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'''Jean Michel Claude Richard''' (August 16, 1787 - 1868) was a noted [[France|French]] [[botanist]] and plant collector active in [[Senegal]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Réunion]].
{{Short description|French botanist and plant collector}}
'''Jean Michel Claude Richard''' (16 August 1787 – 1868) was a noted [[France|French]] [[botanist]] and plant collector active in [[Senegal]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Réunion]], and a Chevalier of the [[Légion d'honneur]].


Richard was born in [[Volon]], [[Haute-Saone]]. He was sent to [[Senegal]] in 1816 as the colony's gardener-in-chief, but served without obvious distinction until the arrival of Baron Roger in 1822 who entrusted to Richard the creation of an experimental garden on the left bank of the [[Sénégal River]], near the village of Nghiao, and named it ''Richard-Toll'' (toll means "garden" in [[Wolof]]). Richard was responsible for all plants, buildings, and facilities, and under his direction a number of new species were introduced to Senegal, including [[banana]]s, [[manioc]], [[orange]]s, [[sugar cane]], and [[coffee]]. In February 1824 Richard was sent to [[Cayenne]]. Directed on July 30, 1824 to keep a diary of his experiences, he developed a catalog of the garden's species, and left Senegal in 1825.
Richard was born in [[Volon]], [[Haute-Saône]]. He was sent to [[Senegal]] in 1816 as the colony's gardener-in-chief, but served without obvious distinction until the arrival in 1822 of [[Baron Jacques-François Roger]] (1787–1849) who entrusted to Richard the creation of an experimental garden on the left bank of the [[Sénégal River]], near the village of Nghiao, and named it ''[[Richard Toll]]'' (toll means "garden" in the [[Wolof language]]). Richard was responsible for all plants, buildings, and facilities, and under his direction a number of new species were introduced to Senegal, including [[banana]]s, [[manioc]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[sugar cane]], and [[coffee]]. In February 1824 Richard was sent to [[Cayenne]]. Directed on 30 July 1824 to keep a diary of his experiences, he developed a catalog of the garden's species, and left Senegal in 1825.


In January 1831 Richard became second director of the Jardin du Roy (now the [[Jardin de l'État]]) in the Île Bourbon (now [[Réunion]]), succeeding Nicolas Bréon. Under his leadership the garden achieved its golden age. He introduced some 3,000 plant species to the colony, by his reckoning, while studying [[cryptogam]]s, [[fern]]s, and [[orchid]]s. He also sent [[lichen]]s from [[Mauritius]] to the German specialist [[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold]] (1828-1901).
In January 1831 Richard became second director of the Jardin du Roy (now the [[Jardin de l'État]]) in the Île Bourbon (now [[Réunion]]), succeeding [[Nicolas Bréon]]. Under his leadership the garden achieved its golden age. He introduced some 3,000 plant species to the colony, by his reckoning, while studying [[cryptogam]]s, [[fern]]s, and [[orchid]]s. He also sent [[lichen]]s from [[Mauritius]] to the German specialist [[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold]] (1828–1901).


In retrospect, Richard's life has been marred by controversy. In 1841, when the young slave [[Edmond Albius]] (1829-1880) discovered the process of [[artificial insemination]] of [[vanilla]], Richard claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. His story created serious doubts about Albius' claims, despite the support for Albius of [[Féréol Bellier Marie Beaumont]] (1759-1831), naturalist [[Eugene Volcy Focard]], and Méziaires of Lepervanche. By the end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer.
In retrospect, Richard's life has been marred by controversy. In 1841, when the young slave [[Edmond Albius]] (1829–1880) discovered the process of hand-pollination of [[vanilla]], Richard claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. His story created serious doubts about Albius' claims, despite the support for Albius of [[Féréol Marie Bellier de Beaumont]] (1759–1831), naturalist [[Eugène Volcy Focard]], and Méziaires of Lepervanche. By the end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer.<ref>{{cite web | last=Krulwich | first=Robert | title=The Little Boy Who Should’ve Vanished, but Didn’t | website=National Geographic | date=June 16, 2015 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-little-boy-who-shouldve-vanished-but-didnt | access-date=September 6, 2024}}</ref>


{{botanist|J.M.C.Rich.|Richard, Jean Michel Claude}}
{{botanist|J.M.C.Rich.|Richard, Jean Michel Claude}}

== Note ==

Other botanists called Richard are:
* [[Louis Claude Richard|Louis-Claude Marie Richard]] (1754-1821),
* [[Achille Richard]] (1794-1852), his son (A.Rich.)
* [[Olivier Jules Richard]] (1836-1896) (O.J.Rich.)
* Claude Richard fl.(C.Rich)
* Joseph Herve Pierre Richard (J.H.P.Rich.)


