Spotted jelly: Difference between revisions
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The '''spotted jelly''' (''Mastigias papua''), '''lagoon jelly''', '''golden medusa''', or '''Papuan jellyfish''', is a species of [[jellyfish]] from the [[Indo-Pacific]] oceans. Like [[coral]]s, [[sea anemone]]s, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the [[phylum]] [[Cnidaria]]. ''Mastigias papua'' is one of the numerous marine animals living in [[symbiosis]] with [[zooxanthellae]], a photosynthetic [[alga]].<ref name="monterey">{{cite web |url=https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/invertebrates/spotted-jelly |title=Spotted jelly |publisher=[[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] |language=en |accessdate=2018-02-25}}</ref> |
The '''spotted jelly''' (''Mastigias papua''), '''lagoon jelly''', '''golden medusa''', or '''Papuan jellyfish''', is a species of [[jellyfish]] from the [[Indo-Pacific]] oceans. Like [[coral]]s, [[sea anemone]]s, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the [[phylum]] [[Cnidaria]]. ''Mastigias papua'' is one of the numerous marine animals living in [[symbiosis]] with [[zooxanthellae]], a photosynthetic [[alga]].<ref name="monterey">{{cite web |url=https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/invertebrates/spotted-jelly |title=Spotted jelly |publisher=[[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] |language=en |accessdate=2018-02-25}}</ref> |
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They have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early autumn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seto.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aquarium/new%20face/atarashiikao.html |script-title=ja:タコクラゲ |publisher=[[Shirahama Aquarium]] |accessdate=August 3, 2012 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227230529/http://www.seto.kyoto-u.ac.jp/aquarium/new%20face/atarashiikao.html |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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Five subspecies have been described, inhabiting separate marine lakes in the [[Palau]] group.<ref name="fiveSpecies">{{cite journal|url=http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/mndawson/MND/assets/PDFs/2005Dawson_JMBA_M.pdf |title=Five new subspecies of Mastigias (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: ''Mastigiidae'') from marine lakes, Palau, Micronesia |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |first=Michael N |last=Dawson |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=679–694 |year=2005 |doi=10.1017/S0025315405011604 |s2cid=13572718 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905042609/http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/mndawson/MND/assets/PDFs/2005Dawson_JMBA_M.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-05 }}</ref> |
Five subspecies have been described, inhabiting separate marine lakes in the [[Palau]] group.<ref name="fiveSpecies">{{cite journal|url=http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/mndawson/MND/assets/PDFs/2005Dawson_JMBA_M.pdf |title=Five new subspecies of Mastigias (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: ''Mastigiidae'') from marine lakes, Palau, Micronesia |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |first=Michael N |last=Dawson |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=679–694 |year=2005 |doi=10.1017/S0025315405011604 |bibcode=2005JMBUK..85..679D |s2cid=13572718 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905042609/http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/mndawson/MND/assets/PDFs/2005Dawson_JMBA_M.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-05 }}</ref> |
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*''M.'' cf. ''p. remengesaui'' (in Uet era Ongael) |
*''M.'' cf. ''p. remengesaui'' (in Uet era Ongael) |
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*''M.'' cf. ''p. nakamurai'' (in Goby Lake) |
*''M.'' cf. ''p. nakamurai'' (in Goby Lake) |
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*''M.'' cf. ''p. etpisoni'' (in Ongeim’l Tketau) |
*[[Mastigias papua etpisoni|''M.'' cf. ''p. etpisoni'']] (in Ongeim’l Tketau) |
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*''M.'' cf. ''p. saliii'' (in Clear Lake) |
*''M.'' cf. ''p. saliii'' (in Clear Lake) |
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*''M.'' cf. ''p. remeliiki'' (in Uet era Ngermeuangel) |
*''M.'' cf. ''p. remeliiki'' (in Uet era Ngermeuangel) |
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[[File:Mastigias papua.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Video of ''Mastigias papua'' in an aquarium]] |
[[File:Mastigias papua.webmhd.webm|thumb|left|Video of ''Mastigias papua'' in an aquarium]] |
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The spotted jelly |
The spotted jelly has distinctive spots atop its bell, and vary in colouration, from greenish blue to olive green, which can be attributed to the zooxanthellae which reside within their tissues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Yachun |title=Mastigias papua (Golden medusa) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mastigias_papua/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref> |
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They have 8 frilled oral arms, which end in a clublike appendage. The upper surfaces of these arms are covered in stinging cells called [[Cnidocyte|cnidocytes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Smithsonian Environmental Research Center |title=Mastigias sp. 1 |url=https://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/species_summary/-562 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=invasions.si.edu}}</ref> Unlike many other jellies, spotted jellyfish have numerous mouths along the bottom of their oral arms. |
