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Coordinates: 39°19′21″N 77°43′40″W / 39.3226009°N 77.7277704°W / 39.3226009; -77.7277704
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| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Towns
| subdivision_type5 = Towns
| subdivision_name5 = [[Harper's Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry, WV]], [[Front Royal, Virginia|Front Royal, VA]], [[Luray, Virginia|Luray, VA]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry, WV]], [[Front Royal, Virginia|Front Royal, VA]], [[Luray, Virginia|Luray, VA]]
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length = {{convert|56|mi|km|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|56|mi|km|abbr=on}}
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| depth_avg =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Millville, West Virginia|Millville, WV]]<ref name=USGSflow>{{cite web|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2013/pdfs/01636500.2013.pdf|title= USGS 01636500 Shenandoah at Millville, WV |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1895–2013|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
| discharge1_location= [[Millville, West Virginia|Millville, WV]]<ref name=USGSflow>{{cite web|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2013/pdfs/01636500.2013.pdf|title= USGS 01636500 Shenandoah at Millville, WV |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1895–2013|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|2755|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|2755|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
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| extra =
| extra =
}}
}}
The '''Shenandoah River''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|ɛ|n|ə|n|ˈ|d|oʊ|ə}} is the principal [[tributary]] of the [[Potomac River]], {{convert|55.6|mi}} long with two forks approximately {{convert|100|mi}} long each,<ref name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map], accessed August 15, 2011</ref> in the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Virginia]] and [[West Virginia]]. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower [[Shenandoah Valley]] and the [[Page Valley]] in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]] on the west side of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], in northwestern Virginia and the [[Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia]].<ref name=gnis>{{Cite GNIS|1556740|Shenandoah River}}</ref> There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah river constructed in 2014 by [[Dominion Energy|Dominion]].
The '''Shenandoah River''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|ɛ|n|ə|n|ˈ|d|oʊ|ə}} is the principal [[tributary]] of the [[Potomac River]], {{convert|55.6|mi}} long with two [[River fork|forks]] approximately {{convert|100|mi}} long each,<ref name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map], accessed August 15, 2011</ref> in the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Virginia]] and [[West Virginia]]. The river and its [[Tributary|tributaries]] drain the central and lower [[Shenandoah Valley]] and the [[Page Valley]] in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]] on the west side of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], in northwestern Virginia and the [[eastern panhandle of West Virginia]].<ref name=gnis>{{Cite GNIS|1556740|Shenandoah River}}</ref> There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah River constructed in 2014 by [[Dominion Energy|Dominion]].


==Course==
==Course==
The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of [[Front Royal, Virginia|Front Royal]] near Riverton, by the [[confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the [[South Fork Shenandoah River|South Fork]] and the [[North Fork Shenandoah River|North Fork]]. It flows northeast across [[Warren County, Virginia|Warren County]], passing underneath [[Interstate 66]] {{convert|1|mi|km}} from its formation. Beyond the I-66 bridge the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again, crossing into [[Clarke County, Virginia|Clarke County]] {{convert|11|mi|km}} below I-66. Five miles (8&nbsp;km) downriver from the Clarke County border, the Shenandoah passes under [[U.S. Route 50 in Virginia|U.S. Route 50]] and then passes through a triple bend. {{convert|14.5|mi|km}} below the Route 50 bridge, the river passes underneath [[State Route 7 (Virginia)|State Route 7]] and then continues northeast another {{convert|8|mi|km}} where it crosses into [[Jefferson County, West Virginia|Jefferson County]] in West Virginia. Once in West Virginia the river completes six large bends before joining with the Potomac from the southwest near [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]]. The [[confluence]] is on the West Virginia-Maryland border and {{convert|0.4|mi|km}} from the Virginia-West Virginia border.<ref>''Harpers Ferry, West Virginia,'' 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1996</ref>
The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of [[Front Royal, Virginia|Front Royal]] near Riverton, by the [[confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the [[South Fork Shenandoah River|South Fork]] and the [[North Fork Shenandoah River|North Fork]]. It flows northeast across [[Warren County, Virginia|Warren County]], passing underneath [[Interstate 66]] {{convert|1|mi|km}} from its formation. Beyond the I-66 bridge, the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again, crossing into [[Clarke County, Virginia|Clarke County]] {{convert|11|mi|km}} below I-66. Five miles (8&nbsp;km) downriver from the Clarke County border, the Shenandoah passes under [[U.S. Route 50 in Virginia|U.S. Route 50]] and then passes through a triple bend. {{convert|14.5|mi|km}} below the Route 50 bridge, the river passes underneath [[State Route 7 (Virginia)|State Route 7]] and then continues northeast another {{convert|8|mi|km}} where it crosses into [[Jefferson County, West Virginia|Jefferson County]] in West Virginia. Once in West Virginia, the river completes six large bends before joining the Potomac from the southwest near [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]]. The [[confluence]] is on the West Virginia-Maryland border, and {{convert|0.4|mi|km}} from the Virginia-West Virginia border.<ref>''Harpers Ferry, West Virginia,'' 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1996</ref>


