204125743/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/sohoextdesignation.pdf |date=2017-02-04 }}, (August 14, 1973). pp.40, 182-183</ref>


==Solo practitioner==
==Solo practitioner==
After Trench moved west to San Francisco in 1857, Snook continued to work in New York City on his own, and his practice became one of the largest in the city.<ref name=sohodesrep /> Most of his buildings were in New York City, but he also designed and constructed buildings in [[Brooklyn]] &ndash; then a separate city &ndash; in [[Westchester County]], and in [[New Jersey]]. [[Stephen Decatur Hatch]], who later became a notable architect on his own, worked as a draftsman in Snook's office from 1860 to 1864.
After Trench moved west to San Francisco in 1857, Snook continued to work in New York City on his own, and his practice became one of the largest in the city.<ref name=sohodesrep /> Most of his buildings were in New York City, but he also designed and constructed buildings in [[Brooklyn]] &ndash; then a separate city &ndash; in [[Westchester County]], and in [[New Jersey]]. [[Stephen Decatur Hatch]], who later became a notable architect on his own, worked as a draftsman in Snook's office from 1860 to 1864.


Cast-iron for Snook's commercial building facades was provided by Cornell Iron Works and by [[Daniel D. Badger]]'s Architectural Iron Works. Snook's 620 Broadway (1858) &ndash; called the "Little Cary Building" for its resemblance to the [[Cary Building (New York City)|Cary Building]] by [[Gamaliel King]] and [[John Kellum]] (1856) &ndash; was fronted with cast iron from Badger's Architectural Iron Works. Most of Snook's work was in commercial buildings, warehouses and tenements &ndash; for example the tenement building at 64 Oliver Street (1889), near the Manhattan Bridge, built as a speculation for Roderick Green, completed in five months' time for about $6000<ref>Davis, Howard. ''The Culture of Building'' 2006:62f</ref> &ndash; but Snook also designed churches, hotels, institutions &ndash; the [[Odd Fellows Hall (New York City)|Odd Fellows Hall]] (1847–48), Grand Street, survives (with some additions) and is a [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street|New York City Landmark]]<ref>Diamonstein, Barbaralee, ''The Landmarks of New York: 3'', 1998:100; building designated 24 August 1982</ref> &ndash; and hospitals, and some residences, such as the villa in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]], commissioned by [[Anson G. Phelps]] (1851).<ref>Zukowsky, John and Stimson, Robbe Pierce, ''Hudson River Villas'', 1985:105</ref> and residences for the [[Vanderbilt family|Vanderbilt]] and [[Pierre Abraham Lorillard|Lorillard]] families.<ref name=sohodesrep /> In 1869, [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] employed Snook to design the first [[Grand Central Depot]], which served as the main passenger terminal for the [[New York and Harlem Railroad]] and the [[New York Central Railroad]] from 1871 to 1900.
Cast-iron for Snook's commercial building facades was provided by [[Cornell Iron Works]] and by [[Daniel D. Badger]]'s Architectural Iron Works. Snook's 620 Broadway (1858) &ndash; called the "Little Cary Building" for its resemblance to the [[Cary Building (New York City)|Cary Building]] by [[Gamaliel King]] and [[John Kellum]] (1856) &ndash; was fronted with cast iron from Badger's Architectural Iron Works. Most of Snook's work was in commercial buildings, warehouses and tenements; for example the tenement building at 64 Oliver Street (1889), near the Manhattan Bridge, was built as a speculation for Roderick Green, completed in five months' time for about $6000.<ref>Davis, Howard. ''The Culture of Building'' 2006:62f</ref> Snook also designed churches, hotels, institutions &ndash; the [[Odd Fellows Hall (New York City)|Odd Fellows Hall]] (1847–48), Grand Street, survives (with some additions) and is a [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street|New York City Landmark]]<ref>Diamonstein, Barbaralee, ''The Landmarks of New York: 3'', 1998:100; building designated 24 August 1982</ref> &ndash; and hospitals. His other designs include residences such as the villa in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]], commissioned by [[Anson G. Phelps]] (1851),<ref>Zukowsky, John and Stimson, Robbe Pierce, ''Hudson River Villas'', 1985:105</ref> and those of the [[Vanderbilt family|Vanderbilt]] and [[Pierre Abraham Lorillard|Lorillard]] families.<ref name=sohodesrep /> In 1869, [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] employed Snook to design the first [[Grand Central Depot]], which served as the main passenger terminal for the [[New York and Harlem Railroad]] and the [[New York Central Railroad]] from 1871 to 1900.<ref>{{cite aia5|page=313}}</ref>


