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{{short description|Species of beetle}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{refimprove|date=June 2014}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Parthenium beetle.JPG
| image = Parthenium beetle.JPG
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Calligrapha
⚫
| species = bicolorata
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| authority = (Pallister, 1953)
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
| familia = [[Chrysomelidae]]
| genus = ''[[Zygogramma]]''
⚫
| species = '''''Z. bicolorata'''''
| binomial = ''Zygogramma bicolorata''
⚫
| binomial_authority = Pallister, 1953
}}
}}

'''''Zygogramma bicolorata''''', variously referred to as the '''Parthenium beetle''' or '''Mexican beetle''', is a species of leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, native to Mexico, but introduced to India in 1984 to control ''[[Parthenium hysterophorus]]'', a noxious weed.[http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Zygogramma.htm]
'''''Calligrapha bicolorata''''', variously referred to as the '''Parthenium beetle''' or '''Mexican beetle''', is a species of [[leaf beetle]] belonging to the family [[Chrysomelidae]], in the subgenus ''Zygogramma'', which was formerly a genus.<ref name="Clarketal2024">Shawn M. Clark, Hume B. Douglas, Daniel J. Cavan (2024) Notes on ''Calligrapha'' Chevrolat (subgenus ''Zygogramma'' Chevrolat) and ''Tritaenia'' Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 78(2): 281-295.</ref>

==Description==
''C. bicolorata'' is a small lead beetle with a brown head, brown and yellow graduated [[pronotum]] and yellow [[elytra]] marked with characteristic elongated brown stripes. The pattern on the elytra is greatly variable - in a study of 478 beetles, 29 variations on this pattern were identified.<ref name='nbaii'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Zygogramma.htm |title=''Zygogramma bicolorata'' Pallister |date=2013 |access-date=2017-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820082000/http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Zygogramma.htm |archive-date=2013-08-20 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''C. bicolorata'' is native to Mexico, but has been introduced to parts of India and Australia.<ref name='ISC'>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57506 |title=Zygogramma bicolorata (Mexican beetle) |date=2012 |publisher=Invasive Species Compendium |access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref> Adults and larvae are used as a form of [[biological pest control]] in India in order to control invasive ''[[Parthenium hysterophorus]]''.<ref name='Madras'>{{cite journal |author1=M.R. Siddhapara |author2=M.B. Patel |author3=and H.V. Patel |title=Biology of ''Zygogramma bicolorata'' Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their feeding potential on ''Parthenium'' and sunflower |journal=Madras Agricultural Journal |volume=99 |issue=10–12 |date=2012 |pages=841–844|doi=10.29321/MAJ.10.100208 |s2cid=258778885 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Life cycle ==
== Life cycle ==
Eggs are generally laid on the ventral surface of both young and old leaves, and occasionally on the upper surface of leaves, stems and flowers of host plants. Eggs are yellow to orange, elongate cylindrical or oblong with fine reticulations on the surface.<ref name='nbaii' /> The eggs hatch in 4–5 days. Larvae are pale yellow, turning white as they grow, feeding for 10 to 15 days on leaves whilst growing through four [[instar]] stages.<ref name='nbaii' /> On maturity the larvae enter the soil and pupate below up to 15&nbsp;cm depth. The total life cycle of the beetle is just over 100 days.<ref name='Madras' />
The larvae feed for 10 to 15 days on leaves and on maturity enter the soil and pupate below up to 15&nbsp;cm depth. The adult beetles emerge after eight to 12 days and complete their [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] in 27 to 32 days. Both the adults and larvae are capable of feeding on the ''Parthenium'' leaves thus checking the plant growth and flower production. Immature flowers are cut by the beetles in an effort to chew the [[soft tissue]]s beneath the flowers. Plants may be completely defoliated at times.