==Geology==
==Geology==
[[File:Reflecting cavern lake.jpg|thumb|left|Dream Lake, inside [[Luray Caverns]]]]
[[File:Reflecting cavern lake.jpg|thumb|left|Dream Lake, inside [[Luray Caverns]]]]
The [[Shenandoah valley]] is underlaid by [[limestone]]. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It continues to be a major [[agriculture|agricultural]] area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some [[karst topography]] is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions, including [[Luray Caverns]], [[Shenandoah Caverns]], and [[Skyline Caverns]].
The [[Shenandoah Valley]] is underlaid by [[limestone]]. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It remains a major [[agriculture|agricultural]] area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some [[karst topography]] is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions, including [[Luray Caverns]], [[Shenandoah Caverns]], and [[Skyline Caverns]].


On the riverbank a few miles above Harper's Ferry is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a mounted rider to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of [[John S. Mosby|Col. John Mosby's]] raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.<ref>Virgil Carrington Jones, ''Mosby's Rangers'' (Chapel Hill & University of North Carolina Press, 1944), p. 240 (The Union discovered Mosby's cave only by accident late in the war when a wandering horse fell through a trap door hidden in a burnt-out house on the bluff above the river. A curious Union soldier noticed stairs leading downward, which proved to be the second entrance to the cave. There were stalls, hay, and room enough for 100 to 300 horses).</ref>
On the riverbank, a few miles above Harper's Ferry, is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a mounted rider to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of [[John S. Mosby|Col. John Mosby's]] raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.<ref>Virgil Carrington Jones, ''Mosby's Rangers'' (Chapel Hill & University of North Carolina Press, 1944), p. 240 (The Union discovered Mosby's cave only by accident late in the war when a wandering horse fell through a trap door hidden in a burnt-out house on the bluff above the river. A curious Union soldier noticed stairs leading downward, which proved to be the second entrance to the cave. There were stalls, hay, and room enough for 100 to 300 horses).</ref>
{{clear}}


==Environmental issues==
==Environmental issues==

===Mercury contamination===
The Shenandoah River was contaminated with [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] which was released by a [[DuPont]] [[rayon]] manufacturing facility located in [[Waynesboro, Virginia]] from 1929 to 1950.<ref name="DOI_case">{{Cite web| last = U.S. Department of the Interior| title = DuPont Waynesboro Case Details| work = Natural Resrouce Damage Assessment and Restoration Program| accessdate = 2023-02-17| url = https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/orda_docs/CaseDetails?ID=231}}</ref> This mercury is still present in the fish population of the river today; data collected over the last several decades shows that mercury levels remain stable.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Stewart| first = Caleb| title = DuPont to pay $50 million over mercury dumped in South River| accessdate = 2023-02-17| date = 2016-12-15| url = https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Dept-of-Justice-reaches-50-million-settlement-with-DuPont-over-mercury-dumped-in-South-River-406880795.html}}</ref> The fish in many sections of the Shenandoah River are not safe for human consumption. For example, the [[Virginia Department of Health]] (VDOH) states that it is not safe to consume any species except [[trout]] which are caught between Waynesboro and [[Grottoes, Virginia]] due to elevated mercury levels. In general, the VDOH states that it is not safe to consume more than two fish per month which are caught on the Shenandoah River in [[Page County, Virginia|Page]], [[Warren County, Virginia|Warren]], [[Augusta County, Virginia|Augusta]], or [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham]] counties.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Virginia Department of Health| title = Fish Consumption Advisory| work = Environmental Health| accessdate = 2023-02-17| url = https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/environmental-health/public-health-toxicology/fish-consumption-advisory/}}</ref>

