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{{short description|Spanish military officer and communist}}
[[Image:Enrique Lister at the Ebro, 1938.jpg|thumb|250px|General Enrique Líster at the [[Battle of the Ebro]], [[1938]].]]
{{family name hatnote|Líster|Forján|lang=Spanish}}
'''Enrique Líster Forján''' ([[April 21]] [[1907]], Ameneiro, [[A Coruña]]—[[December 8]] [[1995]], [[Madrid]]) was a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[communist]] politician and [[officer (armed forces)|army official]].
{{Infobox military person
| name = Enrique Líster
| image = ListerUnionradio.jpg
| caption = Líster speaking for the Union Radio in 1937
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|4|21|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|12|8|1907|4|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Teo, A Coruña|Ameneiro]], [[A Coruña|Corunna]], {{nowrap|[[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]}}
| death_place = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname =
| birth_name = Jesús Liste Forján
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Spanish Republic}} [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]]<br>
{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Soviet Union]]
| branch = [[Spanish Republican Army]]<br>[[File:Red Army flag.svg|21px]] [[Red Army]]<br>[[File:Logo of the JNA.svg|18px]] [[Yugoslav People's Army]]
| serviceyears = 1936–1945
| rank = General
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Fifth Regiment]]<br>[[1st Brigada Mixta]]<br>[[11th Division (Spain)|11th Division]]<br>[[5th Army Corps (Spain)|5th Army Corps]]
| battles =
{{plainlist|
*[[Spanish Civil War]]
*[[Second World War]]
}}
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
'''Enrique Líster Forján''' (21 April 1907 &ndash; 8 December 1994) was a Spanish [[communist]] politician and [[officer (armed forces)|military officer]].


==Early life==
A stonemason, he lived his adolescence in [[Cuba]], before returning in 1925 and joining the [[Communist Party of Spain]] (PCE). His involvement with the revolutionary movement forced his exile until [[1931]], when the [[Second Spanish Republic]] was proclaimed. Between 1932 and 1935 Líster received training in the [[Frunze Military Academy]], one of the most respected in the former [[Soviet Union]], and as the [[Spanish Civil War]] started, he joined the Republican Army.


Líster was born in 1907 at [[Teo, A Coruña|Ameneiro]], [[A Coruña]]. A [[Stonemasonry|stonemason]],<ref>Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.'' Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p. 112</ref> he spent his adolescence in [[Cuba]], before returning in 1925 and joining the [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communist Party of Spain]] (PCE). His involvement with the revolutionary movement forced his exile until 1931, when the [[Second Spanish Republic]] was proclaimed. In August 1931, he took part in the Cuban uprising against [[Gerardo Machado]], who had declared martial law.<ref>Hagedorn, Dan. ''Latin American Air Wars 1912-1969.'' Chapter 14. Cuban Revolutionary Activity - 1931-1934. Hikoki Publications. 2006. Crowborough, UK.</ref> Between 1932 and 1935, Líster received training in the [[Frunze Military Academy]], one of the most respected in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Thomas, Hugh. (2001). ''The Spanish Civil War.'' Penguin Books. London. p.310</ref>
As a high-rank Republican Army official, Líster was instrumental in the defense of Madrid and other important military actions, including the [[battle of the Ebro]] in [[1938]]. He is widely regarded as a [[war hero]] for the Republican cause.


==Spanish Civil War==
After the end of the Civil War, Líster took refuge in [[Moscow]], later fighting in [[World War II]] as a [[Red Army]] general. According to [[Christopher Andrew]] and [[Oleg Gordievsky]], in late [[1959]] [[Fidel Castro]]'s intelligence chief [[Ramiro Valdés]] contacted the [[KGB]] in [[Mexico City]], the Soviets sent over one hundred mostly Spanish-speaking advisors, including Enrique Líster Forján, to organize the [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]] in Cuba.


