Jigsaw (company): Difference between revisions

Jigsaw
Formerly	Google Ideas (2010–2015)
Company type	Think tank
Founded	2010; 14 years ago
Founders	Eric Schmidt
Headquarters	New York City, United States
Key people	Yasmin Green (CEO)
Parent	Google (2010–2015); Alphabet Inc. (2015–2020); Google (2020–present);
Website	jigsaw.google.com

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Jigsaw LLC (formerly Google Ideas)^[1] is a technology incubator created by Google. It formerly operated as an independent subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.,^[2] but came under Google management in February 2020.^[3] Based in New York City, Jigsaw is dedicated to understanding global challenges and applying technological solutions. From "countering extremism", online censorship, and cyber-attacks to protecting access to information.^[4] The current CEO is Yasmin Green.

History

Google Ideas

In 2010, Eric Schmidt approached Jared Cohen to lead Google Ideas as a "think-and-do tank" to research issues at the intersection of technology and geopolitics, and has worked on projects intended to protect activists and independent media from cyber-attacks.^[2] Ideas brought together a team of Google engineers, research scientists, product managers, and policy experts to address these issues.^[5] The team also hosted a number of conferences, including the 2017 Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series, in partnership with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center of Preventative Action.^[6]

Ideas came under scrutiny for its links with the US State Department^[7] and its regime change activities.^[8]^[9]

Jigsaw

In February 2016, Eric Schmidt announced in a Medium post,^[1] the expansion of Google Ideas into a technology incubator named Jigsaw. According to Schmidt, the new name "reflects our belief that collaborative problem-solving yields the best solutions" and the team's mission "is to use technology to tackle the toughest geopolitical challenges, from countering violent extremism to thwarting online censorship to mitigating the threats associated with digital attacks".^[1] Jigsaw was expected to leverage more of Alphabet's engineering talent and resources to build more sophisticated products.^[10] Jared Cohen, formerly with the Policy Planning Committee at the US State Department, was the CEO of Jigsaw until 2022.^[11]

In January 2023, Alphabet announced about 12,000 employees being laid off. Citing conversations with anonymous former employees, Forbes reported the Jigsaw team of 50 was reduced by somewhere between a third and a half. The company did not disclose numbers or employees a reason but Jigsaw was not generating revenue.^[11]

Projects

Constitute

In 2013, Jigsaw (then known as Google Ideas) teamed up with researchers at the University of Texas and the University of Chicago to launch Constitute, an indexed repository of national constitutions.^[12] The objective of the project is to identify a coherent set of constitutional options and sample text for those writing constitutions. The site was one of the early uses of the Semantic Web as a data model. The project has undergone regular updates since 2013 and is used by scholars, citizens, and constitutional drafters.

Perspective

In February 2017, Jigsaw and Google launched the free Perspective API, "a new tool for web publishers to identify toxic comments that can undermine a civil exchange of ideas".^[13] Using machine learning technology, Perspective offers a score from zero to 100 on how similar new comments are to others previously identified as toxic, defined as how likely a comment is to make someone leave a conversation. Publishers can use Perspective in a number of ways, from offering readers instant feedback on the toxicity of their comments to giving readers the power to filter conversations based on the level of toxicity they'd like to see.^[13] Jigsaw claims "its AI can immediately spit out an assessment of the phrase’s 'toxicity' more accurately than any keyword blacklist, and faster than any human moderator".^[14] Perspective's launch partners included The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist and Wikipedia.^[15] The research on Wikipedia started discussion about Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects.

In June 2017, The New York Times announced that as a result of the partnership with Jigsaw, the Times will offer comments on all top stories and scale comments to 80% of its articles by the end of the year.^[16]

Project Shield

Project Shield is a free anti-distributed denial-of-service (anti-DDoS) service that is offered by Jigsaw to websites that have "media, elections, and human rights-related content."^[17] The main goal of the project is to serve "small, under-resourced news sites that are vulnerable to the web’s growing epidemic of DDoS attacks", according to team lead George Conard.^[18] It is similar to services offered by companies like Cloudflare. Google announced Project Shield at their Ideas Conference on 21 October 2013.^[17] The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on 25 February 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website.^[19] The service works by having the website use Google's IPs, and traffic is routed through a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic.^[20]

Project Shield provides news, human rights, and election monitoring sites with protection from DDoS cyber-attacks by a system of caching (storing the data from the protected website to reduce load on the site). It also filters traffic to thwart DDoS attacks. Project Shield is built on Google Cloud Platform.^[21] It is provided free of charge to the qualifying websites of independent journalists, human rights, and elections monitoring websites to protect them regardless of their location and Project Shield as of 2016 October has users in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa.^[22] Project Shield rescued Brian Krebs's security blog from a then-unprecedented DDoS attack that knocked the website entirely offline.^[23]

In March 2017, Jigsaw launched a campaign called "Protect Your Election", a suite of free tools to help protect access to information during elections. These tools include Shield, Password Alert,^[24] and two-step verification.^[25]^[26]

Redirect Method

The Redirect Method is an open source methodology developed by Jigsaw in partnership, with Moonshot CVE,^[27] that leverages Google's AdWords platform and YouTube to target potential ISIS recruits and dissuade them from joining the group.^[28]

Jigsaw claims that during a pilot project conducted in early 2016, its advertising was three to four times more effective than a normal campaign, and "those who clicked spent more than twice as long viewing the most effective playlists than the best estimates of how long people view YouTube as a whole."^[28] Jigsaw published the detailed steps for the methodology under a Creative Commons license on a GitHub repository. Initially piloted against ISIS, the Redirect Method has since been deployed against white supremacists^[29] and disinformation^[30]^[31] in partnership with groups such as the Anti-Defamation League^[32] and Moonshot CVE.