In 2017 DuPont agreed to pay $42,069,916.78 to address natural resource damages and to implement restoration projects related to the impacted resources in the South Fork Shenandoah River watershed.<ref name="DOI_case" />

===Fish kills===
Since 2005, the Shenandoah River has experienced several springtime [[fish kill]]s that have affected several of its native fish species. In 2005, [[redbreast sunfish]] and [[smallmouth bass]] along a {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of the South Fork Shenandoah River began dying of lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Although the fish kill eventually wiped out 80% of the adult redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass, juvenile populations appeared to be unaffected.<ref name="WaPo_FishKill">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901896.html |title=Troubled Waters in the Shenandoah |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 20, 2005 |author=Michael Alison Chandler |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> The following year more-localized fish kills in [[Clarke County, Virginia|Clarke County]] spread to two of the Shenandoah's three species of sucker: the [[shorthead redhorse]] and the [[northern hogsucker]] – the former suffering from similar lesions witnessed in the previous year's fish kill.<ref name=RTD_FishKills>{{cite news|last1=Trice|first1=Calvin R.|title=Shenandoah fish kill has afflicted more species|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=June 7, 2006|location=Richmond, VA|page=B-1}}</ref> Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality received reports of fish kills near Elkton and between Bentonville and Front Royal in late April 2007 and observed fish exhibiting lesions and strange behavior.<ref name="MyUser_Deq.virginia.gov_March_29_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.deq.virginia.gov/lists/?action=show_list&id=1&page=18 |title=Virginia Seeks Public's Help in Fish Kill Investigation |website=Deq.virginia.gov |author=Virginia Department of Environmental Quality |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>
Since 2005, the Shenandoah River has experienced several springtime [[fish kill]]s that have affected several of its native fish species. In 2005, [[redbreast sunfish]] and [[smallmouth bass]] along a {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of the South Fork Shenandoah River began dying of lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Although the fish kill eventually wiped out 80% of the adult redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass, juvenile populations appeared to be unaffected.<ref name="WaPo_FishKill">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901896.html |title=Troubled Waters in the Shenandoah |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 20, 2005 |author=Michael Alison Chandler |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> The following year more-localized fish kills in [[Clarke County, Virginia|Clarke County]] spread to two of the Shenandoah's three species of sucker: the [[shorthead redhorse]] and the [[northern hogsucker]] – the former suffering from similar lesions witnessed in the previous year's fish kill.<ref name=RTD_FishKills>{{cite news|last1=Trice|first1=Calvin R.|title=Shenandoah fish kill has afflicted more species|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=June 7, 2006|location=Richmond, VA|page=B-1}}</ref> Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality received reports of fish kills near Elkton and between Bentonville and Front Royal in late April 2007 and observed fish exhibiting lesions and strange behavior.<ref name="MyUser_Deq.virginia.gov_March_29_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.deq.virginia.gov/lists/?action=show_list&id=1&page=18 |title=Virginia Seeks Public's Help in Fish Kill Investigation |website=Deq.virginia.gov |author=Virginia Department of Environmental Quality |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
[[File:Wd.shenandoah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Moonlight on the Shenandoah'', engraving by J.D. Woodward<ref>Woodward engraving reproduced from The Aldine Magazine, Vol. VI No. 7, July 1873</ref>]]
[[File:Wd.shenandoah.jpg|thumb|''Moonlight on the Shenandoah'', engraving by J.D. Woodward<ref>Woodward engraving reproduced from The Aldine Magazine, Vol. VI No. 7, July 1873</ref>]]
Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General [[George Washington]] named the valley (and river) in honor of [[Skenandoa]] (or Shenandoah), an [[Oneida people|Oneida]] "pine tree chief" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War. He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]] in 1777-1778.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneidanation.org/culture/page.aspx?id=2446|title="Cultural Heritage: American Revolution", 5 July 2010, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin|website=oneidanation.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneidaindiannation.com/history/26347464.html|title="The Revolutionary War", 5 July 2010, Oneida Indian Nation|website=oneidaindiannation.com}}</ref> However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence.<ref>http://image.lva.virginia.gov/LONN/LO-1/018/018_0109.tif {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> It is also said to be named after the [[Senedo people]], a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the [[Catawba people|Catawba]], some time between 1650 and 1700.
Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General [[George Washington]] named the valley (and river) in honor of [[Skenandoa]] (or Shenandoah), an [[Oneida people|Oneida]] "pine tree chief" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War. He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]] in 1777–1778.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneidanation.org/culture/page.aspx?id=2446|title="Cultural Heritage: American Revolution", 5 July 2010, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin|website=oneidanation.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneidaindiannation.com/history/26347464.html|title="The Revolutionary War", 5 July 2010, Oneida Indian Nation|website=oneidaindiannation.com}}</ref> However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence.<ref>[http://image.lva.virginia.gov/LONN/LO-1/018/018_0109.tif Image] virginia.gov {{dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref>
It is also said to be named after the [[Senedo people]], a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the [[Catawba people|Catawba]], some time between 1650 and 1700.