==Personal life and death==
==Personal life and death==
In 1836 Snook married Maria A. Weekes, with whom he had nine surviving children. Three sons, James Henry, Samuel Booth, and Thomas Edward, joined his practice in 1887,<ref name=sohoextdesrep /> and the firm's name was changed to '''John B. Snook & Sons''' on its 50th anniversary.<ref name=nohodesrep /> One of his sons-in-law, John W. Boylston, also worked in the firm.<ref name=NYHSbio /> Snook died at his home in Brooklyn in 1901. His papers, including an archive of architectural drawings, are conserved in the [[New-York Historical Society]].<ref name=NYHSbio /> After his death, the firm's name was changed to '''John B. Snook Sons'''.<ref name=nohodesrep />
In 1836 Snook married Maria A. Weekes, with whom he had nine surviving children. Three sons, James Henry, Samuel Booth, and Thomas Edward, joined his practice in 1887,<ref name=sohoextdesrep /> and the firm's name was changed to '''John B. Snook & Sons''' on its 50th anniversary.<ref name=nohodesrep /> One of his sons-in-law, John W. Boylston, also worked in the firm.<ref name=NYHSbio /> Snook died at his home in Brooklyn in 1901. His papers, including an archive of architectural drawings, are conserved in the [[New-York Historical Society]].<ref name=NYHSbio /> After his death, the firm's name was changed to '''John B. Snook Sons'''.<ref name=nohodesrep /> Snook is interred at [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]].


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|New York City}}
* {{portal-inline|Architecture}}
* {{portal-inline|New York City}}
*[[SoHo]]
*[[Cast iron architecture]]
*[[Daniel D. Badger]]


==References==
==References==
Line 37: Line 49:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|John Butler Snook}}
*{{Commons category-inline|John Butler Snook}}
*{{commonscat-inline|Trench & Snook}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Trench & Snook}}
*[http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/snook/index.html The John B. Snook Architectural Record Collection at the New York Historical Society]

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
| NAME = Snook, John Butler
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American architect
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1815
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1901
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Snook, John Butler}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Snook, John Butler}}
[[Category:American architects]]
[[Category:19th-century American architects]]
[[Category:Cast-iron architecture]]
[[Category:Cast-iron architecture]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Architects from New York City]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 08:25, 5 September 2024

John B. Snook
Snook c.1837
Born1815
Died1901(1901-00-00) (aged 85–86)
Resting placeGreen-Wood Cemetery
OccupationArchitect
Spouse
Maria A. Weekes
(m. 1836)
Practice
Buildings
DesignCast-iron buildings
Snook's Grand Central Depot, completed in 1871, seen here in the 1890s, not long before it was torn down to make way for the current Grand Central Terminal
Looking out the north end of the Murray Hill Tunnel toward the station in 1880. Note the labels for the New York and Harlem and New York and New Haven Railroads; the New York Central and Hudson River was off to the left. The two larger portals on the right allowed some horse-drawn trains to continue further downtown.
More characteristic of Snook's work are these cast-iron buildings, the Loubat Stores, at 503-511 Broadway (1878-79), with cast-iron by Cornell Iron Works[1] They replaced the southern wing of the St. Nicholas Hotel.[2]

John Butler Snook (1815–1901) was an American architect who practiced in New York City. He was responsible for the design of a number of notable cast-iron buildings, most of which are now in and around SoHo, Manhattan,[3] as well as the original Grand Central Depot, which preceded the current Grand Central Terminal.

Life and career

[edit]

Born in England, Snook emigrated to the United States with his family as a child. He was trained as a carpenter in his father's carpentry business, and worked as a bookkeeper and draftsman there as well.[4] He was largely self-taught as an architect. His first work in the field was in partnership with William Beer from 1837 to 1840,[5] then in 1842 he joined the firm of Joseph Trench. Within five years he was the junior partner in the firm, which became Trench and Snook, in which capacity he was the designer of the A. T. Stewart department store (1846) at 280 Broadway between Duane and Rector Streets, the first department store in America.[5][6] The store was the first Anglo-Italianate style building in New York,[2] and a significant factor in introducing that style to the United States.[5] Its "palazzo mode – borrowed from Charles Barry's London clubs"[7] set a style for New York commercial hotels that lasted until mid-century.