Outline

Outline is an open-source tool that lets news organizations provide their network of journalists safer access to the internet,^[33] powered by Shadowsocks.^[34] Jigsaw claims the VPN software can be set up on one's own server in a matter of minutes, even if the user is not technically savvy. According to WIRED, "Outline aims to provide an alternative to, on the one hand, stronger anonymity tools like Tor that slow down web browsing by bouncing connections through multiple encrypted hops around the world and, on the other hand, commercial VPNs that can be expensive, and also put users' private information and internet history at risk."^[34] WIRED adds that because administrators can add unlimited secret keys, "Outline [is] an easy way to run a VPN for an entire organization, like a group of activists or journalists." Another feature is that Outline requires minimal upkeep, as "a feature called Watchtower automatically checks for security updates and installs them."^[34]

Intra

Intra, launched 3 October 2018, is a DNS over HTTPS client^[35] for Android versions 4.0 and above that helps protect against DNS manipulation attacks^[36] and SNI sniffing attacks typically employed by Internet Service Providers to censor websites, apps, and games.^[37]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Other projects

Other Jigsaw projects include Detox, Sideways Dictionary, Password Alert, Unfiltered.news, Digital Attack Map, and Montage (graduated to Storyful).

In 2016, Jigsaw worked with the Wikimedia Foundation on Detox, a project using Machine learning to help better understand online harassment on Wikipedia, with application to other web platforms.^[38] The tool was removed in 2019, however, due to concerns about its accuracy.

In March 2017, Jigsaw partnered with The Washington Post to launch Sideways Dictionary, a community-driven collection of analogies to explain complex tech jargon.^[39] Sideways Dictionary is available as a Chrome extension and on The Washington Post.^[40]

Password Alert helps protect against phishing attacks;^[41] according to WIRED, "the company developed it for Syrian activists targeted by government-friendly hackers, but when it proved effective, it was rolled out to all of Google’s users."^[42]

Unfiltered.news "uses Google News data to show users what topics are being under-reported or are popular in regions around the world",^[43] and the Digital Attack Map displays the top digital attacks in the world in real time.^[4]

Montage is a program that "lets war correspondents and nonprofits crowdsource the analysis of YouTube videos to track conflicts and gather evidence of human rights violations."^[42] In May 2016, Jigsaw announced it had partnered with Vice News on a five-part documentary series called Blackout to examine free expression around the world.^[44]

Jigsaw also helped develop CopCast, an open-source project that can turn any Android phone into a body-worn camera system for law enforcement. In June 2017, USA Today reported that the Jersey City Police Department will scale this technology to more than 250 officers.^[45]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Schmidt, Eric (16 February 2016). "GOOGLE IDEAS BECOMES JIGSAW". Medium. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b Mohan, Pavithra (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas Think Tank To Become Tech Incubator Called Jigsaw". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Google Swallows Another Alphabet Unit - Jigsaw". The Information. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ ^a ^b Guynn, Jessica (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas to become Jigsaw tech incubator". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ McCabe, David (17 February 2016). "Google spins off, rebrands think tank". The Hill. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Stares, Paul B. "Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Clinton Emails Reveal the US Govt Used Google as a Geopolitical Weapon to Overthrow Assad". The Free Thought Project. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ Al-Saadi, Yazan (14 March 2012). "StratforLeaks: Google Ideas Director Involved in 'Regime Change'". Al-Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Assange, Julian (10 October 2014). "Assange: Google Is Not What It Seems". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Wark, Lucy (29 November 2016). "Inside Alphabet's Jigsaw, the powerful tech incubator that could reshape geopolitics". Quartz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b Thomas Brewster; Richard Nieva (3 February 2023). "Google Cuts Company Protecting People From Surveillance To A 'Skeleton Crew,' Say Laid Off Workers". Forbes.
^ Last Look: Google's constitution database | CNN, 30 September 2013, retrieved 13 September 2023
^ ^a ^b Wakabayashi, Daisuke (23 February 2017). "Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ Greenberg, Andy. "Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI". WIRED. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (23 February 2017). "Google's plan to make talk less toxic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ Etim, Bassey (13 June 2017). "The Times Sharply Increases Articles Open for Comments, Using Google's Technology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ ^a ^b Brandom, Russell (21 October 2013). "Google launches new anti-DDoS service called 'Project Shield'". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Greenberg, Andy (24 February 2016). "Google Wants to Save News Sites From Cyberattacks—For Free". Wired. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Sawers, Paul (25 February 2016). "Google opens DDoS-thwarting Project Shield service to all news and human rights websites". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Ingraham, Nathan (24 February 2016). "Google's Project Shield helps any news site beat DDoS attacks". Engadget. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "General FAQs - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ "FAQs for news publishers - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Roberts, Jeff John (27 September 2016). "Google Rescues a Security Blogger Under Attack from Hackers". Fortune. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Password Alert". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ "Google 2-Step Verification". Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ Newman, Lily Hay. "A Cybersecurity Arsenal That'll Help 'Protect Your Election' | WIRED". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ "Bringing new Redirect Method features to YouTube". Official YouTube Blog. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b Greenberg, Andy (7 September 2016). "Google's Clever Plan to Stop Aspiring ISIS Recruits". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ MacFarquhar, Neil (30 December 2019). "White Extremism Faces a Subversive Foe Online: Google Ads". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Software Used To Stop ISIS And KKK To Be Used Against Anti-Vaxxers". unilad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ Quinn, Ben (21 July 2019). "Anti-extremism software to be used to tackle vaccine disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ Baig, Edward C. "Redirecting hate: ADL hopes Googling for KKK or jihad will take you down a different path". USA Today. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ Jigsaw (20 March 2018). "Introducing Outline: Making It Safer To Break The News". Medium. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Alphabet's 'Outline' Software Lets Anyone Run a Homebrew VPN". WIRED. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Intra". Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ "Google's cyber unit Jigsaw introduces Intra, a new security app dedicated to busting censorship". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ @vinifortuna (10 September 2020). "Evidence of SNI-based blocking of @charter97org in #Belarus: you get a TCP RST after the ClientHello with SNI = http://charter97.org , but not with SNI = http://example.com. You can use https://getintra.org on Android to bypass the blocking" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Smellie, Sarah (17 February 2017). "Inside Wikipedia's Attempt to Use Artificial Intelligence to Combat Harassment". Vice. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ "Alphabet Built An Urban Dictionary For Tech Jargon". Co.Design. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ Ha, Anthony (14 March 2017). "Jigsaw and The Washington Post try to explain tech jargon with their new Sideways Dictionary". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ Hackett, Robert (29 April 2015). "Password Alert: Google's new free tool to prevent phishing attacks". Fortune. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ ^a ^b Greenberg, Andy (19 September 2016). "Inside Google's Internet Justice League and Its AI-Powered War on Trolls". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Lichterman, Joseph (18 March 2016). "A new data viz tool shows what stories are being undercovered in countries around the world". Nieman Journalism Lab. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ Hadas, Gold (13 May 2016). "Vice teams with Alphabet incubator Jigsaw on doc series 'Blackout'". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Who needs body cameras? Police testing cellphone cameras". USA Today. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