In 1936, when the [[Spanish Civil War]] started, he joined the [[Fifth Regiment]].<ref name="5º Regimiento">Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. Madrid.</ref> The following year, as a high-ranking army officer, commanding the 11th division of the [[Spanish Republican Army|republican army]], Líster was instrumental in the [[Siege of Madrid|defense of Madrid]] and other important military actions. In October 1936 he led a [[mixed brigade]] in the ill-fated Republican counteroffensive at [[Battle of Seseña|Seseña]]. As a [[Division (military)|divisional]] commander, he helped stall the Nationalist attack along [[Battle of Jarama|the Jarama]] and played a significant role within the successful Republican counterattack at the [[Battle of Guadalajara]].<ref>Thomas, Hugh. (2001). ''The Spanish Civil War.'' Penguin Books. London. p.581</ref>
In [[1973]] he split from the PCE and founded the [[Spanish Communist Workers' Party]] (PCOE). A catalyst for the split was the condemnation by the PCE of the [[Prague Spring|Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968]]. Líster returned to Spain in [[1977]], after [[Francisco Franco]]'s death, and rejoined the PCE during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]]. He died in [[1994]]. Líster wrote two books about his personal experiences in the Spanish Civil War, ''Nuestra guerra'' (1966) and ''Memorias de un luchador'' (1977).


Líster is widely regarded as a [[war hero]] for the Republican cause. His reputation as a competent military commander is largely based on his role as commander of the "11th Division", which was involved in some of the most important battles in Guadalajara, [[Battle of Brunete|Brunete]],<ref>Thomas, Hugh. (2001). ''The Spanish Civil War.'' Penguin Books. London. pp.689-692</ref> [[Battle of Belchite (1937)|Belchite]] and [[Battle of Teruel|Teruel]].<ref>Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.768</ref> Those brigades under his control rapidly became special battalions which took care of special operations. Some consider examples of his high-level tactical command{{dubious|date=October 2011}} as the seizure of Brunete that helped to capture the [[nationalist]] general staff with almost no casualties{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} for the republican army and his surprise action in Teruel that totally confused the nationalist army.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Beevor, however, cites 4,300 casualties out of a strength of 13,353 at Brunete.<ref>Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939.'' Penguin Books. 2006. p. 285</ref> Beevor quotes the chief Soviet advisor as reporting that Líster's division collapsed and 'lost its head and fled. We managed with great difficulty to bring it under control and prevent soldiers from fleeing their units. The toughest of repressive measures had to be applied. About 400 of those fleeing were shot on 24 July.' <ref>Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939.'' Penguin Books. 2006. p. 282</ref>
==References==
Later, he led the V [[Army Corps]] in the [[battle of the Ebro]] and in the [[Catalonia Offensive]].<ref>Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939.'' Penguin Books. 2006. p. 374</ref>
*Lister's stay in Cuba is mentioned in: {{cite book | author=Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher | title=KGB: The Inside Story | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | year=1990 | id=ISBN 0-340-48561-2}}


The "11ª División" did, however suffer a severe setback when it failed to capture [[Fuentes de Ebro]] in the Republican offensive in [[Aragon]] in August 1937. The International Tank Regiment lost the majority of its tanks. This loss led to mutual hatred between Lister and [[Juan Modesto]], commander of the 5th Corps (which "11th Division" formed a part of). Modesto held Lister responsible for the losses.
{{Spain-politician-stub}}


Lister remained defiant as late as September 1938, when defeat for the Republic looked inevitable. Lister claimed that the Nationalist forces remained entirely dissatisfied with the job Franco was doing. He stated;<blockquote>"The enemy rank and file are restive and dissatisfied with the constant deceptions played upon them by Franco and with the conviction that he is incompetent both as a military and political leader."<ref>The New York Times, September 23rd, 1938</ref></blockquote>
[[Category:1907 births|Lister, Enrique]]
[[Category:1995 deaths|Lister, Enrique]]
[[Category:Galician people|Líster, Enrique]]
[[Category:Spanish Civil War people|Lister, Enrique]]
[[Category:Spanish communists|Lister, Enrique]]
[[Category:Spanish generals|Líster, Enrique]]


==Exile==
[[es:Enrique Líster]]

After the end of the Civil War, Líster [[Spanish Republican exiles|took refuge]] in [[Moscow]], later fighting in [[World War II]] as a [[Red Army]] general. He took part in the relief of [[Siege of Leningrad|Leningrad]] in January 1944. According to [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] and [[Oleg Gordievsky]], when in late 1959 [[Fidel Castro]]'s intelligence chief [[Ramiro Valdés]] contacted the [[KGB]] in [[Mexico City]], the Soviets sent over one hundred mostly Spanish-speaking advisors, including Enrique Líster, to organize the [[Committees for the Defense of the Revolution]] in [[Cuba]].