===Predators===
== Use as biocontrol ==
An undetermined species of fly in the genus ''[[Drino (fly)|Drino]]'' (family [[Tachinidae]]) has been recorded as parasitising ''C. bicolorata'' in [[Karnataka]] (India).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jayanth, K.P. |author2=Visalakshy, P.N.G. |author3=Ghosh, S.K. |author4=Chaudhary, M. |date=1996 |title=An indigenous parasitoid on the parthenium beetle, ''Zygogramma bicolorata'' |journal=Insect Environment |volume=2 |pages=67–68}}</ref> Two predatory [[Hemiptera|bugs]] ''[[Andrallus spinidens]]'' and ''[[Eocanthecona furcellata]]'' prey on the larvae of ''C. bicolorata'' and a third species, ''[[Sycanus pyrrhomelas]]'', preys on both larvae and adults.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gupta, R.K. |author2=Khan, M.S. |author3=Bali, K. |author4=Monobrullah, M. |author5=Bhagat, R.M. |date=2004 |title=Predatory bugs of ''Zygogramma bicolorata'' Pallister: An exotic beetle for biological suppression of ''Parthenium hysterophorus'' |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=1005–1010}}</ref>
{{empty section|date=March 2016}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikispecies|Calligrapha bicolorata}}
* [http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Zygogramma.htm nbaii.res.in]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18385774}}


[[Category:Biological pest control beetles]]
[[Category:Biological pest control beetles]]
[[Category:Invasive plants biological control insects]]
[[Category:Insects used for control of invasive plants]]
[[Category:Chrysomelinae]]
[[Category:Chrysomelinae]]
[[Category:Beetles of North America]]
[[Category:Beetles of North America]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1953]]


{{Chrysomelinae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 06:14, 7 September 2024

Calligrapha bicolorata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Calligrapha
Species:
C. bicolorata
Binomial name
Calligrapha bicolorata
(Pallister, 1953)

Calligrapha bicolorata, variously referred to as the Parthenium beetle or Mexican beetle, is a species of leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, in the subgenus Zygogramma, which was formerly a genus.[1]

Description

[edit]

C. bicolorata is a small lead beetle with a brown head, brown and yellow graduated pronotum and yellow elytra marked with characteristic elongated brown stripes. The pattern on the elytra is greatly variable - in a study of 478 beetles, 29 variations on this pattern were identified.[2]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

C. bicolorata is native to Mexico, but has been introduced to parts of India and Australia.[3] Adults and larvae are used as a form of biological pest control in India in order to control invasive Parthenium hysterophorus.[4]

Life cycle

[edit]

Eggs are generally laid on the ventral surface of both young and old leaves, and occasionally on the upper surface of leaves, stems and flowers of host plants. Eggs are yellow to orange, elongate cylindrical or oblong with fine reticulations on the surface.[2] The eggs hatch in 4–5 days. Larvae are pale yellow, turning white as they grow, feeding for 10 to 15 days on leaves whilst growing through four instar stages.[2] On maturity the larvae enter the soil and pupate below up to 15 cm depth. The total life cycle of the beetle is just over 100 days.[4]

Predators

[edit]

An undetermined species of fly in the genus Drino (family Tachinidae) has been recorded as parasitising C. bicolorata in Karnataka (India).[5] Two predatory bugs Andrallus spinidens and Eocanthecona furcellata prey on the larvae of C. bicolorata and a third species, Sycanus pyrrhomelas, preys on both larvae and adults.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shawn M. Clark, Hume B. Douglas, Daniel J. Cavan (2024) Notes on Calligrapha Chevrolat (subgenus Zygogramma Chevrolat) and Tritaenia Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 78(2): 281-295.
  2. ^ a b c "Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister". 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  3. ^ "Zygogramma bicolorata (Mexican beetle)". Invasive Species Compendium. 2012. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  4. ^ a b M.R. Siddhapara; M.B. Patel; and H.V. Patel (2012). "Biology of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their feeding potential on Parthenium and sunflower". Madras Agricultural Journal. 99 (10–12): 841–844. doi:10.29321/MAJ.10.100208. S2CID 258778885.
  5. ^ Jayanth, K.P.; Visalakshy, P.N.G.; Ghosh, S.K.; Chaudhary, M. (1996). "An indigenous parasitoid on the parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata". Insect Environment. 2: 67–68.
  6. ^ Gupta, R.K.; Khan, M.S.; Bali, K.; Monobrullah, M.; Bhagat, R.M. (2004). "Predatory bugs of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister: An exotic beetle for biological suppression of Parthenium hysterophorus". Current Science. 87 (7): 1005–1010.
Wikispecies has information related to Calligrapha bicolorata.


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