External links

Official website

[Transform_Announce-1] Schmidt, Eric (16 February 2016). "GOOGLE IDEAS BECOMES JIGSAW". Medium. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[fastcompany.com-2] Mohan, Pavithra (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas Think Tank To Become Tech Incubator Called Jigsaw". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[3] "Google Swallows Another Alphabet Unit - Jigsaw". The Information. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.

[usatoday.com-4] Guynn, Jessica (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas to become Jigsaw tech incubator". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[5] McCabe, David (17 February 2016). "Google spins off, rebrands think tank". The Hill. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[6] Stares, Paul B. "Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[7] "Clinton Emails Reveal the US Govt Used Google as a Geopolitical Weapon to Overthrow Assad". The Free Thought Project. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

[8] Al-Saadi, Yazan (14 March 2012). "StratforLeaks: Google Ideas Director Involved in 'Regime Change'". Al-Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[9] Assange, Julian (10 October 2014). "Assange: Google Is Not What It Seems". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[10] Wark, Lucy (29 November 2016). "Inside Alphabet's Jigsaw, the powerful tech incubator that could reshape geopolitics". Quartz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[skeleton-11] Thomas Brewster; Richard Nieva (3 February 2023). "Google Cuts Company Protecting People From Surveillance To A 'Skeleton Crew,' Say Laid Off Workers". Forbes.

[12] Last Look: Google's constitution database | CNN, 30 September 2013, retrieved 13 September 2023

[:3-13] Wakabayashi, Daisuke (23 February 2017). "Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.

[14] Greenberg, Andy. "Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI". WIRED. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.

[15] Cellan-Jones, Rory (23 February 2017). "Google's plan to make talk less toxic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.

[16] Etim, Bassey (13 June 2017). "The Times Sharply Increases Articles Open for Comments, Using Google's Technology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[:0-17] Brandom, Russell (21 October 2013). "Google launches new anti-DDoS service called 'Project Shield'". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[18] Greenberg, Andy (24 February 2016). "Google Wants to Save News Sites From Cyberattacks—For Free". Wired. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[19] Sawers, Paul (25 February 2016). "Google opens DDoS-thwarting Project Shield service to all news and human rights websites". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[20] Ingraham, Nathan (24 February 2016). "Google's Project Shield helps any news site beat DDoS attacks". Engadget. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[21] "General FAQs - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.

[22] "FAQs for news publishers - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.

[23] Roberts, Jeff John (27 September 2016). "Google Rescues a Security Blogger Under Attack from Hackers". Fortune. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[24] "Password Alert". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

[25] "Google 2-Step Verification". Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

[26] Newman, Lily Hay. "A Cybersecurity Arsenal That'll Help 'Protect Your Election' | WIRED". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[27] "Bringing new Redirect Method features to YouTube". Official YouTube Blog. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[:2-28] Greenberg, Andy (7 September 2016). "Google's Clever Plan to Stop Aspiring ISIS Recruits". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[29] MacFarquhar, Neil (30 December 2019). "White Extremism Faces a Subversive Foe Online: Google Ads". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[30] "Software Used To Stop ISIS And KKK To Be Used Against Anti-Vaxxers". unilad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[:32-31] Quinn, Ben (21 July 2019). "Anti-extremism software to be used to tackle vaccine disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[32] Baig, Edward C. "Redirecting hate: ADL hopes Googling for KKK or jihad will take you down a different path". USA Today. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[33] Jigsaw (20 March 2018). "Introducing Outline: Making It Safer To Break The News". Medium. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

[wired-34] "Alphabet's 'Outline' Software Lets Anyone Run a Homebrew VPN". WIRED. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

[35] "Intra". Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[36] "Google's cyber unit Jigsaw introduces Intra, a new security app dedicated to busting censorship". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[37] @vinifortuna (10 September 2020). "Evidence of SNI-based blocking of @charter97org in #Belarus: you get a TCP RST after the ClientHello with SNI = http://charter97.org , but not with SNI = http://example.com. You can use https://getintra.org on Android to bypass the blocking" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020 – via Twitter.