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Like all medusozoans, ''Mastigias papua'' is 95% composed of water. This water similar density enables it to easily float. |
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There are eight [[Rhopalium|rhopalia]], which act as the sensory organs of the jellyfish, on the margin of the bell.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Alimentation == |
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Jellyfishes with stinging tentacles are usually hunters. Cnidocyte cells enable them to catch their preys before eating them. The spotted jelly has developed another way to feed itself; it lives in symbiosis with a unicellular photosynthetic organism called zooxanthellae. This unicellular organism settles in the tissue of jellyfishes. It provides products of photosynthesis to the jellyfish, and in return, the jellyfish provides it minerals and nutrients from the soil and the sea water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/spotted_lagoon_jelly|title=Online Learning Center - Spotted Lagoon Jelly|website=Aquarium of the Pacific|language=en|access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref> |
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They average 10cm (4 in) in diameter, but can grow as large as 30 cm (12 in).<ref name="monterey" /> |
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In addition to this symbiosis, the spotted jelly has several small mouths used to grab animal plankton. These mouths are disposed all along its oral arms. |
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== Feeding == |
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These jellies feed on zooplankton and other tiny organisms using their stinging cells, called cnidocytes. The spotted jelly has several small mouths used to grab animal plankton. |
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Spotted jellies have been recorded many times in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, between Japan and Australia. They live in shallow waters, and for this reason they are usually found in coastal and lagoonal waters, but also in marine lakes. |
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Spotted jellies also acquire much of their nutrition via an endosymbiotic relationship with photosynthetic zooxathellae, such as those of the genus ''Cladocopium.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vega de Luna |first1=Félix |last2=Dang |first2=Kieu-Van |last3=Cardol |first3=Mila |last4=Roberty |first4=Stéphane |last5=Cardol |first5=Pierre |date=2019-10-01 |title=Photosynthetic capacity of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Cladocopium sp. is preserved during digestion of its jellyfish host Mastigias papua by the anemone Entacmaea medusivora |journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology |language=en |volume=95 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/femsec/fiz141 |issn=0168-6496 |pmc=6757112 |pmid=31504450}}</ref> The zooxathellae provide the jellyfish with nutrients, and in return the zooxanthellae get a safe place to live. This symbiotic relationship is not unique to the spotted jellyfish, and can also be observed in species such as the [[Cassiopea|upside-down jellyfish]]. |
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This species of jellyfish is well known for living in huge groups, forming aggregates (called "smacks"). This atypical behaviour becomes a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. Bayha and M. Graham|first=Keith and William|date=2011|title=First confirmed reports of the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in the Atlantic basin |url=http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2011/AI_2011_6_3_Bayha_Graham.pdf|journal=Aquatic Invasions|volume=6|issue=3 |pages=361–366|doi=10.3391/ai.2011.6.3.13 |via=REABIC}}</ref> The most famous spot to admire these organisms is the [[Jellyfish Lake|Ongeim’l Tketau Lake]] in [[Palau]]. This lake has been formed 15,000 years ago. Like many other lakes of this region, it was initially joined to the Pacific Ocean, and because of geological movements, the lake has progressively become separated from the rest of the ocean. ''Mastigias papua'' has therefore been isolated in this closed lake, with other species of medusa. Out of reach of predators, it has progressively lost its cnidocyte cells, and is therefore now totally harmless to scuba divers. The lake of Palau now counts around 10 million individuals of this species. |
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During the night, these jellyfish stay lower in the water column and migrate each day, rising to the waters surface, and following the sun east to west, to allow their zooxanthellae access to the light they need to photosynthesize.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Yachun |title=Mastigias papua (Golden medusa) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mastigias_papua/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=How It Works |date=2016-06-14 |title=Jellyfish Lake: Why is the Ongeim'l Tketau lake full of jellyfish? |url=https://www.howitworksdaily.com/jellyfish-lake-why-is-the-ongeiml-tketau-lake-full-of-jellyfish/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=How It Works |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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== Habitat == |