== Selected works ==
== Selected works ==
Line 13: Line 23:


== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
* Guillaume Grandidier, ''Bibliographie de Madagascar'', vol. 2, Comité de Madagascar, 1935, page 862.
* Guillaume Grandidier, ''Bibliographie de Madagascar'', vol. 2, Comité de Madagascar, 1935, page 862.
⚫
* [http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.PERSON.BM000038802&pgs=&cookieSet=1 Aluka entry]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Michel_Claude_Richard French wikipedia entry: Jean Michel Claude Richard]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012032353/http://chring.club.fr/lavergne_jardin_etat.html Visite du Jardin du Roy (French)]
⚫
* [http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.PERSON.BM000038802&pgs=&cookieSet=1 Aluka entry]
* [http://chring.club.fr/lavergne_jardin_etat.html Visite du Jardin du Roy (French)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003025824/http://reunion.rfo.fr/article534.html RFO article on Edmond Albius (French)], 29 May 2006
* [http://reunion.rfo.fr/article534.html RFO article on Edmond Albius (French)], 29 May 2006


{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard, Jean Michel Claude}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard, Jean Michel Claude}}
[[Category:French botanists]]
[[Category:French taxonomists]]
[[Category:1787 births]]

[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[fr:Jean Michel Claude Richard]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Africa]]
[[pt:Jean Michel Claude Richard]]
[[Category:18th-century French botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century French botanists]]

Latest revision as of 21:09, 6 September 2024

Jean Michel Claude Richard (16 August 1787 – 1868) was a noted French botanist and plant collector active in Senegal, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Réunion, and a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

Richard was born in Volon, Haute-Saône. He was sent to Senegal in 1816 as the colony's gardener-in-chief, but served without obvious distinction until the arrival in 1822 of Baron Jacques-François Roger (1787–1849) who entrusted to Richard the creation of an experimental garden on the left bank of the Sénégal River, near the village of Nghiao, and named it Richard Toll (toll means "garden" in the Wolof language). Richard was responsible for all plants, buildings, and facilities, and under his direction a number of new species were introduced to Senegal, including bananas, manioc, oranges, sugar cane, and coffee. In February 1824 Richard was sent to Cayenne. Directed on 30 July 1824 to keep a diary of his experiences, he developed a catalog of the garden's species, and left Senegal in 1825.

In January 1831 Richard became second director of the Jardin du Roy (now the Jardin de l'État) in the Île Bourbon (now Réunion), succeeding Nicolas Bréon. Under his leadership the garden achieved its golden age. He introduced some 3,000 plant species to the colony, by his reckoning, while studying cryptogams, ferns, and orchids. He also sent lichens from Mauritius to the German specialist Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold (1828–1901).

In retrospect, Richard's life has been marred by controversy. In 1841, when the young slave Edmond Albius (1829–1880) discovered the process of hand-pollination of vanilla, Richard claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. His story created serious doubts about Albius' claims, despite the support for Albius of Féréol Marie Bellier de Beaumont (1759–1831), naturalist Eugène Volcy Focard, and Méziaires of Lepervanche. By the end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer.[1]

The standard author abbreviation J.M.C.Rich. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]

Note

[edit]

Other botanists called Richard are:

Selected works

[edit]
  • Catalogue du jardin de La Réunion, 1 vol. in 8°, 113 pages, 1856.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Krulwich, Robert (June 16, 2015). "The Little Boy Who Should've Vanished, but Didn't". National Geographic. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  2. ^ International Plant Names Index.  J.M.C.Rich.
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