[38] Smellie, Sarah (17 February 2017). "Inside Wikipedia's Attempt to Use Artificial Intelligence to Combat Harassment". Vice. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2019.

[39] "Alphabet Built An Urban Dictionary For Tech Jargon". Co.Design. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2017.

[40] Ha, Anthony (14 March 2017). "Jigsaw and The Washington Post try to explain tech jargon with their new Sideways Dictionary". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2017.

[41] Hackett, Robert (29 April 2015). "Password Alert: Google's new free tool to prevent phishing attacks". Fortune. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[:1-42] Greenberg, Andy (19 September 2016). "Inside Google's Internet Justice League and Its AI-Powered War on Trolls". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[43] Lichterman, Joseph (18 March 2016). "A new data viz tool shows what stories are being undercovered in countries around the world". Nieman Journalism Lab. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[44] Hadas, Gold (13 May 2016). "Vice teams with Alphabet incubator Jigsaw on doc series 'Blackout'". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[45] "Who needs body cameras? Police testing cellphone cameras". USA Today. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Technology incubator created by Google}}
+{{for|other companies|Jigsaw (disambiguation)}}
 {{Advert|date=June 2020}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
 | type = [[Think tank]]
 | founders = [[Eric Schmidt]]
-| key_people = [[Jared Cohen]] (CEO)
+| key_people = [[Yasmin Green (businesswoman)|Yasmin Green]] (CEO)
 | services =
 | parent = {{Plainlist|
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 }}
-'''Jigsaw LLC''' (formerly '''Google Ideas''')<ref name="Transform Announce">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/jigsaw/google-ideas-becomes-jigsaw-bcb5bd08c423 |title=GOOGLE IDEAS BECOMES JIGSAW |last=Schmidt |first=Eric |date=2016-02-16 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810231300/https://medium.com/jigsaw/google-ideas-becomes-jigsaw-bcb5bd08c423 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[technology incubator]] created by [[Google]]. {{As of|February 2020}}, it is under Google management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-swallows-another-alphabet-unit-jigsaw|title=Google Swallows Another Alphabet Unit - Jigsaw|date=2020-02-10|website=The Information|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109164050/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-swallows-another-alphabet-unit-jigsaw|url-status=live}}</ref> and used to operate as an independent subsidiary of [[Alphabet Inc.]]<ref name="fastcompany.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3056790/fast-feed/google-ideas-think-tank-to-become-tech-incubator-called-jigsaw |title=Google Ideas Think Tank To Become Tech Incubator Called Jigsaw |last=Mohan |first=Pavithra |date=2016-02-16 |work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031035/https://www.fastcompany.com/3056790/google-ideas-think-tank-to-become-tech-incubator-called-jigsaw |url-status=live }}</ref> Based in New York City, Jigsaw is dedicated to understanding global challenges and applying technological solutions, from "countering extremism", online censorship and [[cyber-attack]]s, to protecting access to information.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/02/16/google-ideas-jigsaw-eric-schmidt-jared-cohen/80474858/ |title=Google Ideas to become Jigsaw tech incubator |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |date=2016-02-16 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816234630/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/02/16/google-ideas-jigsaw-eric-schmidt-jared-cohen/80474858/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jared Cohen]], formerly with the [[Policy Planning Staff (United States)|Policy Planning Committee]] at the [[US State Department]], is the CEO of Jigsaw, and was formerly co-founder and director of Google Ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/17/technology/google-jigsaw/ |title=Google's Jigsaw will 'tackle toughest geopolitical challenges' |last=King |first=Hope |date=2016-02-17 |website=[[CNNMoney]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212232310/https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/17/technology/google-jigsaw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Jigsaw LLC''' (formerly '''Google Ideas''')<ref name="Transform Announce">{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/jigsaw/google-ideas-becomes-jigsaw-bcb5bd08c423 |title=GOOGLE IDEAS BECOMES JIGSAW |last=Schmidt |first=Eric |date=2016-02-16 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810231300/https://medium.com/jigsaw/google-ideas-becomes-jigsaw-bcb5bd08c423 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[technology incubator]] created by Google. It formerly operated as an independent subsidiary of [[Alphabet Inc.]],<ref name="fastcompany.com">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Pavithra |date=2016-02-16 |title=Google Ideas Think Tank To Become Tech Incubator Called Jigsaw |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3056790/fast-feed/google-ideas-think-tank-to-become-tech-incubator-called-jigsaw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031035/https://www.fastcompany.com/3056790/google-ideas-think-tank-to-become-tech-incubator-called-jigsaw |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=2017-02-14 |work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]}}</ref> but came under [[Google]] management in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-swallows-another-alphabet-unit-jigsaw|title=Google Swallows Another Alphabet Unit - Jigsaw|date=2020-02-10|website=The Information|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109164050/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-swallows-another-alphabet-unit-jigsaw|url-status=live}}</ref> Based in [[New York City]], Jigsaw is dedicated to understanding global challenges and applying technological solutions. From "countering extremism", online censorship, and cyber-attacks to protecting access to information.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/02/16/google-ideas-jigsaw-eric-schmidt-jared-cohen/80474858/ |title=Google Ideas to become Jigsaw tech incubator |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |date=2016-02-16 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816234630/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/02/16/google-ideas-jigsaw-eric-schmidt-jared-cohen/80474858/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current CEO is [[Yasmin Green (businesswoman)|Yasmin Green]].
 ==History==
 ===Google Ideas===
