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== Services ==
== Services ==
The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of January 2023, the Bureau has around 800 sworn members, 35 [[Law Enforcement Exploring|cadets]], and over 500 professional staff.
The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of September 2024, the Bureau has around 800 sworn members, 35 [[Law Enforcement Exploring|cadets]], and over 300 professional staff.


== Precincts ==
== Precincts ==
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|[[File:NY - SCSO Correction Sergeant.png|center|35px]]
|[[File:NY - SCSO Correction Sergeant.png|center|35px]]
|-
|-
|Detective & Criminalist
|Detective or Criminalist
|No Insignia
|No Insignia
|-
|-
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=== Vehicles ===
=== Vehicles ===
The PPB primarily uses [[Ford Explorer|Ford Explorers]] for their marked vehicles. Older marked vehicles that are still in use include the [[Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor|Ford Crown Victoria]], and the [[Chevrolet Tahoe]].
The PPB primarily uses [[Ford Explorer|Ford Explorers]] for their marked vehicles. An older marked vehicle that is still in use is the [[Chevrolet Tahoe]].


Traffic officers use [[BMW R1200RT]] motorcycles.
Traffic officers use [[BMW R1200RT]] motorcycles.
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On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner [[Jo Ann Hardesty]], for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on the delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=Rebecca |title=Portland Extends Police Contract with Union for One Year |url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-police-contract-extend-negotiations-street-response/ |access-date=July 3, 2020 |publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting |date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing [[George Floyd protests in Portland, Oregon|George Floyd protests]], some of them at PPA headquarters.
On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner [[Jo Ann Hardesty]], for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on the delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=Rebecca |title=Portland Extends Police Contract with Union for One Year |url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-police-contract-extend-negotiations-street-response/ |access-date=July 3, 2020 |publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting |date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing [[George Floyd protests in Portland, Oregon|George Floyd protests]], some of them at PPA headquarters.


On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2025. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains a new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls.
On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2026. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains a new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls.

The PPA, established in 1942, is the longest continuously operating [[Police unions in the United States|police union in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Riski |first1=Tess |last2=Jacquiss |first2=Nigel |title=For Nearly 80 Years, the Portland Police Association Has Wielded Power in a Town That Doesn't Like Cops. That Power Is Now Under Siege. |url=https://www.wweek.com/news/city/2020/06/24/for-nearly-80-years-the-portland-police-association-has-wielded-power-in-a-town-that-doesnt-like-cops-that-power-is-now-under-siege/ |website=Willamette Week |access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Latest revision as of 04:29, 6 September 2024

Portland Bureau of Police
The patch of the PPB
The patch of the PPB
The badge of the PPB
The badge of the PPB
Common namePortland Police Bureau
AbbreviationPPB
Motto"Sworn to Protect, Dedicated to Serve"
Agency overview
Formed1870
Preceding agency
  • Portland Metropolitan Police Force
Annual budget$262 million (2023)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersPortland Justice Center
Civilians350
Police commissioner responsible
Agency executive
Facilities
Precincts
  • North Precinct
  • Central Precinct
  • East Precinct
Airplanes3
Website
www.portlandoregon.gov/police/ Edit this at Wikidata

The Portland Police Bureau (PPB), officially the Portland Bureau of Police, is the law enforcement agency of the city of Portland, the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon. While oversight of Portland's bureaus shifts among the five City Commissioners, the mayor has historically been assigned to the Police Bureau as the police commissioner.

Services

[edit]

The Bureau is the largest city law enforcement agency in Oregon. As of September 2024, the Bureau has around 800 sworn members, 35 cadets, and over 300 professional staff.

Precincts

[edit]

The Portland Police Bureau divides Portland into three precincts,[2] with each precinct divided into as many as 20 districts.[3] The divisions are generally based on neighborhood association boundaries, but also take into account the number of police calls generated in each district.[citation needed] The district serves as the basic unit of territory within the bureau, and most districts are assigned between one and two patrol officers. As such, busier districts are geographically smaller and slower districts are larger.

The infrastructure of each precinct is essentially the same, though the number of officers in each precinct is adjusted continually through transfers, new hires and attrition.

Ranks

[edit]
Title Insignia
Chief of Police
Deputy Chief
Assistant Chief
Commander
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Detective or Criminalist No Insignia
Officer No Insignia
Cadet No Insignia
Portland police vehicles with pre-2013 and 2013-2023 livery.

Equipment

[edit]

Vehicles

[edit]

The PPB primarily uses Ford Explorers for their marked vehicles. An older marked vehicle that is still in use is the Chevrolet Tahoe.

Traffic officers use BMW R1200RT motorcycles.

Firearms

[edit]

All Portland police officers are armed with a 9mm Glock handgun, either the Glock 17, or the Glock 19. Plainclothes officers carry a Glock 26.[4] Most uniformed officers' handguns are equipped with SureFire or Streamlight tactical lights. Officers often carry a backup firearm that must conform to regulations regarding caliber and type.

All Portland Police Bureau officers are authorized to carry a Remington 870 shotgun (fitted with a tactical flashlight in the foregrip). After completion of bureau courses, officers are also authorized to carry Colt AR-15 rifles and FN 40mm single shot less-lethal launchers.

Special Emergency Reaction Team (SERT) officers are armed with a variety of additional weapons, including H&K MP5A3 submachine guns, and M4A1 rifles with EOTech holographic sights.

The .45 Glock 21 was once included in the list of handguns that could be used as a service pistol. However, after two incidents in which Glock 21s exploded in the hands of officers at a shooting range,[5] the Bureau abandoned the Glock 21.

Non-lethal weapons

[edit]

All uniformed officers carry pepper spray, the ASP expandable baton and a Taser.

Portland Police Bureau has a LRAD "sound cannon".[6]

  • Officers from the Traffic Division
    Officers from the Traffic Division
  • Officers of the PPB Bike Squad
    Officers of the PPB Bike Squad
  • Officers with the now-defunct Mounted Unit
    Officers with the now-defunct Mounted Unit
  • An officer with the SERT team, along with Federal Protective Service agents, responding to protest in Downtown Portland in 2017.
    An officer with the SERT team, along with Federal Protective Service agents, responding to protest in Downtown Portland in 2017.

Portland Police Association

[edit]

Most of the bureau's rank-and-file employees are represented by the Portland Police Association union. The union also represents 911 call takers and dispatchers, who work for the Bureau of Emergency Communication.

