Temple of Juno Moneta: Difference between revisions

Juno Moneta
	Drawing of the Capitoline Hill by Georg Rehlender, with the Temple of Juno Moneta at upper right, above the Tabularium.
	Juno Moneta Shown within Rome
	Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Location	Regione VIII Forum Romanum
Coordinates	41°53′36″N 12°29′1″E / 41.89333°N 12.48361°E
Type	Temple
History
Builder	Lucius Furius Camillus
Founded	344 BC

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The Temple of Juno Moneta (Latin: Templum Iunonis Monetæ) was an ancient Roman temple that stood on the Arx or the citadel on the Capitoline Hill overlooking the Roman Forum.^[2] Located at the center of the city of Rome, it was next to the place where Roman coins were first minted, and probably stored the metal and coins involved in this process, thereby initiating the ancient practice of associating mints with temples.^[3] In addition, it was the place where the books of the magistrates were deposited.

Etymology

Juno Moneta, the second name associating the Roman goddess Juno with the goddess Moneta who was worshiped at some locations outside Rome, was regarded as the protectress of the city's funds. Money was coined in her temple for over four centuries, before the mint was moved to a new location near the Colosseum during the reign of the emperor Domitian.^[1] Thus, moneta came to mean "mint" (mint itself being a corruption of moneta) in Latin, which was used in written works of ancient Roman writers such as Ovid, Martial, Juvenal, and Cicero, and was the origin of the English words "monetary" and "money".

Cicero suggests that the name Moneta was derived from the Latin verb monere (to warn) because during an earthquake, a voice from the temple had demanded the expiatory sacrifice of a pregnant sow.^[4]^[2] The same derivation is implied by the story of the sacred geese of Juno, who warned the Roman commander Marcus Manlius of the approach of the Gauls during a night attack on the Capitoline in 390 BC. As the Roman historian Livy tells the story:

Choosing a night when there was a faint glimmer of light, the Gauls sent an unarmed man in advance to try the road; then handing one another their arms where the path was difficult, and supporting each other or dragging each other up as the ground required, they finally reached the summit. So silent had their movements been that not only were they unnoticed by the sentinels, but they did not even wake the dogs, an animal peculiarly sensitive to nocturnal sounds. But they did not escape the notice of the geese, which were sacred to Juno and had been left untouched in spite of the extremely scanty supply of food. This proved the safety of the garrison, for their clamour and the noise of their wings aroused Marcus Manlius, the distinguished soldier, who had been consul three years before. He snatched up his weapons and ran to call the rest to arms, and while the rest hung back he struck with the boss of his shield a Gaul who had got a foothold on the summit and knocked him down. He fell on those behind and upset them, and Manlius slew others who had laid aside their weapons and were clinging to the rocks with their hands. By this time others had joined him, and they began to dislodge the enemy with volleys of stones and javelins till the whole body fell helplessly down to the bottom.^[5]^[6]

Most modern scholars reject this etymology, however, because it is clear that Moneta was the name of a goddess who was worshiped in some places outside Rome, and when her worship was transferred to Rome, she was equated with Juno.^{[citation needed]}

Moneta is also a name used for Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses, by Livius Andronicus in his translation of the Odyssey, and Hyginus' citation of Jupiter and Moneta as parents of the muses. The name Mnemosyne or Memory was connected to Juno Moneta who maintained in her temple an unimpeachable record of historical events.^[2]

History

According to Livy, in 345 BC, at the beginning of hostilities with the Aurunci, the dictator Lucius Furius Camillus decided to summon the aid of the gods by vowing to build a temple to Juno Moneta. When he returned victorious to Rome, the senate appointed two commissioners to construct the temple on the Arx, on the site of the house of Marcus Manlius, who had repelled the attack of the Gauls a generation earlier. The temple was dedicated one year after the vow.^[7]^[1] Ovid in the Fasti records the same tradition:

They say that ... the Temple of Juno Moneta (vowed,
Camillus, by you) was dedicated on the summit of the Citadel.
The site was once the home of Manlius, who drove
the armies of Gaul away from Jupiter Capitolinus.^[8]^[1]

The temple stored the Libri Lintei, the records of annually elected consuls, dating from 444 BC to 428 BC. From 273 BC, Roman silver mint and its workshops were attached to the temple. Moneta's guardianship of Roman coinage encouraged Roman moneyers to use this means as a true record for glorifying their families by commemorating heroic family legends.^[2]

Santa Maria in Aracoeli, some topographers' possible location for the temple of Juno Moneta.