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Spotted jellies range throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the Fijian Islands to the western Indian Ocean, and from Japan to Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Souza |first1=Mariana Rocha De |last2=Dawson |first2=Michael N |date=2018-08-10 |title=Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4457.4.2 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4457 |issue=4 |pages=520–536 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4457.4.2 |pmid=30314144 |s2cid=52976771 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref> |
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Some populations of spotted jellies in Palau have been found to occur in huge groups (called "smacks"), which have become tourist attractions.<ref name=":1" /> The most famous spot to admire them is the [[Jellyfish Lake|Ongeim’l Tketau Lake]] in [[Palau]], also known as Jellyfish Lake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. Bayha and M. Graham|first=Keith and William|date=2011|title=First confirmed reports of the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in the Atlantic basin |url=http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2011/AI_2011_6_3_Bayha_Graham.pdf|journal=Aquatic Invasions|volume=6|issue=3 |pages=361–366|doi=10.3391/ai.2011.6.3.13 |via=REABIC}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |
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== Symbiosis with zooxanthellae == |
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The spotted jelly lives in trophic mutualism with a unicellular organism capable of photosynthesis: zooxanthella. This mutualism is based on a life cycle which permits an exchange of energy between the two species. |
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== Predators == |
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''Mastigias papua'' has two different ways of life through 24 hours. During the day, it stays at the surface of the water, in the [[photic zone]]. The photic zone is located between the surface of the sea and approximately 100 meters deep. It corresponds to the zone where photosynthetic organisms can use sunlight as an energy source. The jelly swims almost 2 kilometres a day, following the sun, allowing the zooxanthellae living in its tissue to optimize their photosynthetic activity. Organic matter produced from this biochemical process is shared between the algae and its host. When the sun goes down, ''Mastigias papua'' moves to deeper areas and zooxanthellae stop their photosynthetic activity. The jelly takes over the role of energy provider. It absorbs nutrients in the soil and stores them in its tissues. When the sun rises again, the jelly returns to the photic zone of and makes the absorbed nutrients available to the zooxanthellae.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Méduses, A la conquête des océans|last=Calcagno and Goy|first=Robert and Jacqueline|publisher=Editions du Rocher|year=2014|isbn=978-2-268-07598-3|location=Monaco|pages=32, 74, 75}}</ref> |
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Spotted jellies are predated upon by the sea anemone ''[[Entacmaea|Entacmaea medusivora]],'' which capture the jellyfish in their tentacles. While the jellyfish is captured by the anemone, an enterprising gastropod or fish may scavenge upon the captured jellyfish before the anemone is finished consuming it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fautin |first1=D. G. |last2=Fitt |first2=W. K. |date=June 1991 |title=A jellyfish-eating sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from Palau: Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00026499 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=216-217 |issue=1 |pages=453–461 |doi=10.1007/BF00026499 |s2cid=21758147 |issn=0018-8158}}</ref> |
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== Footnotes == |
== Footnotes == |
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Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 September 2024
| Spotted jelly | |
|---|---|
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| Specimens at the Monterey Bay Aquarium | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Scyphozoa |
| Order: | Rhizostomeae |
| Family: | Mastigiidae |
| Genus: | Mastigias |
| Species: | M. papua
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| Binomial name | |
| Mastigias papua Lesson, 1830
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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The spotted jelly (Mastigias papua), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Mastigias papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]Five subspecies have been described, inhabiting separate marine lakes in the Palau group.[3]
- M. cf. p. remengesaui (in Uet era Ongael)
- M. cf. p. nakamurai (in Goby Lake)
- M. cf. p. etpisoni (in Ongeim’l Tketau)
- M. cf. p. saliii (in Clear Lake)
- M. cf. p. remeliiki (in Uet era Ngermeuangel)
Description
[edit]The spotted jelly has distinctive spots atop its bell, and vary in colouration, from greenish blue to olive green, which can be attributed to the zooxanthellae which reside within their tissues.[4]
They have 8 frilled oral arms, which end in a clublike appendage. The upper surfaces of these arms are covered in stinging cells called cnidocytes.[5] Unlike many other jellies, spotted jellyfish have numerous mouths along the bottom of their oral arms.