On July 1, 2020, the city and the PPA renewed its annual contract, with an agreement to permit a newly formed Portland Street Response team, promoted by Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty, for emergency situations that don't require firearms, and an agreement on the delay of cost-of-living adjustment due to city budget issues related to COVID-19.[7] This contract was extended against a backdrop of continuing George Floyd protests, some of them at PPA headquarters.

On February 24, 2022, the City and the PPA signed a new collective bargaining agreement that will expire on June 30, 2026. Members will see between a 14% to 25% pay increase, not including $7,000 in retention bonuses and bilingual incentive pay, in this contract. The agreement also contains a new discipline guide and allows for the expansion of the Portland Street Response team, which dispatches a mental health clinician and fire paramedic to crisis calls.

History

[edit]

19th century

[edit]

From 1851 to 1870 Portland was policed by a marshal, sometimes elected and sometimes appointed, who usually served a two-year term. After 1861, the marshal was empowered to hire deputies, but they did not have permanent jobs until late in the 1860s. Thomas O'Connor, a deputy, became the first Portland officer to die while on duty in a shooting on August 21, 1867.[8] The bureau, originally named the Portland Metropolitan Police Force, was established in 1870 by the Portland City Council. The Council appointed James Lappeus as its first chief of police, in charge of a force with six patrolmen and one lieutenant, at a time when the population of Portland was less than 9,000.[9] The first member of the Metropolitan Police Force to die in the line of duty was Officer Charles F. Schoppe, who was shot to death on June 13, 1874, while trying to disarm a drunken saloon patron.[10]

20th century

[edit]

On April 1, 1908, the bureau became the first in the United States to hire a female police officer, Lola Baldwin, who became the Superintendent of its newly established Women's Protective Division, especially noted for helping women during a time that PPB's officers focused on enforcement and patrol of people who could pay them under the table. Unattached women had arrived en masse for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.[11] In 1915, the "Metropolitan Police Force" changed its name to the Bureau of Police.[12] Four years later, the bureau became the first, in the United States, to use a police radio.[12] Sybil Plumlee, also considered to be a pioneer in the field, served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967.[13][14][15]

PPB's "Red Squad" was formed in the 1910s to fight a rise of communism, the labor movement, and other left-wing efforts. Its membership was documented to overlap with Oregon's branch of Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s and the pro-Nazi antisemitic Silver Shirts in the 1930s; Red Squad Captain Walter Odale was part of American Defenders, a spinoff of the Silver Shirts. In one of Red Squad's "Weekly Report of Communist Activities", Odale stated Portland was the third-largest center of Nazi activity in the country. The Squad interrogated a student leader at Lincoln High School, and within days of this becoming public in 1937, the Red Squad was disbanded. Still, by 1940, the Silver Shirts were confident that police would side with their organization "if any trouble starts in Portland".[16]

By 1923 it was estimated over half of the PPB were also members of the Klan.[17]: 107 

In 1964, Black Albina resident Cleotis Rhodes was shot during a traffic stop, which led to his death. The use-of-force guidelines were amended by the new police chief to note firearms should only be used related to felonies.[18]

The Mayor and the Chief of Police have indicated that in their opinions the Kerner Report is not applicable to Portland. Satisfactory police-citizen relations are not likely to be achieved as a reality in Portland in the absence of a fundamental change in the philosophy of the officials who formulate policy for the police bureau.

— Report on Problems of Racial Justice in Portland, discussing PPB's relationship with Black Portland residents[18]

In a 1968 City Club of Portland Report on Law Enforcement, PPB were described as having "the right to stop and frisk someone because his skin is black and he is in the black part of town." Albina, the majority-Black area of Portland, was deliberately neglected, as police and Mayor Terry Schrunk confirmed. This was intensified by the ghettoization (through redlining and other means), concentrating Portland's Black population in Albina. Portland police were disproportionately white (1% were Black) even compared to the low percentage of Blacks in Portland (7%). Attitudes were reflected in a 1966 survey, where 86% of officers thought the civil rights movement was happening "moving too fast".[18]

Youth in the Albina neighborhood felt "watched all the time", calling the police "plantation overseers". These frustrations caused a peaceful rally to turn into an unprompted riot at Irving Park in 1967. After this, the Intelligence Unit collected information on any vocal activists and their friends, then harassed individuals "until they found a charge that would stick".[18]

A 1969 class action lawsuit on behalf of 20,000 Black Portlanders led to the 1971 settlement called the Probasco Decree. It required the police to stop using "insulting, degrading or ethnically derogatory terms" towards citizens, banned the use of SAP gloves and leaded batons, and required a search warrant to enter a home. The Internal Affairs Division was created, though it was substantially ineffective, tossing out 90% of complaints in the first year, and nearly 93% of complaints in 1979. Police behavior did not change; in 1974, a resident wrote Mayor Neil Goldschmidt stating "It seems as if any time a police gets the urge to punch something, they snatch the first available black man they see, and use him to satisfy their savage egos."[18] Four Black men were killed by the police in a six-month period of 1974–1975.[18]

In March 1981, PPB officers (Craig Ward, Jim Galloway) dropped dead possums in front of Burger Barn, a Black soul food restaurant owned by George Powe on MLK. Witnesses said there were seven officers and four patrol cars involved. Ward and Galloway said they did it to relieve stress, not out of racial motivation. After pressure from the Black United Front and protests, Ward and Galloway were fired, though no other officers were punished. Stan Peters and the PPA protested the firings, organizing a "Cops Have Rights Too" rally, and demanding Charles Jordan, Portland's first Black city councilor and police commissioner. PPA hired Ward and Galloway to work for the union in the meantime; months later, the firing of the two was overturned in binding arbitration, which found Jordan failed to follow procedures. Marches and rallies were held, and Rev. C. T. Vivian came to the city to organize anti-Klan efforts, believing the possums represented a "Klan mentality" in the department and the ruling would lead to further attacks.[18][19]

In 1985, Penny Harrington became Portland's first female chief of police, and the first to head a major U.S. police department.[12] Also in 1985, PPB killed a Black veteran, Lloyd Stevenson, by placing him in a chokehold. Stevenson had served in Vietnam for the Marine Corps, and was buried with military honors at Willamette National Cemetery. After scrutiny over Officer Gary Barbour's chokehold, on the day of his funeral, officers sold "don't choke 'em, smoke 'em" t-shirts from a police precinct (Kelly Penumbra building, 47th and E Burnside) and the Portland Police Association's bar, the Portland Police Athletic Association. Two officers, Richard Montee and Paul Wickersham, were fired by Mayor Bud Clark, but later reinstated. A month after the killing, when a grand jury decided to not prosecute the officers, PPA president Stan Peters said people shouldn't "dwell on the past", stating community relations would improve once those angry with the police moved on. He had previously called Black leaders "opportunists" and "vultures" over the Stevenson killing reaction.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