If still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.

According to legend, it was here that the Roman sibyl foretold the coming of Christ to the emperor Augustus, who was granted a heavenly vision of the Virgin Mary standing on an altar holding the Christ child. Augustus supposedly built an altar on the spot – the altar of heaven or ara coeli – and the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli rose around it. The original structure cannot possibly date back to the time of Augustus (Rome did not become officially Christian until the 4th century), but by the 6th century the existing church was already considered old. It was later rebuilt, with the present structure dating from the 13th century.^[9]

Location

Ancient sources agree that the temple was constructed on the Arx, the northern of the two peaks of the Capitoline hill (summa ... in arce, according to Ovid, Fasti 6.183), but no remains of the building have been certainly identified and its precise location has been described as "one of the great enigmas in the topography of ancient Rome".^[10]^[1] Some scholars believe that it stood on the site now occupied by the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli,^[10]^[11] although ancient walls discovered in the cellars beneath the church appear to belong chiefly to shops and houses.^[12] Others have argued that the temple was situated in the garden to the southeast of the church, where other walls of tufa and concrete are visible.^[13]^[14] Although Roman tradition placed the founding of the temple in the 4th century BC, two fragments of Archaic terracotta decoration found in the garden suggest the existence of an earlier building dating to the late 6th or early 5th century, although whether it represents an earlier phase of the temple is unclear.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Peter P. J. Aicher, Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Volume I, Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, pp. 66–67.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Littlewood, R. Joy (2006). A Commentary on Ovid's Fasti, Book 6. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-19-156920-8.
^ Taylor, Mark C. (1 November 1992). Disfiguring: Art, Architecture, Religion. University of Chicago Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780226791326.
^ Cicero, De divinatione 1.101.
^ Livy 5.47.2–6, translated by W. M. Roberts. Some ancient sources give the date as 386 BC.
^ N. Horsfall, "From History to Legend: M. Manlius and the Geese", Classical Journal 76.4, April–May 1981, pp. 298–311. JSTOR 3297339.
^ Livy 7.28.4-6.
^ Ovid, Fasti 6.183–186.
^ George H. Sullivan, Da Capo Press, (2006). Not Built in a Day: Exploring The Architecture of Rome p. 33. ISBN 0-78-671749-1
^ ^a ^b L. Richardson, Jr., A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 215, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes.
^ Haselberger, D. G. Romano, and E. A. Dushner, eds., Mapping Augustan Rome (Journal of Roman Archaeology supplement 50), Portsmouth, R.I., 2002, p. 153, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes
^ A. Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1998, pp. 263–264, 273.
^ G. Giannelli, "Il tempio di Giunone Moneta e la casa di Marco Manlio Capitolino", Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 87, 1980-1981, pp. 7-36. JSTOR 44514841.
^ ^a ^b A. Ziolkowski, "Between Geese and the Auguraculum: The Origin of the Cult of Juno on the Arx", Classical Philology 88, 1993, pp. 206-219. JSTOR 270056.

[Aicher-1] Peter P. J. Aicher, Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Volume I, Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, pp. 66–67.

[Joy-2] Littlewood, R. Joy (2006). A Commentary on Ovid's Fasti, Book 6. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-19-156920-8.

[3] Taylor, Mark C. (1 November 1992). Disfiguring: Art, Architecture, Religion. University of Chicago Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780226791326.

[4] Cicero, De divinatione 1.101.

[5] Livy 5.47.2–6, translated by W. M. Roberts. Some ancient sources give the date as 386 BC.

[6] N. Horsfall, "From History to Legend: M. Manlius and the Geese", Classical Journal 76.4, April–May 1981, pp. 298–311. JSTOR 3297339.

[7] Livy 7.28.4-6.

[8] Ovid, Fasti 6.183–186.