-In 2010, [[Eric Schmidt]] approached [[Jared Cohen]] to lead Google Ideas, as a "think/do tank" to research issues at the intersection of technology and geopolitics, and has worked on projects intended to protect activists and independent media from cyber-attacks.<ref name="fastcompany.com" /> Ideas brought together a team of Google engineers, research scientists, product managers, and policy experts to address these issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thehill.com/policy/technology/269670-google-spins-off-rebrands-think-tank |title=Google spins off, rebrands think tank |last=McCabe |first=David |date=2016-02-17 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121192122/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/269670-google-spins-off-rebrands-think-tank |url-status=live }}</ref> The team also hosted a number of conferences, including the 2017 Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series, in partnership with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center of Preventative Action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/conflict-in-a-connected-world-roundtable-series/pr1649 |title=Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series |last=Stares |first=Paul B. |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209175243/http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/conflict-in-a-connected-world-roundtable-series/pr1649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2010, [[Eric Schmidt]] approached [[Jared Cohen]] to lead Google Ideas as a "think-and-do tank" to research issues at the intersection of technology and [[geopolitics]], and has worked on projects intended to protect activists and independent media from cyber-attacks.<ref name="fastcompany.com" /> Ideas brought together a team of Google engineers, research scientists, product managers, and policy experts to address these issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/269670-google-spins-off-rebrands-think-tank/ |title=Google spins off, rebrands think tank |last=McCabe |first=David |date=2016-02-17 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121192122/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/269670-google-spins-off-rebrands-think-tank |url-status=live }}</ref> The team also hosted a number of conferences, including the 2017 Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series, in partnership with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center of Preventative Action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/conflict-in-a-connected-world-roundtable-series/pr1649 |title=Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series |last=Stares |first=Paul B. |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209175243/http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/conflict-in-a-connected-world-roundtable-series/pr1649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Ideas came under scrutiny for its links with the US State Department<ref>{{cite web |title=Clinton Emails Reveal the US Govt Used Google as a Geopolitical Weapon to Overthrow Assad |url=http://thefreethoughtproject.com/clinton-emails-expose-google-geopolitical-weapon-overthrow-assad/ |website=The Free Thought Project |access-date=5 October 2018 |date=22 March 2016 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194834/http://thefreethoughtproject.com/clinton-emails-expose-google-geopolitical-weapon-overthrow-assad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and its [[United States involvement in regime change|regime change]] activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/stratforleaks-google-ideas-director-involved-'regime-change' |title=StratforLeaks: Google Ideas Director Involved in 'Regime Change' |last=Al-Saadi |first=Yazan |date=2012-03-14 |website=Al-Akhbar English |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329130644/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/stratforleaks-google-ideas-director-involved-%E2%80%98regime-change%E2%80%99 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/assange-google-not-what-it-seems-279447 |title=Assange: Google Is Not What It Seems |last=Assange |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Assange |date=2014-10-10 |website=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104200709/https://www.newsweek.com/assange-google-not-what-it-seems-279447 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Jigsaw===
-In February 2016, [[Eric Schmidt]] announced in a Medium post<ref name="Transform Announce" /> the expansion of Google Ideas to a technology incubator named Jigsaw. According to Schmidt, the new name "reflects our belief that collaborative problem-solving yields the best solutions" and the team's mission "is to use technology to tackle the toughest geopolitical challenges, from countering violent extremism to thwarting online censorship to mitigating the threats associated with digital attacks".<ref name="Transform Announce" /> Jigsaw will also leverage more of Alphabet's engineering talent and resources to build more sophisticated products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://qz.com/846836/inside-google-jigsaw-the-powerful-tech-incubator-that-wants-to-reshape-geopolitics/ |title=Inside Alphabet's Jigsaw, the powerful tech incubator that could reshape geopolitics |last=Wark |first=Lucy |date=2016-11-29 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134813/http://qz.com/846836/inside-google-jigsaw-the-powerful-tech-incubator-that-wants-to-reshape-geopolitics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In February 2016, [[Eric Schmidt]] announced in a Medium post,<ref name="Transform Announce" /> the expansion of Google Ideas into a technology incubator named Jigsaw. According to Schmidt, the new name "reflects our belief that collaborative problem-solving yields the best solutions" and the team's mission "is to use technology to tackle the toughest geopolitical challenges, from countering violent extremism to thwarting online censorship to mitigating the threats associated with digital attacks".<ref name="Transform Announce" /> Jigsaw was expected to leverage more of Alphabet's engineering talent and resources to build more sophisticated products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://qz.com/846836/inside-google-jigsaw-the-powerful-tech-incubator-that-wants-to-reshape-geopolitics/ |title=Inside Alphabet's Jigsaw, the powerful tech incubator that could reshape geopolitics |last=Wark |first=Lucy |date=2016-11-29 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134813/http://qz.com/846836/inside-google-jigsaw-the-powerful-tech-incubator-that-wants-to-reshape-geopolitics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jared Cohen]], formerly with the [[Policy Planning Staff (United States)|Policy Planning Committee]] at the [[US State Department]], was the CEO of Jigsaw until 2022.<ref name="skeleton">{{cite news |author1=Thomas Brewster |author2=Richard Nieva |date=February 3, 2023 |title=Google Cuts Company Protecting People From Surveillance To A 'Skeleton Crew,' Say Laid Off Workers |magazine=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2023/02/02/jigsaw-google-alphabet-layoffs/?sh=7c6d79322d71}}</ref>
+In January 2023, Alphabet announced about 12,000 employees being laid off. Citing conversations with anonymous former employees, ''[[Forbes]]'' reported the Jigsaw team of 50 was reduced by somewhere between a third and a half. The company did not disclose numbers or employees a reason but Jigsaw was not generating revenue.<ref name="skeleton" />
 ==Projects==
+===Constitute===
+In 2013, Jigsaw (then known as Google Ideas) teamed up with researchers at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] and the [[University of Chicago]] to launch [https://constituteproject.org Constitute], an indexed repository of national constitutions.<ref>{{Citation |title=Last Look: Google's constitution database {{!}} CNN |date=2013-09-30 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2013/09/30/exp-gps-0929-last-look-constitution.cnn |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en}}</ref>  The objective of the project is to identify a coherent set of constitutional options and sample text for those writing constitutions.  The site was one of the early uses of the [[Semantic Web]] as a data model.  The project has undergone regular updates since 2013 and is used by scholars, citizens, and constitutional drafters.