The headquarters of the Portland Police Bureau was in the Portland Police Block until 1984. The 1912 building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Since 1992, there have been several cases of suspects having died while in custody at the Multnomah County Detention Center.[26]

Prohibition

[edit]

Oregon passed Prohibition laws in 1915. These were enacted in 1916, well ahead of the 18th Amendment. Mayor H. Russell Albee, embroiled in several unrelated controversies, ordered chief John Clark to visibly enforce the prohibition laws. Clark created a "morals squad" in 1916 with Lt. Leo A. Harms as its leader. The raids and arrests focused on the consumers and low-level suppliers, making little impact. Even when an individual appeared in front of a jury trial, the jury would decline to find the person guilty. In at least two cases the jury drank the evidence (liquor) then acquitted the accused for lack of evidence.[17]: 26,49 

The Golden West raid... set the pattern for prohibition enforcement in Portland: with the priority being enforcement of the dry laws against minorities and immigrants.

— Murder and Scandal in Prohibition Portland[17]: 50 

Portland's liquor from Prohibition through the 1950s was supplied through a loose ring of Pullman porters. A 1917 raid on Portland's Golden West Hotel, the a hotspot for Portland's Black population and the porters, was a very public event even if no charges were successful.[17]: 49-50 

George Luis Baker became mayor in June 1917; he and PPB chief Leon Jenkins took control of liquor distribution (through bootlegging) and kept speakeasies open. Confiscated liquor was stored in PPB's Central Precinct basement. Several officers on the morals and motorcycle squads were involved in the smuggling. The motorcycle squad operated under Captain Frank Ervin, handling chief Jenkins' "dirty work" such as anti-union work and alcohol distribution.[17] Jim Purcell, later chief detective and police chief, was clearly linked with mobster Jim Elkins and described later as "He was very good at derailing investigations and covering up murders. Jim Elkins... paid Purcell well for his services."[17]: 142  A wild Oregon Auto Dealers convention at the Multnomah Hotel led to a raid in 1918, yet no arrests for drinking were made.[17]: 52 

Intelligence files

[edit]

In the 1950s through the 1980s, PPB's Intelligence Division, the effective successor to the Red Squad, kept files on hundreds of Portland organizations, ranging from the ACLU, Black United Front, Bicycle Repair Collective, and the People's Food co-op. The Intelligence Division had approximately six officers who would gather intelligence and news clippings on organizations and individuals related to them. The paperwork was against city policy, and in 1981 it became against state law (181.575). Some reports were filed even after 1981. Most of the reports focused on left-leaning organizations. Winfield Falk took the records home sometime between 1981 and 1985, then moved them to a barn in eastern Washington. Falk died in 1987, and Portland Tribune's Phil Stanford chased leads until he found and acquired the files in 2002 or prior. Stanford "was devastated" because they weren't of use to him, so he gave them to the Tribune.[27]

Winfield Falk was a member of the right-wing John Birch Society, which had been involved with intelligence gathering in a similar unit of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1983. Individuals tracked in the files included Bev Stein, Ron Herndon, Neil Goldschmidt, Vera Katz, Harl H. Haas Jr., and Elizabeth Furse.[28][29][27]

When Harrington became chief in 1985, Falk shared intelligence files on city commissioners Mike Lindberg and Margaret Strachan. She said "I just blew up at [Falk]" and broke up the intelligence and vice divisions. She resigned as chief in June 1986.[28]

The files were analyzed by Portland Tribune in 2002 and given to the City of Portland Archives (PARC) in 2004. During an ethnographic study using document theory, researcher Kathy Carbone created an object biography on the files as a whole, noting the concept of "imagined-but-unavailable records" led many to experience strong emotions. Further, the files became recontextualized over time.[27]

21st century

[edit]

In 2000, a large protest occurred on May Day. Following that, police chief Mark Kroeker issued a policy to not use less-lethal force to disperse crowds. He also formed the Rapid Response Team designed for crowd control.

During protests against a Bush visit in August 2002, police escalated the force used to disperse protesters, indiscriminately using batons, rubber bullets, and pepper spray. Children (including a 10 month old baby), independent police observers and a TV cameraperson (Beth English, KPTV) were deliberately sprayed from as little as one foot away from their face. This was counter to the RRT training and the Kroeker policy. The assistant chief, Greg Clark, put responsibility of the children being pepper sprayed on the parents; complaints were filed with the Bureau but they said no inappropriate behavior had occurred. Mayor Vera Katz, however, began to make changes on how crowd dispersal is handled.[30][31][32]

Protesters and police both escalated tactics in 2002–2003; in March 2003, a splinter group of black bloc rushed motorcycle police on the Steel Bridge. Police responded, pepperspraying the bloc and innocent bystanders.[33][30]

In 2011, three Portland police officers beat and tazed a citizen during a traffic stop. While denied by the officers, the episode was caught on a nearby security camera, showing him being repeatedly punched in the head and tazed four times in 30 seconds. A medic report stated "police on scene very reluctant to give any info how patient was injured". In 2014 his civil suit by jury trial concluded, with the jury awarding him $562,000. Greg Kafoury, a lawyer for the citizen, stated "The Portland police are a law unto themselves. These officers will not be disciplined. ...In the past 50 years, no Portland police officer has ever lost their job for physically abusing a citizen." The officers were cleared through an internal investigation.[34][35][36]

Mark Kruger

[edit]

Sgt. Mark Kruger was revealed to have pepper sprayed Beth English, the KPTV cameraperson, in the 2002 protest. After documented aggression against English and another woman the following year, friends began to speak out against him, stating he had been collecting Nazi memorabilia in the early 1980s and that they would drive through the city, yelling racist and homophobic statements at people. The PPB defended Kruger. PPB spokesperson Brian Schmautz said "If he's a Nazi, then I'm Saddam Hussein". The city attorney's office tried to quash the Nazi details in a lawsuit, stating it violated Kruger's free-speech and privacy rights.[37]

In 2000, Kruger placed a shrine to Nazi soldiers on public park property at Rocky Butte. When Kruger's past was discovered during the 2003 lawsuits, Kruger removed the shrine. The shrine was stored in the city attorney's office by then-deputy Tracy Reeve, preventing their discovery during the lawsuits. Kruger remained on the force and was promoted to captain in 2009. Kruger admitted to wearing Nazi uniforms, explaining that he was a history buff, but denied ever engaging in racist activities or holding Nazi beliefs. In 2010, the shrine's existence was discovered in an internal affairs investigation ordered by commissioner Dan Saltzman. Kruger was disciplined and suspended for two weeks, but was not demoted or fired. Kruger continued to state that he was a history buff, not a Nazi. He remained on the force until his retirement.[38][19][39][40][41][42]