[9] George H. Sullivan, Da Capo Press, (2006). Not Built in a Day: Exploring The Architecture of Rome p. 33. ISBN 0-78-671749-1

[Richardson-10] L. Richardson, Jr., A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 215, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes.

[11] Haselberger, D. G. Romano, and E. A. Dushner, eds., Mapping Augustan Rome (Journal of Roman Archaeology supplement 50), Portsmouth, R.I., 2002, p. 153, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes

[Claridge-12] A. Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1998, pp. 263–264, 273.

[13] G. Giannelli, "Il tempio di Giunone Moneta e la casa di Marco Manlio Capitolino", Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 87, 1980-1981, pp. 7-36. JSTOR 44514841.

[Ziolkowski-14] A. Ziolkowski, "Between Geese and the Auguraculum: The Origin of the Cult of Juno on the Arx", Classical Philology 88, 1993, pp. 206-219. JSTOR 270056.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{infobox ancient site
-{{Ancient monuments in Rome
+|map_overlay=Roma Plan.jpg
+|image= A history of all nations from the earliest times; being a universal historical library (1905) (14799669473).jpg
+|image_size=
+|caption=Drawing of the [[Capitoline Hill]] by Georg Rehlender, with the Temple of Juno Moneta at upper right, above the [[Tabularium]].
+|coordinates={{coord|41|53|36|N|12|29|1|E|type:landmark_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
+|map dot label=Juno Moneta
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-|coordinates = {{coord|41|53|36|N|12|29|1|E|type:landmark_region:IT|display=inline}}
-|location= [[14 regions of Augustan Rome|Regione VIII ''Forum Romanum'']]
-|date=344 BC<ref name=Aicher/>
 |builder=[[Lucius Furius Camillus]]
 |type=[[Temple]]
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 The '''Temple of Juno Moneta''' ([[Latin]]: '''Templum Iunonis Monetæ''') was an ancient [[Roman Kingdom|Roman]] temple that stood on the [[Arx (Roman)|Arx]] or the citadel on the [[Capitoline Hill]] overlooking the [[Roman Forum]].<ref name=Joy>{{cite book |first=R. Joy |last=Littlewood |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZbUy2VBp_oC&pg=PA57 |title=A Commentary on Ovid's Fasti, Book 6 |page=57 |isbn=0-19-156920-8}}</ref> Located at the center of the city of [[Rome]], it was next to the place where Roman coins were first minted, and probably stored the metal and coins involved in this process, thereby initiating the ancient practice of associating mints with temples.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark C. |last=Taylor |author-link=Mark C. Taylor (philosopher) |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1 November 1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60DbxVLz7ksC&pg=PA146 |title=Disfiguring: Art, Architecture, Religion |page=146 |isbn=9780226791326}}</ref> In addition, it was the place where the books of the magistrates were deposited.
 ==Etymology==
 {{see also|Juno (mythology)}}
-[[Juno Moneta]], the second name associating the Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] with the goddess Moneta who was worshiped at some locations outside Rome, was regarded as the protectress of the city's funds. Money was coined in her temple for over four centuries, before the mint was moved to a new location near the [[Colosseum]] during the reign of emperor [[Domitian]].<ref name=Aicher/> Thus, moneta came to mean "[[Mint (coin)|mint]]" (''mint'' itself being a corruption of ''moneta'') in Latin, which was used in written works of ancient Roman writers such as [[Ovid]], [[Martial]], [[Juvenal]], and [[Cicero]], and was the origin of the [[English language|English]] words "monetary" and "money".
+[[Juno Moneta]], the second name associating the Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] with the goddess Moneta who was worshiped at some locations outside Rome, was regarded as the protectress of the city's funds. Money was coined in her temple for over four centuries, before the mint was moved to a new location near the [[Colosseum]] during the reign of the emperor [[Domitian]].<ref name=Aicher/> Thus, moneta came to mean "[[Mint (coin)|mint]]" (''mint'' itself being a corruption of ''moneta'') in Latin, which was used in written works of ancient Roman writers such as [[Ovid]], [[Martial]], [[Juvenal]], and [[Cicero]], and was the origin of the [[English language|English]] words "monetary" and "money".
-Cicero suggests that the name Moneta derived from the verb "monere" (to warn) because during an earthquake, a voice from this temple had demanded the expiatory sacrifice of a pregnant [[Suidae|sow]], connecting to the old Roman legend that Juno's sacred geese warned the Roman commander [[Marcus Manlius Capitolinus]] of the approach of the [[Gauls]] in 390 BC.<ref name=Joy/> But modern scholars reject this explanation, because it is clear that "Moneta" was the name of a goddess who was worshiped in some places outside Rome, and when her worship was transferred to Rome, she was equated with Juno.