 ===Perspective===
-In February 2017, Jigsaw and Google launched the free Perspective [[API]], "a new tool for web publishers to identify toxic comments that can undermine a civil exchange of ideas".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/technology/google-jigsaw-monitor-toxic-online-comments.html|title=Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments|last=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|date=2017-02-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827002541/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/technology/google-jigsaw-monitor-toxic-online-comments.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Using machine learning technology, Perspective offers a score from zero to 100 on how similar new comments are to others previously identified as toxic, defined as how likely a comment is to make someone leave a conversation. Publishers can use Perspective in a number of ways, from offering readers instant feedback on the toxicity of their comments to giving readers the power to filter conversations based on the level of toxicity they'd like to see.<ref name=":3" /> Jigsaw claims "its AI can immediately spit out an assessment of the phrase’s 'toxicity' more accurately than any keyword blacklist, and faster than any human moderator".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/|title=Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|work=WIRED|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108024200/https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> Perspective's launch partners included ''The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist'' and Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39063863|title=Google's plan to make talk less toxic|last=Cellan-Jones|first=Rory|date=2017-02-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031421/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39063863|url-status=live}}</ref> The research on Wikipedia started discussion about [[Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects]].
+In February 2017, Jigsaw and Google launched the free Perspective [[API]], "a new tool for web publishers to identify toxic comments that can undermine a civil exchange of ideas".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/technology/google-jigsaw-monitor-toxic-online-comments.html|title=Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments|last=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|date=2017-02-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827002541/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/technology/google-jigsaw-monitor-toxic-online-comments.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Using machine learning technology, Perspective offers a score from zero to 100 on how similar new comments are to others previously identified as toxic, defined as how likely a comment is to make someone leave a conversation. Publishers can use Perspective in a number of ways, from offering readers instant feedback on the toxicity of their comments to giving readers the power to filter conversations based on the level of toxicity they'd like to see.<ref name=":3" /> Jigsaw claims "its AI can immediately spit out an assessment of the phrase’s 'toxicity' more accurately than any keyword blacklist, and faster than any human moderator".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/|title=Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108024200/https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> Perspective's launch partners included ''The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist'' and Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39063863|title=Google's plan to make talk less toxic|last=Cellan-Jones|first=Rory|date=2017-02-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031421/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39063863|url-status=live}}</ref> The research on Wikipedia started discussion about [[Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects]].
 In June 2017, ''The New York Times'' announced that as a result of the partnership with Jigsaw, the ''Times'' will offer comments on all top stories and scale comments to 80% of its articles by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html|title=The Times Sharply Increases Articles Open for Comments, Using Google's Technology|last=Etim|first=Bassey|date=2017-06-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-27|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210170652/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Project Shield===
-Project Shield is a free anti-[[Denial-of-service attack#Distributed DoS|distributed denial-of-service]] (anti-DDoS) service that is offered by Jigsaw to websites that have "media, elections, and [[human rights]]-related content."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/21/4862724/google-launches-new-anti-ddos-service-called-project-shield |title=Google launches new anti-DDoS service called 'Project Shield' |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=2013-10-21 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213072852/https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/21/4862724/google-launches-new-anti-ddos-service-called-project-shield |url-status=live }}</ref> The main goal of the project is to serve "small, under-resourced news sites that are vulnerable to the web’s growing epidemic of [[Denial-of-service attack#Distributed DoS|DDoS]] attacks", according to team lead George Conard.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/02/google-wants-save-news-sites-cyberattacks-free/ |title=Google Wants to Save News Sites From Cyberattacks—For Free |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=2016-02-24 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205173957/https://www.wired.com/2016/02/google-wants-save-news-sites-cyberattacks-free/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is similar to services offered by companies like [[Cloudflare]]. Google initially announced Project Shield at their Ideas Conference on 21 October 2013.<ref name=":0" /> The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on 25 February 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/02/25/google-opens-ddos-thwarting-project-shield-service-to-all-news-and-human-rights-websites/ |title=Google opens DDoS-thwarting Project Shield service to all news and human rights websites |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=2016-02-25 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113612/http://venturebeat.com/2016/02/25/google-opens-ddos-thwarting-project-shield-service-to-all-news-and-human-rights-websites/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The service works by having the website use Google's IPs, and traffic is routed through a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/02/24/google-project-shield-battling-ddos-attacks/ |title=Google's Project Shield helps any news site beat DDoS attacks |last=Ingraham |first=Nathan |date=2016-02-24 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615082208/http://www.engadget.com/2016/02/24/google-project-shield-battling-ddos-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Project Shield is a free anti-[[Denial-of-service attack#Distributed DoS|distributed denial-of-service]] (anti-DDoS) service that is offered by Jigsaw to websites that have "media, elections, and [[human rights]]-related content."