In a May 2013 investigation of Kruger, assistant police chief Eric Hendricks discouraged Kruger from appearing before the Performance Review Board to defend himself in a retaliation case. Hendricks was also in charge of internal affairs and police professional standards. A review found that Hendricks didn't violate any rule, but that his actions were contrary to the process; Hendricks announced his retirement when the review was opened.[43][44][45][46]

In July 2013, Kruger received a "We Are Portland" award from the Portland Office of Equity and Human Rights (EHR). The director of EHR asked Kruger to not attend the public ceremony and to instead receive the award later; the director apologized for this, recognizing Kruger's "current work and dedication to our city's immigrant and refugee community". The EHR said they weren't aware of investigations into Kruger.[47][48]

I am writing to affirm that I consider you to be a competent and valuable member of the Portland Police Bureau. Your skills and talents as a Critical Incident Commander and ability to connect with the community are outstanding.

— Settlement letter from police chief Mike Reese to Mark Kruger[49][50]

Kruger sued the city in 2013. The resulting 2014 settlement expunged his past disciplinary records and provided him a complimentary letter from police chief Mike Reese. Charlie Hales, (then the mayor and police commissioner), claimed to be unaware of terms of the settlement, despite signing it. Amid outrage, Hales apologized when the details were made public. Commissioner Novick called it outrageous and "an insult to anyone of Jewish or Russian or Polish descent."[51][52][53][54][55][49][56][57][58][50]

Police killings

[edit]

In several high-profile cases,[59] including the James Chasse, Jr.[60] and Kendra James[61]: 1669 [62] incidents, the Portland Police Bureau has been accused of engaging in the abuse of force and then covering up the investigation.[63] The accusations have prompted a Copwatch program in Portland.[64] In neither the Chasse nor the James interactions were the Portland Police Bureau, nor any sworn officer, found guilty of criminal wrongdoing.[65]

In January 2010, PPB shot and killed Aaron Campbell, a black man, in what Jesse Jackson called an execution. Campbell was suicidal and was known to own a gun. During a welfare check, Campbell had been responding to officer commands and was facing away from them with his hands on his head. When officers felt he was not responding to their commands, an officer (Lewton) shot him with a beanbag round; Campbell then lowered his hands and began to run away. Lewton then shot him with five more beanbag rounds and a K-9 unit released their German Shepherd. Officer Ronald Frashour then shot Campbell in the back with his AR-15, as Frashour believed he was reaching for a gun and would be behind cover. After several internal reviews, Police Chief Michael Reese terminated Frashour in November 2010, indicating he had acted in poor judgement, that Campbell was instinctively responding to pain from the beanbag, was only displaying passive resistance, and had not put officers or the community in immediate threat. Based on that Reese believed the use of force was not reasonably necessary, that Frashour's rigid thought process saw all of Campbell's reactions in the worst light, and that Frashour evaluated the situation as a sniper. Lewton and two other officers received an 80-hour (two week) suspension. A grand jury was convened by the Multnomah County District Attorney (a standard practice); the grand jury declined to indict any of the officers.[38][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]

Campbell's family settled a wrongful death lawsuit with the city for $1.2 million in February 2012. The Portland Police Association fought Frashour's termination, and he was ultimately reinstated after an arbitrator overturned the city's termination in March 2012. Frashour also received his lost wages. PPA president Daryl Turner said the firing had been politically motivated, and said 25 officers had stated the deadly force was reasonable during Frashour's arbitration. William Lewinski, an expert witness and police shooting advocate,[73] also defended Frashour, stating Campbell could have grabbed his gun, turned around, and fired at an officer faster than Frashour could have reacted with his AR-15 at the ready. This action-reaction theory was called the "Superman theory" by Portland Copwatch's Dan Handelman.[74] Mayor Sam Adams was disappointed by the reinstatement.[38][66][68][75][70][76]

In 2011, the Department of Justice began an investigation into civil rights violations at the PPB. This resulted in the United States v. City of Portland settlement regarding their use of force.

On the incident review side, we were disappointed when two of seven commanders failed to write a substantive analysis of fatal shootings, discouraged when a Training Division Review did not engage in any analysis or identify any issue worthy of reflection, and disquieted when we learned that in three cases Training staff stepped out of their lanes and vouched in the grand jury for the appropriateness of involved officers' use of deadly force with only a passing familiarity of the facts. And we worry when we see the application of the “action/reaction principle” as a reflexive justification for the officers' use of deadly force, in a way that recalls how the reference to “furtive movements” was uncritically used in the past to justify officers' actions.

— 2020 independent audit[77]

In a 120-page independent review of police-involved killings in 2020, the auditors noted that despite an improvement in transparency and outreach related to the killings, they noted the lack of a "reservoir of goodwill" from the department and called out the failure of timeliness in the investigations and review process. In two of the seven deaths, there was no analysis, but only a cursory review. The department had concluded that nothing was to be learned from the incidents and that police conduct in them met bureau policy. This was not true.[77]

Alt-right, Antifa, and Black Lives Matter

[edit]

In 2014, just before a grand jury ruling on the death of Michael Brown by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, at least three officers altered an image of their police badges to state "I AM DARREN WILSON". Chief Mike Reese demanded the officers remove the images, calling them inflammatory, noting it was against policy to imply such a political endorsement using their badges. One of the three officers had previously been noted for using inappropriate force in 2011 against a Spanish-speaking man.[78]

At a Black Lives Matter rally in 2015, an officer tweeted that he was "stuck late again at work to babysit these fools." He was removed from street duty for an internal investigation; the officer had been warned in 2012 after messaging the entire department his "knee-jerk reaction" to the upcoming Department of Justice investigation of PPB.[79][80]