+Cicero suggests that the name Moneta was derived from the Latin verb ''monere'' (to warn) because during an earthquake, a voice from the temple had demanded the expiatory sacrifice of a pregnant sow.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Div.+1.101 Cicero, ''De divinatione'' 1.101].</ref><ref name=Joy/> The same derivation is implied by the story of the sacred geese of Juno, who warned the Roman commander [[Marcus Manlius]] of the approach of the [[Gauls]] during a night attack on the Capitoline in 390 BC. As the Roman historian [[Livy]] tells the story:
+{{bq|Choosing a night when there was a faint glimmer of light, the Gauls sent an unarmed man in advance to try the road; then handing one another their arms where the path was difficult, and supporting each other or dragging each other up as the ground required, they finally reached the summit. So silent had their movements been that not only were they unnoticed by the sentinels, but they did not even wake the dogs, an animal peculiarly sensitive to nocturnal sounds. But they did not escape the notice of the geese, which were sacred to Juno and had been left untouched in spite of the extremely scanty supply of food. This proved the safety of the garrison, for their clamour and the noise of their wings aroused Marcus Manlius, the distinguished soldier, who had been consul three years before. He snatched up his weapons and ran to call the rest to arms, and while the rest hung back he struck with the boss of his shield a Gaul who had got a foothold on the summit and knocked him down. He fell on those behind and upset them, and Manlius slew others who had laid aside their weapons and were clinging to the rocks with their hands. By this time others had joined him, and they began to dislodge the enemy with volleys of stones and javelins till the whole body fell helplessly down to the bottom.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+5.47 Livy 5.47.2–6, translated by W. M. Roberts]. Some ancient sources give the date as 386 BC.</ref><ref>N. Horsfall, "From History to Legend: M. Manlius and the Geese", ''Classical Journal'' 76.4, April–May 1981, pp. 298–311. {{JSTOR|3297339}}.</ref>}} Most modern scholars reject this etymology, however, because it is clear that Moneta was the name of a goddess who was worshiped in some places outside Rome, and when her worship was transferred to Rome, she was equated with Juno.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
 Moneta is also a name used for [[Mnemosyne]], mother of the [[Muse]]s, by [[Livius Andronicus]] in his translation of the [[Odyssey]], and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus']] citation of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and [[Moneta]] as parents of the muses. The name Mnemosyne or Memory was connected to Juno Moneta who maintained in her temple an unimpeachable record of historical events.<ref name=Joy/>
+[[File:Relief of the Capitoline geese and the temple of Juno Moneta (Ostia Museum 620).jpg|thumb|left|Relief of the sacred geese and the Temple of Juno Moneta, from [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]]]]
 ==History==
-In the beginning of the hostilities with the [[Aurunci]] in 345 BC, Camillus decided to summon the aid of the gods for the conflict by vowing to build a temple to Juno Moneta. While victoriously returning to Rome, he resigned from his post and the senate appointed two commissioners to build the temple. They chose its site to be on the citadel, where the house of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus had been, and dedicated it one year after the vow.<ref name=Aicher/> This was recorded in [[Livy]]'s [[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|History of Rome]] and Ovid's [[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]], where the latter states:<ref>William Smith, Walton & Maberly, (1857). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SyhOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA766&dq=temple+of+juno+moneta&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QEyMT_XrAajL0QXK-pDmCQ&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=juno%20moneta&f=false Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2] p.766.</ref>