==Recreation==
==Recreation==
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==South Fork Shenandoah River==
==South Fork Shenandoah River==
[[File:South Fork Shenandoah River April 2017.jpg|thumb|The South Fork Shenandoah River, with [[Massanutten Mountain]] in the background, as viewed from an overlook in [[Shenandoah River State Park]]]]
[[File:South Fork Shenandoah River April 2017.jpg|thumb|The South Fork Shenandoah River, with [[Massanutten Mountain]] in the background, as viewed from an overlook in [[Shenandoah River State Park]]]]
[[File:Shenandoah River Clean Up (22365534895).jpg|thumb|alt=File:Shenandoah River Clean Up|Volunteers cleaning up the river, 2015]]
The South Fork is formed at [[Port Republic, Virginia|Port Republic]] in southern [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]], by the [[Confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the [[North River (Shenandoah River)|North River]] and [[South River (Shenandoah River)|South River]]. It flows {{convert|98.5|mi}}<ref name=NHD/> northeast in a tight [[meander]]ing course, past [[Elkton, Virginia|Elkton]] and [[Shenandoah, Virginia|Shenandoah]], through Page Valley, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the [[Massanutten Mountain]] range to the west.
The South Fork is formed at [[Port Republic, Virginia|Port Republic]] in southern [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]], by the [[Confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the [[North River (Shenandoah River)|North River]] and [[South River (Shenandoah River)|South River]]. It flows {{convert|98.5|mi}}<ref name=NHD/> northeast in a tight [[meander]]ing course, past [[Elkton, Virginia|Elkton]] and [[Shenandoah, Virginia|Shenandoah]], through Page Valley, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the [[Massanutten Mountain]] range to the west.


===South Fork tributaries===
===South Fork tributaries===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[North River (South Fork Shenandoah River)|North River]]
* [[North River (South Fork Shenandoah River)|North River]]
** [[Middle River (Virginia)|Middle River]]
** [[Middle River (Virginia)|Middle River]]
* [[South River (South Fork Shenandoah River)|South River]]
* [[South River (South Fork Shenandoah River)|South River]]
**[[Back Creek (South Fork Shenandoah River)|Back Creek]]
**[[Back Creek (South Fork Shenandoah River)|Back Creek]]
* Naked Creek
** Mudhole Run
** Deep Run
* Crooked Run
* Fultz Run
* Hickory Run
* Cub Run
** Roaring Run
** Pitt Spring Run
* Foltz Creek
* Honey Run
** Line Run
* Stony Run
* Hawksclaw Creek
* Big Run
** Georges Run
** Browns Run
* Mill Creek
* Hawksbill Creek
** Pass Run
** Dry Run
** Hollow Run
** Chub Run
** Beaver Run
** Rocky Branch
* Jeremys Run
** Moody Creek
** Nelson Run
* Dry Mine Run
* Overall Run
* Overall Run
* Gooney Creek
* Gooney Creek
}}