In June 2017, a Patriot Prayer protest was held a week after the racist slayings in the 2017 Portland train attack. Alt-right demonstrators such as Todd Kelsay and Tusitala “Tiny” Toese assisted Department of Homeland Security officers detain and arrest counter-protesters.[81] Additionally, PPB and Oregon State Police kettled almost 400 counter-protesters. The counter-protesters were detained until photographed and showing their identification (which was also photographed); individuals wearing masks were required to remove them. Instructions were communicated over a LRAD. The group included journalists, who were given the same treatment. The police chief, Marshman, initially claimed it was other agencies, not PPB, who took the photos, which was disproven. Marshman also stated PPB would purge the photos if the individual wasn't part of an investigation, but still had all of the images a year later. The Independent Police Review noted the chilling effects to free speech and the lack of reasonable suspicion of criminal acts by the group; deleted portions of the IPR report described the alt-right as being considered "much more mainstream" by one police lieutenant. ACLU of Oregon described the kettling as a "counterproductive and constitutionally dubious response to protesters", and opened a class action lawsuit against the police in November 2017; the case was still ongoing as of August 2020.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]

After 2017-2018 confrontations between the alt-right and anti-fascists, Lieutenant Jeff Niiya's close conversations via text with Joey Gibson, head of Patriot Prayer, was published. Niiya helped members avoid arrest. After a six-month investigation, Niiya was not disciplined for this, but the investigation also showed that the police chief and Mayor Ted Wheeler knew about Niiya's communication.[91][19][92][93][94][95]

An officer was hired from Burlington, New Jersey's sheriff's department in 2017. Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal documented his ties to extremist groups during his time in Burlington, including the anti-government Military Patriot Oath Keepers and the anti-Muslim Voice of the American Infidels. PPB's internal affairs department investigated him for three months and wouldn't share the outcome, but the officer is still employed by PPB. The Oregonian noted that existing social media policies would not punish individuals who were part of private social media groups.[96][97]

In an ongoing series of protests beginning in May 2020 following the murder of George Floyd, the Portland Police Bureau has clashed with Portlanders demanding justice against police brutality. In what Rolling Stone reporter Tim Dickinson called "with no remorse or sense of irony", the PPB has been widely criticized for their violent tactics to dissolve the protests including tear gas, flash bombs, impact munitions, and use of force without warning. The PPB has also been the target of temporary restraining orders for violating constitutional rights and for attacking journalists. The PPB were supplemented with federal agents deployed by President Donald Trump who have reportedly arrested rioters and antifa off the streets from unmarked police vehicles for detainment without reading Miranda Rights, providing cause, or identifying themselves.[19][98]

After Mayor Wheeler banned the use of CS gas by PPB on September 10, 2020, the Portland Police Bureau issued a press release, blaming the need for CS gas on the protesters, described as "Victim Blaming 101" by a journalist. PPA's Turner said it would "blow up in the Mayor's face". Days later, Wheeler emailed the police chief and staff, admonishing them for the apparent insubordination in the press release, and later called it "serious breach of protocol and an inappropriate use of City communications resources".[99][100][101][102]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the PPB's union fought against attempts to implement a requirement for COVID-19 vaccination for PPB staff. The union said the vaccine requirement would lead to mass resignations, as PPB officers were "so deeply" opposed that they would resign rather than get the vaccine.[103][104] The attempts were successful as the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a law exempting law enforcement officers from vaccine mandates.

[edit]
  • The 2011-2017 NBC drama Grimm starring David Giuntoli and Russell Hornsby follows a Portland Police Detective who fights mythological creatures. Multiple characters on the show are members of the PPB.
  • The 2015 Fox series Backstrom follows a team of 'eccentric criminologists' in the PPB led by an "overweight, offensive, irascible" commanding officer played by Rainn Wilson.
  • The ABC show Stumptown follows a Portland-based private investigator played by Cobie Smulders who frequently works with officers from PPB.

Police Chiefs

[edit]

Source:[105]