Líster was also a general of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]], giving him the rare distinction of having been a general in three armies.

In 1973 he split from the PCE and founded the [[Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)|Spanish Communist Workers' Party]] (PCOE). A catalyst for the split was the condemnation by the PCE of the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968]]. Líster returned to Spain in 1977, after [[Francisco Franco]]'s death, and rejoined the PCE during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]]. He died in 1994 in [[Madrid]].

== Works ==
[[File:Cota 705 Lister plaque.JPG|thumbnail|The wall commemorating Republican defenders with empty place where plaque to honour Enrique Líster used to be. It was removed by unknown perpetrators in 2007.]]
Líster wrote four books, two of them —''Nuestra guerra'' (1966) and ''Memorias de un luchador'' (1977)— were about his personal experiences in the Spanish Civil War.
* ''Nuestra guerra'' (Our War) 1966
* ''Memorias de un luchador'' (Memories of a Fighter) 1977
* ''¡Basta!'' (Enough!) 1970
* ''Así destruyó Carrillo el PCE'' (Thus Carrillo destroyed the PCE) 1982

==See also==
*[[Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias]] (MAOC)

==Bibliography==
*Lister's stay in Cuba is mentioned in: {{cite book |author1=Gordievsky, Oleg |author2=Andrew, Christopher | title=KGB: The Inside Story | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | year=1990 | isbn=0-340-48561-2}}
*Lister's qualities as a military leader are discussed in: {{cite book | author=Beevor, Antony | author-link=Beevor, Antony | title=The Battle For Spain | publisher=Phoenix | year=2006 | isbn=0-7538-2280-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030814134636/http://personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/colectivolister/asi%20destruyo%20carrillo%20el%20pce.htm Así destruyó Carrillo el PCE]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lister, Enrique}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Santiago (comarca)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Spain politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish army officers]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet generals]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Generals of the Yugoslav People's Army]]
[[Category:International Lenin School alumni]]
[[Category:People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Spanish military personnel of World War II]]

Latest revision as of 04:30, 7 September 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Líster and the second or maternal family name is Forján.
Enrique Líster
Líster speaking for the Union Radio in 1937
Birth nameJesús Liste Forján
Born(1907-04-21)21 April 1907
Ameneiro, Corunna, Kingdom of Spain
Died8 December 1994(1994-12-08) (aged 87)
Madrid, Spain
AllegianceSecond Spanish Republic Spanish Republic
Soviet Union Soviet Union
Service / branchSpanish Republican Army
Red Army
Yugoslav People's Army
Years of service1936–1945
RankGeneral
CommandsFifth Regiment
1st Brigada Mixta
11th Division
5th Army Corps
Battles / wars

Enrique Líster Forján (21 April 1907 – 8 December 1994) was a Spanish communist politician and military officer.

Early life

[edit]

Líster was born in 1907 at Ameneiro, A Coruña. A stonemason,[1] he spent his adolescence in Cuba, before returning in 1925 and joining the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). His involvement with the revolutionary movement forced his exile until 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. In August 1931, he took part in the Cuban uprising against Gerardo Machado, who had declared martial law.[2] Between 1932 and 1935, Líster received training in the Frunze Military Academy, one of the most respected in the Soviet Union.[3]

Spanish Civil War

[edit]