In Snook's partnership with Trench he was also the architect of the brownstone-sheathed Metropolitan Hotel (1851–52) – erected in the same "palazzo" style – on Broadway at Prince Street; the Boreel Building (1849–50), a full block building bounded by Broadway, Cedar, Thames, and Temple Streets, the site of the former City Hotel, which Trench and Snook's palace hotels had rendered out-of-date;[8] and the marble-clad St. Nicholas Hotel (1854) on Broadway between Broome and Spring Streets;[9][10] although the design of the last has also been attributed to Griffith Thomas.[2]

Solo practitioner

[edit]

After Trench moved west to San Francisco in 1857, Snook continued to work in New York City on his own, and his practice became one of the largest in the city.[2] Most of his buildings were in New York City, but he also designed and constructed buildings in Brooklyn – then a separate city – in Westchester County, and in New Jersey. Stephen Decatur Hatch, who later became a notable architect on his own, worked as a draftsman in Snook's office from 1860 to 1864.

Cast-iron for Snook's commercial building facades was provided by Cornell Iron Works and by Daniel D. Badger's Architectural Iron Works. Snook's 620 Broadway (1858) – called the "Little Cary Building" for its resemblance to the Cary Building by Gamaliel King and John Kellum (1856) – was fronted with cast iron from Badger's Architectural Iron Works. Most of Snook's work was in commercial buildings, warehouses and tenements; for example the tenement building at 64 Oliver Street (1889), near the Manhattan Bridge, was built as a speculation for Roderick Green, completed in five months' time for about $6000.[11] Snook also designed churches, hotels, institutions – the Odd Fellows Hall (1847–48), Grand Street, survives (with some additions) and is a New York City Landmark[12] – and hospitals. His other designs include residences such as the villa in Sleepy Hollow, New York, commissioned by Anson G. Phelps (1851),[13] and those of the Vanderbilt and Lorillard families.[2] In 1869, Cornelius Vanderbilt employed Snook to design the first Grand Central Depot, which served as the main passenger terminal for the New York and Harlem Railroad and the New York Central Railroad from 1871 to 1900.[14]

Personal life and death

[edit]

In 1836 Snook married Maria A. Weekes, with whom he had nine surviving children. Three sons, James Henry, Samuel Booth, and Thomas Edward, joined his practice in 1887,[5] and the firm's name was changed to John B. Snook & Sons on its 50th anniversary.[4] One of his sons-in-law, John W. Boylston, also worked in the firm.[9] Snook died at his home in Brooklyn in 1901. His papers, including an archive of architectural drawings, are conserved in the New-York Historical Society.[9] After his death, the firm's name was changed to John B. Snook Sons.[4] Snook is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report" Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, (August 14, 1973). pp.40, 182-183
  3. ^ Smith, Mary Ann Clegg, The Commercial Architecture of John Butler Snook, (Pennsylvania State University Press) 1974.
  4. ^ a b c "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report" Archived 2013-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (June 29, 1999), p.219
  5. ^ a b c d "NYCLPC SoHo - Cast-Iron Historic District Extension Designation Report" Archived 2017-02-04 at the Wayback Machine (May 11, 2010), p.180
  6. ^ Smith, Mary Ann. "John Snook and the design for A. T. Stewart's Store", The New-York Historical Society Quarterly 581974.
  7. ^ Landau, Sarah Bradford and Condit, Carl W., Rise of the New York Skyscraper: 1865-1913 1999:43; "a grand commercialized style reminiscent of Roman palazzos" according to Ramirez, Jan Seidler; Bogart, Michele Helene and Taylor, William R., Painting the Town: Cityscapes of New York: Paintings from the Museum of the City of New York (2000:116), describing a painting of the Metropolitan Hotel, c.1852.
  8. ^ Noted by Landau and Condit 1999:43
  9. ^ a b c New-York Historical Society "Guide to the John B. Snook architectural record collection"
  10. ^ "St. Nicholas Hotel", The Gentleman's Magazine, 1856: n.b. "1844" is a misprint.
  11. ^ Davis, Howard. The Culture of Building 2006:62f
  12. ^ Diamonstein, Barbaralee, The Landmarks of New York: 3, 1998:100; building designated 24 August 1982
  13. ^ Zukowsky, John and Stimson, Robbe Pierce, Hudson River Villas, 1985:105
  14. ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
[edit]