  • James H. Lappeus (1st term November 1, 1870 – June 17, 1877)[106]
  • Lucerne Besser (June 18, 1877 – October 29, 1879)
  • James H. Lappeus (2nd term October 30, 1879 – June 30, 1883)[106]
  • William H. Watkinds (July 18, 1883 – April 23, 1884)[107]
  • Samuel B. Parrish (April 24, 1884 – July 31, 1892)[108]
  • Ernest W. Spencer (August 1, 1892 – November 11, 1892)
  • Charles H. Hunt (November 12, 1892 – July 31, 1894, and below)
  • John W. Minto (August 1, 1894 – October 5, 1896)
  • L. W. "Doc" Robertson (October 6, 1896 – March 10, 1897)[109]
  • John Myers (March 11, 1897 – June 8, 1897)
  • Patrick J. Barry (June 9, 1897 – July 2, 1897)
  • Michael J. Clohessy (July 3, 1897 – June 30, 1898)
  • Daniel M. McLaughlin (July 1, 1898 – January 22, 1903)
  • Charles H. Hunt (above and January 23, 1903 – July 14, 1905 ? 1906)
  • Charles Critzmaucher (July 15, 1906 – July 1, 1909)
  • A. M. Cox (July 2, 1909 – June 30, 1911)
  • Enoch Glover (July 1, 1911 – June 30, 1913)
  • John Clark (July 1, 1913 – July 31, 1917)
  • Nelson F. Johnson (August 1, 1917 – November 7, 1919)
  • Leon V. Jenkins (November 8, 1919 – June 30, 1933, and below)
  • Burton K. Lawson (July 1, 1933 – November 30, 1934)
  • Harry M. Niles (December 1, 1934 – June 30, 1946)
  • Leon V. Jenkins (above and July 1, 1946 – January 5, 1948)
  • James Fleming (January 6, 1948 – December 31, 1948)
  • Charles P. Pray (January 1, 1949 – April 30, 1951)
  • Donald I. McNamara (April 1, 1951 – January 2, 1953, and below) [dates given conflict]
  • James W. Purcell Jr. (January 1, 1953 – January 1, 1957)
  • William J. Hilbruner (January 1, 1957 – November 12, 1960)
  • David H. Johnson (November 21, 1960 – July 8, 1964)
  • Donald McNamara (acting Chief July 9–22, 1964. Chief July 23, 1964 – January 1974)
  • Bruce R. Baker (January 15, 1974 – May 31, 1981)
  • Ronald R. Still (June 1, 1981 – January 4, 1985)
  • Gary M. Haynes (January 4, 1985 – January 23, 1985)
  • Penny Harrington (January 24, 1985 – June 2, 1986)
  • Robert M. Tobin (June 2, 1986 – August 20, 1986)
  • James T. Davis (August 20, 1986 – April 7, 1987)
  • Richard D. Walker (April 7, 1987 – November 18, 1990)
  • Thomas J. Potter (November 19, 1990 – June 29, 1993)
  • Charles A. Moose (June 29, 1993 – August 1999)[110]
  • Mark A. Kroeker (August 1999 – August 29, 2003)[111]
  • Derrick Foxworth (August 29, 2003 – June 2006)[112]
  • Rosie Sizer (June 22, 2006 – May 12, 2010, fired by Mayor Adams after holding a PPB press conference to criticize his funding decisions)[113][114][102]
  • Michael Reese (May 12, 2010 – January 2, 2015, retired)[115]
  • Larry O'Dea (January 2, 2015 – March 27, 2016, resigned after attempting to cover up an incident where he accidentally shot a friend while drunk on a hunting trip)[116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124]
  • Donna Henderson (Interim) (March 27, 2016 – June 27, 2016)
  • Michael Marshman (June 27, 2016[125] – August 24, 2017)
  • Chris Uehara (interim) (August 24, 2017[126] – October 2, 2017[127])
  • Danielle Outlaw (October 2, 2017 – December 31, 2019[128])
  • Jami Resch (December 31, 2019 – June 8, 2020[128])
  • Chuck Lovell (June 8, 2020 – October 11, 2023)
  • Bob Day (October 11, 2023 – Present)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bailey Jr, Everton (June 17, 2020). "Portland approves budget with millions in cuts to police, but short of public demand for $50 million reduction". The Oregonian.
  2. ^ a b Precinct information from the PPB website
  3. ^ "Precinct and district map" (PDF). City of Portland. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  4. ^ "Portland Police Bureau Manual of Policy and Procedure". The City of Portland. January 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  5. ^ "Possible Officer Safety Issue Related to Glock Model 21 Handguns". PoliceOne.com. March 30, 2004. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  6. ^ Molly Harbarger (June 4, 2020). "Portland protest calls for 'nonviolent' resistance against police brutality Thursday; 12 arrested in overnight unrest". oregonlive. Retrieved June 5, 2020. Police said their sound truck "became a target of the group's aggression" as officers continued to disperse the crowd. They said lasers were shined at the driver and rocks and glass bottles were thrown at the truck.Police said they used a Long Range Acoustic Device twice "to defend themselves from these criminal and dangerous acts."According to a 2009 New York Times report, such devices are powerful speakers that can also emit a very loud, siren-like noise. The devices are known by their acronym, LRAD, and are referred to as "sound cannons."
  7. ^ Ellis, Rebecca (July 1, 2020). "Portland Extends Police Contract with Union for One Year". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  8. ^ "Memorial and Fallen Officers". Portland Police Museum.
  9. ^ "Portland City Marshals and Police Chiefs". Portland Police Museum.
  10. ^ "Memorial and Fallen Officers". Portland Police Museum. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  11. ^ "Lola G. Baldwin". opb.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c O'Hara, Ralph. "The History of the Portland Police Bureau; A Look Back". Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  13. ^ "Obituaries – Jan. 12, 2012: Sybil Plumlee". Lake Oswego Review. Lake Oswego, Oregon: Pamplin Media Group. January 12, 2012. pp. 1–2. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  14. ^ Newell, Cliff (May 12, 2011). "Portland policewoman turns 100 in Lake Oswego". Portland Tribune. pp. 1–2. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  15. ^ Hallman, Jr., Tom (January 12, 2012). "'She was one of a kind,' family says of Sybil Plumlee, one of Portland's first female police officers". The Oregonian. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  16. ^ Shane Burley; Alexander Reid Ross (2019). "From Nativism to White Power: Mid-Twentieth-Century White Supremacist Movements in Oregon". OHQ. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Chandler, J. D. (2016). Murder & scandal in prohibition Portland : sex, vice & misdeeds in Mayor Baker's reign. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-4671-1953-5. OCLC 928581539.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Leanne C. Serbulo; Karen J. Gibson (2013). "Police-Community Relations in Portland's Albina District, 1964-1985" (PDF). Oregon Historical Quarterly. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d e Dickinson, Tim. "RS Reports: Progressive City, Brutal Police". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  20. ^ John Killen (December 4, 2014). "Portland 'sleeper hold' death in 1985 had similarities to New York choke hold death". oregonlive. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  21. ^ Ken Hamburg (April 27, 1985). "Lloyd Stevenson buried with military honors: Family, friends, colleagues morn victim of 'sleeper-hold'" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  22. ^ "T-shirt sale backfires on policeman" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. April 27, 1985. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  23. ^ Paul Manley (May 7, 1985). "Police chief will send T-shirt disciplinary suggestion to Clark" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  24. ^ John Snell (May 23, 1985). "Police jury action hailed, assailed" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  25. ^ Wallace Turner (May 5, 1985). "BLACKS PROTEST CHOKE-HOLD DEATH IN OREGON". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  26. ^ Portland Police Shootings and Deaths in Custody: 1992-May, 2008 from portlandcopwatch.org
  27. ^ a b c Carbone, Kathy (February 17, 2020). "A collection and its many relations and contexts". Journal of Documentation. 76 (3). Emerald: 753–767. doi:10.1108/jd-06-2019-0111. ISSN 0022-0418. S2CID 214057150.