+According to Livy, in 345 BC, at the beginning of hostilities with the [[Aurunci]], the dictator [[Lucius Furius Camillus (consul 338 BC)|Lucius Furius Camillus]] decided to summon the aid of the gods by vowing to build a temple to Juno Moneta. When he returned victorious to Rome, the senate appointed two commissioners to construct the temple on the Arx, on the site of the house of Marcus Manlius, who had repelled the attack of the Gauls a generation earlier. The temple was dedicated one year after the vow.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+7+28&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0026 Livy 7.28.4-6].</ref><ref name=Aicher/> [[Ovid]] in the [[Fasti (poem)|''Fasti'']] records the same tradition:
+{{poem quote|They say that ... the Temple of Juno Moneta (vowed,
+Camillus, by you) was dedicated on the summit of the Citadel.
-{{col-begin}}
+The site was once the home of Manlius, who drove
-{{col-2}}
+the armies of Gaul away from [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus|Jupiter Capitolinus]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Ov.+Fast.+6+183 Ovid, ''Fasti'' 6.183–186].</ref><ref name=Aicher>Peter P. J. Aicher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t6m9g5G8Z1YC&pg=PA66 ''Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City'', Volume I], Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, pp. 66–67.</ref>}}
-<div style="font-size: 100%">
-: Latin:
-: ''Arce quoque in summa Junoni templa Monetæ,''
-: ''Ex voto memorant facta, Camille, tuo.''
-: ''Ante domus Manli fuerant, qui Gallica quondam''
-: ''A Capitolino reppulit arma Jove''. (Ovid's Fasti, vi. 183-186)<ref>[[Ovid]], Notes & Introduction: Thomas Keightley, Richard Miliken and Son, 1833. [https://archive.org/details/ovidsfasti00ovid_0 <!-- quote=Ovid's Fasti. --> Ovid's Fasti] p.229.</ref>
-</div>
-{{col-2}}
-<div style="font-size: 85%">
-: English:
-: The Temple of Juno Moneta, dedicated on the [[Arx (Roman)|Citadel's]] summit,
-: Vowed, Camillus, by you,
-: Was once Manlius' house, who drove the [[Gauls|Gallic]] armies
-: Away from [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus|Jupiter Capitolinus]]. (Ovid's Fasti, vi. 183-186)''<ref name=Aicher>Peter J. Aicher, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=t6m9g5G8Z1YC&pg=PA67&dq=temple+of+juno+moneta&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SUmMT7PdBerH0QXyzfnYCQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=juno%20moneta&f=false Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Volume 1] p.66-68.</ref>
-</div>
-{{col-end}}
 The temple stored the [[Linen Rolls|Libri Lintei]], the records of annually elected consuls, dating from 444 BC to 428 BC. From 273 BC, Roman silver mint and its workshops were attached to the temple. Moneta's guardianship of Roman coinage encouraged Roman moneyers to use this means as a true record for glorifying their families by commemorating heroic family legends.<ref name=Joy/>
 [[File:Aracoeli-fachada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Santa Maria in Aracoeli]], some topographers' possible location for the temple of Juno Moneta.]]
+If still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the [[persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire]].
-According to legend, it was here that the Roman [[sibyl]] foretold the coming of [[Christ]] to the emperor [[Augustus]], who was granted a heavenly vision of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] standing on an altar holding the Christ child. Augustus supposedly built an altar on the spot&nbsp;– the altar of heaven or ''ara coeli'' – and the church  of [[Santa Maria in Aracoeli]] rose around it. The original structure cannot possibly date back to the time of Augustus (Rome did not become officially Christian until the 4th century), but by the 6th century the existing church was already considered old. It was later rebuilt, with the present structure dating from the 13th century.<ref>George H. Sullivan, Da Capo Press, (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oUmSgSfT4QAC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=temple+of+juno+moneta+structure+architecture&source=bl&ots=eTCuMObful&sig=N_H2YXjMaoazgUimfhQQAGj--K8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mRGRT9TvD9GLhQf3mPStBA&sqi=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=temple%20of%20juno%20moneta%20structure%20architecture&f=false Not Built in a Day: Exploring The Architecture of Rome] p. 33. {{ISBN|0-78-671749-1}}</ref>