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/21/4862724/google-launches-new-anti-ddos-service-called-project-shield |title=Google launches new anti-DDoS service called 'Project Shield' |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=2013-10-21 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213072852/https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/21/4862724/google-launches-new-anti-ddos-service-called-project-shield |url-status=live }}</ref> The main goal of the project is to serve "small, under-resourced news sites that are vulnerable to the web’s growing epidemic of [[Denial-of-service attack#Distributed DoS|DDoS]] attacks", according to team lead George Conard.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/02/google-wants-save-news-sites-cyberattacks-free/ |title=Google Wants to Save News Sites From Cyberattacks—For Free |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=2016-02-24 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205173957/https://www.wired.com/2016/02/google-wants-save-news-sites-cyberattacks-free/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is similar to services offered by companies like [[Cloudflare]]. Google announced Project Shield at their Ideas Conference on 21 October 2013.<ref name=":0" /> The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on 25 February 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/02/25/google-opens-ddos-thwarting-project-shield-service-to-all-news-and-human-rights-websites/ |title=Google opens DDoS-thwarting Project Shield service to all news and human rights websites |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=2016-02-25 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113612/http://venturebeat.com/2016/02/25/google-opens-ddos-thwarting-project-shield-service-to-all-news-and-human-rights-websites/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The service works by having the website use Google's IPs, and traffic is routed through a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/02/24/google-project-shield-battling-ddos-attacks/ |title=Google's Project Shield helps any news site beat DDoS attacks |last=Ingraham |first=Nathan |date=2016-02-24 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615082208/http://www.engadget.com/2016/02/24/google-project-shield-battling-ddos-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Project Shield provides news, human rights, and [[election monitoring]] sites with protection from DDoS [[cyber-attack]]s by a system of [[Cache (computing)|caching]] (storing the data from the protected website to reduce load on the site). It also filters traffic to thwart DDoS attacks. Project Shield is built on [[Google Cloud Platform]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358588?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |title=General FAQs - Project Shield Help |website=Google Help |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026170423/https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358588?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is provided free of charge to the qualifying websites of [[Freelancer|independent journalists]], human rights, and elections monitoring websites to protect them regardless of their location and Project Shield as of 2016 October has users in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358873?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |title=FAQs for news publishers - Project Shield Help |website=Google Help |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026171656/https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358873?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |url-status=live }}</ref> Project Shield rescued Brian Krebs's security blog from a then-unprecedented DDoS attack that knocked the website entirely offline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/27/google-krebs-project-shield-hack/ |title=Google Rescues a Security Blogger Under Attack from Hackers |last=Roberts |first=Jeff John |date=2016-09-27 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306140658/http://fortune.com/2016/09/27/google-krebs-project-shield-hack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Project Shield provides news, human rights, and [[election monitoring]] sites with protection from DDoS [[cyber-attack]]s by a system of [[Cache (computing)|caching]] (storing the data from the protected website to reduce load on the site). It also filters traffic to thwart DDoS attacks. Project Shield is built on [[Google Cloud Platform]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358588?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |title=General FAQs - Project Shield Help |website=Google Help |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026170423/https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358588?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is provided free of charge to the qualifying websites of [[Freelancer|independent journalists]], human rights, and elections monitoring websites to protect them regardless of their location and Project Shield as of 2016 October has users in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358873?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |title=FAQs for news publishers - Project Shield Help |website=Google Help |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026171656/https://support.google.com/projectshield/answer/6358873?hl=en&ref_topic=6358107 |url-status=live }}</ref> Project Shield rescued [[Brian Krebs]]'s security blog from a then-unprecedented DDoS attack that knocked the website entirely offline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/27/google-krebs-project-shield-hack/ |title=Google Rescues a Security Blogger Under Attack from Hackers |last=Roberts |first=Jeff John |date=2016-09-27 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306140658/http://fortune.com/2016/09/27/google-krebs-project-shield-hack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 In March 2017, Jigsaw launched a campaign called "Protect Your Election", a suite of free tools to help protect access to information during elections. These tools include Shield, Password Alert,<ref>{{cite web |title=Password Alert |url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/password-alert/noondiphcddnnabmjcihcjfbhfklnnep |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222012733/https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/password-alert/noondiphcddnnabmjcihcjfbhfklnnep |url-status=live }}</ref> and two-step verification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google 2-Step Verification |url=https://www.google.com/landing/2step/ |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219002342/https://www.google.com/landing/2step/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cybersecurity-arsenal-thatll-help-protect-election/|title=A Cybersecurity Arsenal That'll Help 'Protect Your Election' {{!}} WIRED|magazine=Wired|access-date=2017-06-27|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111161711/https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cybersecurity-arsenal-thatll-help-protect-election/|url-status=live|last1=Newman|first1=Lily Hay}}</ref>
@@ Line 55: / Line 61: @@
 ===Outline===
 {{main|Outline VPN}}