In 1936, when the Spanish Civil War started, he joined the Fifth Regiment.[4] The following year, as a high-ranking army officer, commanding the 11th division of the republican army, Líster was instrumental in the defense of Madrid and other important military actions. In October 1936 he led a mixed brigade in the ill-fated Republican counteroffensive at Seseña. As a divisional commander, he helped stall the Nationalist attack along the Jarama and played a significant role within the successful Republican counterattack at the Battle of Guadalajara.[5]

Líster is widely regarded as a war hero for the Republican cause. His reputation as a competent military commander is largely based on his role as commander of the "11th Division", which was involved in some of the most important battles in Guadalajara, Brunete,[6] Belchite and Teruel.[7] Those brigades under his control rapidly became special battalions which took care of special operations. Some consider examples of his high-level tactical command[dubious – discuss] as the seizure of Brunete that helped to capture the nationalist general staff with almost no casualties[citation needed] for the republican army and his surprise action in Teruel that totally confused the nationalist army.[citation needed] Beevor, however, cites 4,300 casualties out of a strength of 13,353 at Brunete.[8] Beevor quotes the chief Soviet advisor as reporting that Líster's division collapsed and 'lost its head and fled. We managed with great difficulty to bring it under control and prevent soldiers from fleeing their units. The toughest of repressive measures had to be applied. About 400 of those fleeing were shot on 24 July.' [9] Later, he led the V Army Corps in the battle of the Ebro and in the Catalonia Offensive.[10]

The "11ª División" did, however suffer a severe setback when it failed to capture Fuentes de Ebro in the Republican offensive in Aragon in August 1937. The International Tank Regiment lost the majority of its tanks. This loss led to mutual hatred between Lister and Juan Modesto, commander of the 5th Corps (which "11th Division" formed a part of). Modesto held Lister responsible for the losses.

Lister remained defiant as late as September 1938, when defeat for the Republic looked inevitable. Lister claimed that the Nationalist forces remained entirely dissatisfied with the job Franco was doing. He stated;

"The enemy rank and file are restive and dissatisfied with the constant deceptions played upon them by Franco and with the conviction that he is incompetent both as a military and political leader."[11]

Exile

[edit]

After the end of the Civil War, Líster took refuge in Moscow, later fighting in World War II as a Red Army general. He took part in the relief of Leningrad in January 1944. According to Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, when in late 1959 Fidel Castro's intelligence chief Ramiro Valdés contacted the KGB in Mexico City, the Soviets sent over one hundred mostly Spanish-speaking advisors, including Enrique Líster, to organize the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution in Cuba.

Líster was also a general of the Yugoslav People's Army, giving him the rare distinction of having been a general in three armies.

In 1973 he split from the PCE and founded the Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE). A catalyst for the split was the condemnation by the PCE of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Líster returned to Spain in 1977, after Francisco Franco's death, and rejoined the PCE during the Spanish transition to democracy. He died in 1994 in Madrid.

Works

[edit]
The wall commemorating Republican defenders with empty place where plaque to honour Enrique Líster used to be. It was removed by unknown perpetrators in 2007.

Líster wrote four books, two of them —Nuestra guerra (1966) and Memorias de un luchador (1977)— were about his personal experiences in the Spanish Civil War.

  • Nuestra guerra (Our War) 1966
  • Memorias de un luchador (Memories of a Fighter) 1977
  • ¡Basta! (Enough!) 1970
  • Así destruyó Carrillo el PCE (Thus Carrillo destroyed the PCE) 1982

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Lister's stay in Cuba is mentioned in: Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-48561-2.
  • Lister's qualities as a military leader are discussed in: Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle For Spain. Phoenix. ISBN 0-7538-2280-6.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p. 112
  2. ^ Hagedorn, Dan. Latin American Air Wars 1912-1969. Chapter 14. Cuban Revolutionary Activity - 1931-1934. Hikoki Publications. 2006. Crowborough, UK.
  3. ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.310
  4. ^ Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. Madrid.
  5. ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.581
  6. ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. pp.689-692
  7. ^ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.768
  8. ^ Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. p. 285
  9. ^ Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. p. 282
  10. ^ Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. p. 374
  11. ^ The New York Times, September 23rd, 1938
[edit]
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