+According to legend, it was here that the Roman [[sibyl]] foretold the coming of [[Christ]] to the emperor [[Augustus]], who was granted a heavenly vision of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] standing on an altar holding the Christ child. Augustus supposedly built an altar on the spot&nbsp;– the altar of heaven or ''ara coeli'' – and the church  of [[Santa Maria in Aracoeli]] rose around it. The original structure cannot possibly date back to the time of Augustus (Rome did not become officially Christian until the 4th century), but by the 6th century the existing church was already considered old. It was later rebuilt, with the present structure dating from the 13th century.<ref>George H. Sullivan, Da Capo Press, (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oUmSgSfT4QAC&dq=temple+of+juno+moneta+structure+architecture&pg=PA33 Not Built in a Day: Exploring The Architecture of Rome] p. 33. {{ISBN|0-78-671749-1}}</ref>
-If still in use by the 4th-century, it would have been closed during the [[persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire]].
 ==Location==
+Ancient sources agree that the temple was constructed on the [[Arx (Roman)|Arx]], the northern of the two peaks of the Capitoline hill (''summa ... in arce'', according to Ovid, ''Fasti'' 6.183), but no remains of the building have been certainly identified and its precise location has been described as "one of the great enigmas in the topography of ancient Rome".<ref name=Richardson>L. Richardson, Jr., [https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich/page/215/ ''A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome''], Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 215, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes.</ref><ref name=Aicher/> Some scholars believe that it stood on the site now occupied by the church of [[Santa Maria in Aracoeli]],<ref name=Richardson/><ref>Haselberger, D. G. Romano, and E. A. Dushner, eds., ''Mapping Augustan Rome'' (''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' supplement 50), Portsmouth, R.I., 2002, p. 153, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes</ref> although ancient walls discovered in the cellars beneath the church appear to belong chiefly to shops and houses.<ref name=Claridge>A. Claridge, [https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae0000clar_d1w9/page/263/ ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1998, pp. 263–264, 273.</ref> Others have argued that the temple was situated in the garden to the southeast of the church, where other walls of tufa and concrete are visible.<ref>G. Giannelli, "Il tempio di Giunone Moneta e la casa di Marco Manlio Capitolino", ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 87, 1980-1981, pp. 7-36. {{JSTOR|44514841}}.</ref><ref name=Ziolkowski>A. Ziolkowski, "Between Geese and the ''Auguraculum'': The Origin of the Cult of Juno on the Arx", ''Classical Philology'' 88, 1993, pp. 206-219. {{JSTOR|270056}}.</ref> Although Roman tradition placed the founding of the temple in the 4th century BC, two fragments of Archaic [[terracotta]] decoration found in the garden suggest the existence of an earlier building dating to the late 6th or early 5th century, although whether it represents an earlier phase of the temple is unclear.<ref name=Ziolkowski/>
-Due to lack of vestiges and scarce information concerning the exact location, the temple is considered to be an enigma in the topography of ancient Rome. However, all agree on the fact that it stood on the summit of the citadel rather than on the other two areas of the hill. Some topographers placed the temple's location under the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, while others placed it close to the edge of the hill facing the Forum alongside the stairway up to the back of the church.<ref name=Aicher/>
-Although tradition talks about the construction of the temple on the site of the house of the patrician hero Manlius,<ref name=Aicher/> ancient sources, in reference to the period of the [[Gallic Wars]] of 390 BC, suggest the existence of a previous temple building, which was linked to two found Archaic [[terracotta]] artefacts in the Aracoeli garden dating to the period between late 4th and early 5th centuries. Other remains of square walls and stones which were preserved in the garden, were attributed by scholars to the fortification work of the Arx, possibly going back to the supposed Archaic and Mid-[[Roman Republic|Republican]] phases of the Temple.<ref>The Temple of Juno Moneta,  Ancient Capitol [http://en.museicapitolini.org/sede/campidoglio_antico/tempio_di_giunone_moneta Musei Capitolini] Retrieved on April 17, 2012.</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 65: / Line 60: @@
 {{Rome landmarks}}
-{{coord|41|53|36|N|12|29|1|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=title}}
 [[Category:4th-century BC religious buildings and structures]]
+[[Category:4th-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic]]
 [[Category:Temples of the Capitoline Hill|Juno Moneta]]
 [[Category:Temples of Juno]]
 [[Category:Destroyed temples]]
+[[Category:Destroyed Roman temples]]