-Outline is an open-source tool that lets news organizations provide their network of journalists safer access to the internet,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/jigsaw/introducing-outline-making-it-safer-to-break-the-news-feda4d047b4|title=Introducing Outline: Making It Safer To Break The News|last=Jigsaw|date=2018-03-20|website=Medium|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109001845/https://medium.com/jigsaw/introducing-outline-making-it-safer-to-break-the-news-feda4d047b4|url-status=live}}</ref> powered by [[Shadowsocks]].<ref name="wired" /> Jigsaw claims the VPN software can be set up on one's own server in a matter of minutes, even if the user is not technically savvy. According to WIRED, "Outline aims to provide an alternative to, on the one hand, stronger anonymity tools like Tor that slow down web browsing by bouncing connections through multiple encrypted hops around the world and, on the other hand, commercial VPNs that can be expensive, and also put users' private information and internet history at risk."<ref name="wired" /> [[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] adds that because administrators can add unlimited secret keys, "Outline [is] an easy way to run a VPN for an entire organization, like a group of activists or journalists." Another feature is that Outline requires minimal upkeep, as "a feature called Watchtower automatically checks for security updates and installs them."<ref name="wired">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/alphabet-outline-vpn-software/|title=Alphabet's 'Outline' Software Lets Anyone Run a Homebrew VPN|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109014615/https://www.wired.com/story/alphabet-outline-vpn-software/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Outline is an open-source tool that lets news organizations provide their network of journalists safer access to the internet,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/jigsaw/introducing-outline-making-it-safer-to-break-the-news-feda4d047b4|title=Introducing Outline: Making It Safer To Break The News|last=Jigsaw|date=2018-03-20|website=Medium|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109001845/https://medium.com/jigsaw/introducing-outline-making-it-safer-to-break-the-news-feda4d047b4|url-status=live}}</ref> powered by [[Shadowsocks]].<ref name="wired" /> Jigsaw claims the VPN software can be set up on one's own server in a matter of minutes, even if the user is not technically savvy. According to WIRED, "Outline aims to provide an alternative to, on the one hand, stronger anonymity tools like Tor that slow down web browsing by bouncing connections through multiple encrypted hops around the world and, on the other hand, commercial VPNs that can be expensive, and also put users' private information and internet history at risk."<ref name="wired" /> [[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] adds that because administrators can add unlimited secret keys, "Outline [is] an easy way to run a VPN for an entire organization, like a group of activists or journalists." Another feature is that Outline requires minimal upkeep, as "a feature called Watchtower automatically checks for security updates and installs them."<ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/alphabet-outline-vpn-software/|title=Alphabet's 'Outline' Software Lets Anyone Run a Homebrew VPN|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109014615/https://www.wired.com/story/alphabet-outline-vpn-software/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Intra ===
@@ Line 65: / Line 71: @@
 In 2016, Jigsaw worked with the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] on '''Detox''', a project using [[Machine learning]] to help better understand online harassment on Wikipedia, with application to other web platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/aeyvxz/wikipedia-jigsaw-google-artificial-intelligence|title=Inside Wikipedia's Attempt to Use Artificial Intelligence to Combat Harassment|last=Smellie|first=Sarah|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=2017-02-17|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.vice.com/en/article/aeyvxz/wikipedia-jigsaw-google-artificial-intelligence|url-status=live}}</ref> The tool was removed in 2019, however, due to concerns about its accuracy.
-In March 2017, Jigsaw partnered with ''The Washington Post'' to launch '''Sideways Dictionary''', a community-driven collection of analogies to explain complex tech jargon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/3068933/infographic-of-the-day/alphabet-is-building-an-urban-dictionary-for-tech-jargon|title=Alphabet Built An Urban Dictionary For Tech Jargon|date=2017-03-14|work=Co.Design|access-date=2017-03-14|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219094304/https://www.fastcompany.com/3068933/alphabet-is-building-an-urban-dictionary-for-tech-jargon|url-status=live}}</ref> Sideways Dictionary is available as a Chrome extension and on ''The Washington Post.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/14/sideways-dictionary/|title=Jigsaw and The Washington Post try to explain tech jargon with their new Sideways Dictionary|last=Ha|first=Anthony|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2017-03-14|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024151451/https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/14/sideways-dictionary/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In March 2017, Jigsaw partnered with ''The Washington Post'' to launch '''Sideways Dictionary''', a community-driven collection of analogies to explain complex tech jargon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/3068933/infographic-of-the-day/alphabet-is-building-an-urban-dictionary-for-tech-jargon|title=Alphabet Built An Urban Dictionary For Tech Jargon|date=2017-03-14|work=Co.Design|access-date=2017-03-14|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219094304/https://www.fastcompany.com/3068933/alphabet-is-building-an-urban-dictionary-for-tech-jargon|url-status=live}}</ref> Sideways Dictionary is available as a Chrome extension and on ''The Washington Post.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/14/sideways-dictionary/|title=Jigsaw and The Washington Post try to explain tech jargon with their new Sideways Dictionary|last=Ha|first=Anthony|website=TechCrunch|date=14 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-14|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024151451/https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/14/sideways-dictionary/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 '''Password Alert''' helps protect against phishing attacks;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2015/04/29/google-password-alert-phishing/ |title=Password Alert: Google's new free tool to prevent phishing attacks |last=Hackett |first=Robert |date=2015-04-29 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=2017-02-14 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203201411/http://fortune.com/2015/04/29/google-password-alert-phishing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> according to ''WIRED,'' "the company developed it for Syrian activists targeted by government-friendly hackers, but when it proved effective, it was rolled out to all of Google’s users."<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/09/inside-googles-internet-justice-league-ai-powered-war-trolls/|title=Inside Google's Internet Justice League and Its AI-Powered War on Trolls|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2016-09-19|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224055602/https://www.wired.com/2016/09/inside-googles-internet-justice-league-ai-powered-war-trolls/|url-status=live}}</ref>