===Bridges over the South Fork===
===Bridges over the South Fork===
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}}
}}


⚫
[[File:North Fork Shenandoah River November 2016.jpg|thumb|View of the North Fork Shenandoah River near [[Woodstock, Virginia]]]]
==North Fork Shenandoah River==
==North Fork Shenandoah River==
The North Fork is {{convert|105|mi}} long<ref name=NHD/> and rises in northern [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]], along the eastern flank of [[Shenandoah Mountain]] in the [[George Washington National Forest]]. At its formation, the principal feeder on the North Fork is the [[German River]]. The North Fork flows initially southeast, down from the mountains, then northeast through a valley across [[Shenandoah County, Virginia|Shenandoah County]], along the western side of [[Massanutten Mountain]]. It flows past [[Woodstock, Virginia|Woodstock]] and [[Strasburg, Virginia|Strasburg]]. On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah.
The North Fork is {{convert|105|mi}} long<ref name=NHD/> and rises in northern [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]], along the eastern flank of [[Shenandoah Mountain]] in the [[George Washington National Forest]]. At its formation, the principal feeder on the North Fork is the [[German River]].
The North Fork flows initially southeast, down from the mountains, then northeast through a valley across [[Shenandoah County, Virginia|Shenandoah County]], along the western side of [[Massanutten Mountain]]. It flows past [[Woodstock, Virginia|Woodstock]] and [[Strasburg, Virginia|Strasburg]]. On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah.
{{clear}}
{{clear}}

===North Fork tributaries===
===North Fork tributaries===
⚫
[[File:North Fork Shenandoah River November 2016.jpg|thumb|View of the North Fork Shenandoah River near [[Woodstock, Virginia]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[German River]]
*[[German River]]
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*Double Run
*Double Run
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}

===Virginia===
===Virginia===
⚫
[[File:Harpers Ferry WV aerial.jpg|thumb|The [[confluence]] of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] and Shenandoah Rivers, at [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]]]]
{{Div col|small=yes}}
{{Div col|small=yes}}
*Happy Creek
*Happy Creek
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*Passage Creek
*Passage Creek
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}
⚫
[[Image:Harpers Ferry WV aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[confluence]] of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] and Shenandoah Rivers, at [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]]]]


==In culture==
==In culture==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2024}}
The American [[folk song]] and [[sea chantey]] titled "[[Oh Shenandoah]]" has been adapted to explicitly reference the river or river valley, although earlier versions referred to the 18th century Oneida Chief Shenandoah and the [[Missouri River]], 1,000 miles to the west.
The American [[folk song]] and [[sea chantey|river and sea chantey]] titled "[[Oh Shenandoah]]" has been adapted to explicitly reference the river or river valley, although earlier versions referred to the 18th century Oneida Chief Shenandoah and the [[Missouri River]], 1,000 miles to the west.


The 1971 hit and [[signature song]] of [[John Denver]], "[[Take Me Home, Country Roads]]", prominently mentions the Shenandoah River, and was adopted by the state of [[West Virginia]] in 2014 as its fourth official [[state song]].
The 1971 hit and [[signature song]] of [[John Denver]], "[[Take Me Home, Country Roads]]", prominently mentions the Shenandoah River, and was adopted by the state of [[West Virginia]] in 2014 as its fourth official [[state song]].

An episode of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', continuing the tradition of naming their runabout vessels after rivers, has a shuttle named Shenandoah.


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Potomac River System}}
{{Potomac River System}}

{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


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[[Category:Rivers of Clarke County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Clarke County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Potomac River]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Potomac River]]
[[Category:West Virginia placenames of Native American origin]]

Latest revision as of 05:16, 8 September 2024

For the river in New Zealand, see Shenandoah River, New Zealand.