  28. ^ a b Jacklet, Ben (September 12, 2002). "The Secret Watchers". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  29. ^ Jacklet, Ben (September 20, 2002). "A legacy of suspicion: When the police intelligence unit cast its spy nets, the wider black community got caught". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  30. ^ a b Francesca Monga (April 1, 2003). "Tales of the Tape". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  31. ^ Nick Budnick (August 28, 2001). "Red-Pepper Blues". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  32. ^ Maxine Bernstein (October 8, 2010). "Portland police panel finds Capt. Mark Kruger brought 'discredit and disgrace' upon the city by erecting a memorial to Nazi soldiers". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  33. ^ Nick Budnick (March 25, 2003). ""All Bets Are Off"". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  34. ^ Aimee Green (September 29, 2014). "Man beaten, shocked with Taser by Portland police awarded $562,000 by jury". oregonlive. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  35. ^ Aimee Green (September 25, 2014). "Portland police brutality lawsuit: Officers testify that man arrested for DUII was the aggressive one". oregonlive. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  36. ^ Lake, Hillary (September 29, 2014). "Man who sued Portland police for brutality wins $562K verdict from jury". KATU. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  37. ^ Nick Budnick (September 30, 2003). "The Badge and the Swastika". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  38. ^ a b c McGreal, Chris (July 26, 2020). "'White as hell': Portland protesters face off with Trump but are they eclipsing Black Lives Matter?". The Guardian. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  39. ^ James Pitkin (October 13, 2009). "The Ice Man Weepeth". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  40. ^ Maxine Bernstein (November 17, 2010). "Portland police chief suspends Capt. Mark Kruger for erecting a shrine on Rocky Butte to five Nazi-era soldiers". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  41. ^ Maxine Bernstein (October 11, 2010). "Community activists call for outside investigations after Portland city attorney stashes plaques memorializing Nazi soldiers". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  42. ^ Nick Budnick (February 10, 2004). "The Cop Who Liked Nazis". Willamette Week. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  43. ^ "E Hendricks: Summary of Investigation" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. December 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  44. ^ Maxine Bernstein (December 13, 2013). "Portland assistant police chief didn't violate policy in discipline case, but still acted 'contrary' to bureau wishes: investigation". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  45. ^ Maxine Bernstein (October 29, 2013). "Portland Police Chief Mike Reese, high-ranking supervisors blasted by auditor for 'alarming lapses' in accountability". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  46. ^ Everton Bailey Jr. (July 3, 2013). "Assistant Portland police chief under investigation will retire". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  47. ^ Maxine Bernstein (August 5, 2013). "Director of Portland's office of equity says he was wrong to cut police Capt. Mark Kruger out of a public awards ceremony". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  48. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 29, 2013). "Portland's equity office asks police Capt. Mark Kruger not to attend public awards ceremony". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  49. ^ a b Maxine Bernstein (July 18, 2014). "Top things you should know about city's controversial settlement with Portland police Capt. Mark Kruger". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  50. ^ a b Maxine Bernstein (July 16, 2014). "Portland police Capt. Mark Kruger's past discipline to be erased -- including for tribute to Nazi-era soldiers -- under city settlement". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  51. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 17, 2014). "Portland Mayor Charlie Hales calls Capt. Mark Kruger settlement a 'distasteful decision' that he's not happy about". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  52. ^ Steve Duin (August 4, 2014). "Steve Duin blog: Charlie Hales was in the dark on Kruger? Police chief Mike Reese wasn't". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  53. ^ "Asleep at the wheel at City Hall: Editorial Agenda 2014". oregonlive. July 29, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  54. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 28, 2014). "Portland Mayor Charlie Hales' email: 'I was unaware of the non-financial' parts of Capt. Mark Kruger settlement". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  55. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 23, 2014). "Community coalition calls Portland's settlement with police Capt. Mark Kruger 'an insult'". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  56. ^ Scott A. Morrill (May 11, 2011). "Oregon State Bar letter to Robert Seaver re: Tracy Pool Reeve" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  57. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 17, 2014). "City settlement with Portland police Capt. Mark Kruger, dismissing his discipline, sparks outrage from readers". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  58. ^ Maxine Bernstein (July 16, 2014). "Portland Commissioner Steve Novick blasts city decision to erase Capt. Mark Kruger's discipline for Nazi soldier tribute". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  59. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (March 30, 2004). "Man killed by police unarmed: Portland officials have not said why an officer shot James Jahar Perez". The Oregonian.
  60. ^ "Why Did James Chasse Jr. Die?". Willamette Week. November 1, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  61. ^ Pedro, Portia (April 1, 2008). "Recent Case, Ninth Circuit Considers Community's Racial Tension with Police in Finding Illegal Seizure and Lack of Voluntary Consent. — United States V. Washington, 490 F.3d 765 (9th Cir. 2007)". Harvard Law Review. 121 (6): 1669.
  62. ^ "Officer who shot, killed homicide suspect also shot Kendra James". KGW. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  63. ^ Woodcock, Diane Lane (August 2005). "The Kendra James trial: Was justice served?". Portland Alliance.
  64. ^ Zuhl, Joanne (November 5, 2007). "Cops vs. Private Eyes". Street Roots. Street News Service.
  65. ^ "No indictment in Chasse death". The Oregonian. October 18, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
  66. ^ a b Maxine Bernstein (March 30, 2012). "Arbitrator orders Portland reinstate Ronald Frashour as an officer, with lost wages". oregonlive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  67. ^ Jane R. Wilkinson (March 30, 2012). "City of Portland vs Portland Police Association arbitrator's opinion and award: Grievance of Ron Frashour (PDF)" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  68. ^ a b Alex Zielinski (March 30, 2012). "BREAKING: Police Force May Take Frashour Back". Portland Mercury. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  69. ^ "Members Letters (Frashour termination)" (PDF). portlandoregon.gov. November 15, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  70. ^ a b Kim Barker; Michael H. Keller; Steve Eder (December 22, 2020). "How Cities Lost Control of Police Discipline". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  71. ^ Maxine Bernstein (October 16, 2012). "Portland police training review drafts of Frashour shooting show how lieutenant's analysis changed". oregonlive. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  72. ^ Maxine Bernstein (April 2, 2019). "Portland mayor taps former police union president to serve as his senior public safety adviser". oregonlive. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  73. ^ Matt Apuzzo (August 1, 2015). "Training Officers to Shoot First, and He Will Answer Questions Later (Published 2015)". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  74. ^ Maxine Bernstein (April 2, 2012). "Portland protesters condemn ruling that would reinstate Officer Ron Frashour, who killed Aaron Campbell". oregonlive. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  75. ^ Dennis C. Theriault (March 3, 2011). "Almost Within Reach". Portland Mercury. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  76. ^ "Docket for Estate of Aaron Campbell v. Frashour, 3:10-cv-01358 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  77. ^ a b Michael Gennaco; Robert Miller; Jule Ruhlin (April 2020). "Report to City of Portland PORTLAND POLICE BUREAU OFFICER-INVOLVED SHOOTINGS AND IN-CUSTODY DEATHS". OIR Group. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  78. ^ Maxine Bernstein (November 24, 2014). "Portland police chief orders officers to remove Facebook posts with 'I AM DARREN WILSON' over their badge". oregonlive. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  79. ^ Maxine Bernstein (November 24, 2015). "Portland police officer removed from street after Twitter message about Black Lives Matter". oregonlive. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  80. ^ Maxine Bernstein (September 14, 2012). "Portland officer apologizes for 'knee-jerk' message criticizing federal inquiry". oregonlive. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  81. ^ Arun Gupta (June 8, 2017). "Playing Cops: Militia Member Aids Police in Arresting Protester at Portland Alt-right Rally". The Intercept. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  82. ^ Maxine Bernstein (May 31, 2018). "'Kettling' of counter-protesters last June not legally justified, review says". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  83. ^ "POLICY REVIEW: Portland Police Bureau can improve its approach to crowd control during street protests" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. May 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  84. ^ Allan Brettman (November 15, 2017). "ACLU sues Portland police, Wheeler over protest tactics". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  85. ^ Maxine Bernstein (June 13, 2017). "Portland's mayor queries police chief about tactics used during June 4 protests". oregonlive. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  86. ^ Ted Wheeler (June 13, 2017). "Wheeler to Marshman" (PDF). media.oregonlive.com. Retrieved September 13, 2020. These events took place in an environment defined by tension, after the tragic slaying of two men on a Max train that took place a week prior.