There are eight rhopalia, which act as the sensory organs of the jellyfish, on the margin of the bell.[5]
They average 10cm (4 in) in diameter, but can grow as large as 30 cm (12 in).[2]
Feeding
[edit]These jellies feed on zooplankton and other tiny organisms using their stinging cells, called cnidocytes. The spotted jelly has several small mouths used to grab animal plankton.
Spotted jellies also acquire much of their nutrition via an endosymbiotic relationship with photosynthetic zooxathellae, such as those of the genus Cladocopium.[5][6] The zooxathellae provide the jellyfish with nutrients, and in return the zooxanthellae get a safe place to live. This symbiotic relationship is not unique to the spotted jellyfish, and can also be observed in species such as the upside-down jellyfish.
During the night, these jellyfish stay lower in the water column and migrate each day, rising to the waters surface, and following the sun east to west, to allow their zooxanthellae access to the light they need to photosynthesize.[5][7][8]
Habitat
[edit]Spotted jellies range throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the Fijian Islands to the western Indian Ocean, and from Japan to Australia.[9]
Some populations of spotted jellies in Palau have been found to occur in huge groups (called "smacks"), which have become tourist attractions.[8] The most famous spot to admire them is the Ongeim’l Tketau Lake in Palau, also known as Jellyfish Lake.[10][8]
Predators
[edit]Spotted jellies are predated upon by the sea anemone Entacmaea medusivora, which capture the jellyfish in their tentacles. While the jellyfish is captured by the anemone, an enterprising gastropod or fish may scavenge upon the captured jellyfish before the anemone is finished consuming it.[11]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Collins, A.G.; Morandini, A.C. (2023). World List of Scyphozoa. Mastigias papua (Lesson, 1830). Accessed through WoRMS on 2023-05-29.
- ^ a b "Spotted jelly". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
- ^ Dawson, Michael N (2005). "Five new subspecies of Mastigias (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Mastigiidae) from marine lakes, Palau, Micronesia" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 85 (3): 679–694. Bibcode:2005JMBUK..85..679D. doi:10.1017/S0025315405011604. S2CID 13572718. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-05.
- ^ Chang, Yachun. "Mastigias papua (Golden medusa)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ a b c d Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. "Mastigias sp. 1". invasions.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ Vega de Luna, Félix; Dang, Kieu-Van; Cardol, Mila; Roberty, Stéphane; Cardol, Pierre (2019-10-01). "Photosynthetic capacity of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Cladocopium sp. is preserved during digestion of its jellyfish host Mastigias papua by the anemone Entacmaea medusivora". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 95 (10). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz141. ISSN 0168-6496. PMC 6757112. PMID 31504450.
- ^ Chang, Yachun. "Mastigias papua (Golden medusa)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ a b c Team, How It Works (2016-06-14). "Jellyfish Lake: Why is the Ongeim'l Tketau lake full of jellyfish?". How It Works. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ Souza, Mariana Rocha De; Dawson, Michael N (2018-08-10). "Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species". Zootaxa. 4457 (4): 520–536. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4457.4.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30314144. S2CID 52976771.
- ^ M. Bayha and M. Graham, Keith and William (2011). "First confirmed reports of the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae) in the Atlantic basin" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 6 (3): 361–366. doi:10.3391/ai.2011.6.3.13 – via REABIC.
- ^ Fautin, D. G.; Fitt, W. K. (June 1991). "A jellyfish-eating sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from Palau: Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov". Hydrobiologia. 216–217 (1): 453–461. doi:10.1007/BF00026499. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 21758147.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Mastigias papua at Wikimedia Commons- Mastigias papua at Animal Diversity Web
- Mastigias papua at Monterey Bay Aquarium
- Photos of Spotted jelly on Sealife Collection