  87. ^ "REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO INDEPENDENT POLICE REVIEW REGARDING PORTLAND POLICE BUREAU'S RESPONSE TO THE JUNE 4, 2017 PROTESTS" (PDF). aclu-or.org. 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  88. ^ "Case 3:17-cv-01827-PK Document 1 Filed 11/15/17 Page 1 of 14" (PDF). aclu-or.org. November 15, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  89. ^ Katie Shepherd (June 27, 2018). "Portland Police Saw Right-Wing Protesters as "Much More Mainstream" Than Leftist Ones". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  90. ^ "Draft: Independent Police Review Policy Review: Portland Police Bureau Response to June 20176 Rally & Protest" (PDF). Willamette Week. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  91. ^ a b Conrad Wilson (May 15, 2019). "Portland Hires National Group To Investigate How Police Handle Protests". opb. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  92. ^ Katie Shepherd (February 14, 2019). "Texts Between Portland Police and Patriot Prayer Ringleader Joey Gibson Show Warm Exchange". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  93. ^ Nigel Jaquiss (September 18, 2019). "An Investigation of Lt. Jeff Niiya Suggests Knowledge of His Text Messages Was Well-Known Among Superiors, Mayor's Office". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  94. ^ "Wheeler To Order Independent Investigation Into Portland Police Texts". opb. February 15, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  95. ^ Erik Ortiz (February 15, 2019). ""Disturbing" texts between Oregon police and far-right group prompt investigation". NBC News. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  96. ^ Diana Kruzman (August 29, 2019). "Portland cop's past membership in extremist Facebook groups raises questions about how to track offensive social media use". oregonlive. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  97. ^ Will Carless; Michael Corey (June 24, 2019). "The American militia movement, a breeding ground for hate, is pulling in cops on Facebook". Reveal. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  98. ^ July 19, Alex Zielinski •; Pm, 2020 at 12:49. "Portland Police Union Burns, Officers Assault Crowds During July 18 Protests". Portland Mercury. Retrieved July 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ "Portland Police Bureau needs tools to protect community and themselves during riots that endanger life safety". Portland Police. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  100. ^ Alex Zielinski (September 10, 2020). "After Months of Protests, Mayor Wheeler Bans CS Gas". Portland Mercury. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  101. ^ @alex_zee (September 10, 2020). "Victim blaming 101, folks:" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  102. ^ a b Budnick, Nick (September 16, 2020). "Portland mayor admonishes police chief after public clash over tear gas". Portland Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  103. ^ "Portland may exempt police force from citywide vaccine mandate". opb. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  104. ^ "Portland will not enforce citywide vaccine mandate on police force". opb. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  105. ^ "Portland's Chiefs of Police". Portland's Finest, Past & Present. Turner Publishing Company. 2000. p. 13. ISBN 1-56311-599-9. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  106. ^ a b "James H. Lappeus". Portland Police Museum & Historical Society. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  107. ^ Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 17, Number 126, July 19, 1883, page 3, column 5
  108. ^ Daily Alta California, Volume 36, Number 12426, April 24, 1884, page 8, column 3
  109. ^ Marin Journal, Volume 37, Number 2, March 18, 1897, page 1, column 3
  110. ^ Charles Moose Sworn In as 15th Montgomery County Police Chief Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, an August 2, 1999, press release by Montgomery County, Maryland
  111. ^ Top Cop, a November 10, 2004, article from Willamette Week
  112. ^ Rob Manning. "Former Police Chief Foxworth Retires From The Force". opb.org. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  113. ^ Portland's police chief replaced following scandal, a June 22, 2006, AP article via The Seattle Times
  114. ^ Technically, Rosie Sizer is still a Portland police chief a May 13, 2010, blog post from The Oregonian
  115. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (October 8, 2014). "Portland Police Chief Mike Reese to retire after tenure marked by uneasy relationship with Mayor Charlie Hales". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  116. ^ "Chief Larry O'Dea - Biography". portlandoregon.gov. April 1, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  117. ^ Nigel Jaquiss (May 26, 2016). "Police Report Shows O'Dea Had Been Drinking When Shooting Incident Occurred". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  118. ^ "Oregon Hunting and Hunting Related Accident Report 164068" (PDF). Willamette Week. April 21, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  119. ^ "Murmurs: Civil Rights Director Erious Johnson Sues Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum". Willamette Week. October 26, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2020. Former Portland Police Chief Larry O'Dea Indicted
  120. ^ Nigel Jaquiss (October 25, 2016). "Former Portland Police Chief Larry O'Dea Indicted in Harney County". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  121. ^ Nigel Jaquiss (June 29, 2016). "Meet Mike Marshman, Portland's New Chief of Police". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 17, 2020. O'Dea tainted the four assistant chiefs in line to succeed him by telling them about the shooting weeks before it became public. Because none of the four assistant chiefs referred the incident for investigation, they lost their chance for promotion.
  122. ^ Nigel Jaquiss (June 27, 2016). "Portland Police Union On O'Dea Resignation: Good Riddance". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  123. ^ Beth Slovic (June 27, 2016). "Mayor Charlie Hales Blames "Trial by Media" for Portland Police Chief Larry O'Dea's Departure". Willamette Week. Retrieved September 17, 2020. By picking Marshman, Hales made an unusual move. He skipped over O'Dea's top aides, including Mike Crebs, Bob Day, Kevin Modica and acting chief Donna Henderson, who are all under investigation by IPR for possibly violating bureau policies
  124. ^ Budnick, Nick (June 21, 2016). "Police chief's top aides under scrutiny". Portland Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2020. Why they are now under scrutiny remains unclear. It has been widely reported that O'Dea informed them, as well as Hales, of the shooting on April 25. Under city code, IPR was supposed to be notified, but was not.
  125. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (June 27, 2016). "Portland mayor appoints new police chief in wake of 'turmoil and confusion' over shooting scandal". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  126. ^ Ford, Brad (August 24, 2017). "Chris Uehara Sworn In As Interim Chief". iHeart. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  127. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (October 2, 2017). "Portland's new police chief reports for duty". The Columbian. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  128. ^ a b Zielinsky, Alex (December 31, 2019). "Portland Has a New Police Chief. How Did That Happen So Quickly?". Portland Mercury. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
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