Shenandoah River
Crossing the Shenandoah River in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
Shenandoah River drainage basin
Location
CountryUnited States
StateVirginia, West Virginia
TownsHarpers Ferry, WV, Front Royal, VA, Luray, VA
Physical characteristics
SourceNorth Fork
 • locationShenandoah Mountain
2nd sourceSouth Fork
 • locationPort Republic
Source confluence 
 • locationFront Royal, VA
MouthPotomac River
 • location
Harpers Ferry
 • coordinates
39°19′21″N 77°43′40″W / 39.3226009°N 77.7277704°W / 39.3226009; -77.7277704[1]
 • elevation
246 ft (75 m)[1]
Length56 mi (90 km)
Basin size2,937 sq mi (7,610 km2)
Discharge 
 • locationMillville, WV[2]
 • average2,755 cu ft/s (78.0 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftNorth Fork (Shenandoah River)
 • rightSouth Fork (Shenandoah River)

The Shenandoah River /ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/ is the principal tributary of the Potomac River, 55.6 miles (89.5 km) long with two forks approximately 100 miles (160 km) long each,[3] in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah Valley and the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia.[1] There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah River constructed in 2014 by Dominion.

Course

[edit]

The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of Front Royal near Riverton, by the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork. It flows northeast across Warren County, passing underneath Interstate 66 1 mile (1.6 km) from its formation. Beyond the I-66 bridge, the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again, crossing into Clarke County 11 miles (18 km) below I-66. Five miles (8 km) downriver from the Clarke County border, the Shenandoah passes under U.S. Route 50 and then passes through a triple bend. 14.5 miles (23.3 km) below the Route 50 bridge, the river passes underneath State Route 7 and then continues northeast another 8 miles (13 km) where it crosses into Jefferson County in West Virginia. Once in West Virginia, the river completes six large bends before joining the Potomac from the southwest near Harpers Ferry. The confluence is on the West Virginia-Maryland border, and 0.4 miles (0.64 km) from the Virginia-West Virginia border.[4]

Geology

[edit]
Dream Lake, inside Luray Caverns

The Shenandoah Valley is underlaid by limestone. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It remains a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions, including Luray Caverns, Shenandoah Caverns, and Skyline Caverns.

On the riverbank, a few miles above Harper's Ferry, is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a mounted rider to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of Col. John Mosby's raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.[5]

Environmental issues

[edit]

Mercury contamination

[edit]

The Shenandoah River was contaminated with mercury which was released by a DuPont rayon manufacturing facility located in Waynesboro, Virginia from 1929 to 1950.[6] This mercury is still present in the fish population of the river today; data collected over the last several decades shows that mercury levels remain stable.[7] The fish in many sections of the Shenandoah River are not safe for human consumption. For example, the Virginia Department of Health (VDOH) states that it is not safe to consume any species except trout which are caught between Waynesboro and Grottoes, Virginia due to elevated mercury levels. In general, the VDOH states that it is not safe to consume more than two fish per month which are caught on the Shenandoah River in Page, Warren, Augusta, or Rockingham counties.[8]

In 2017 DuPont agreed to pay $42,069,916.78 to address natural resource damages and to implement restoration projects related to the impacted resources in the South Fork Shenandoah River watershed.[6]

Fish kills

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Since 2005, the Shenandoah River has experienced several springtime fish kills that have affected several of its native fish species. In 2005, redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass along a 100-mile (160 km) stretch of the South Fork Shenandoah River began dying of lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Although the fish kill eventually wiped out 80% of the adult redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass, juvenile populations appeared to be unaffected.[9] The following year more-localized fish kills in Clarke County spread to two of the Shenandoah's three species of sucker: the shorthead redhorse and the northern hogsucker – the former suffering from similar lesions witnessed in the previous year's fish kill.[10] Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality received reports of fish kills near Elkton and between Bentonville and Front Royal in late April 2007 and observed fish exhibiting lesions and strange behavior.[11]

Etymology

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Moonlight on the Shenandoah, engraving by J.D. Woodward[12]

Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General George Washington named the valley (and river) in honor of Skenandoa (or Shenandoah), an Oneida "pine tree chief" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War. He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1777–1778.[13][14] However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence.[15]

It is also said to be named after the Senedo people, a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the Catawba, some time between 1650 and 1700.

Recreation

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The Shenandoah River is a very popular river for canoeing, river tubing, and white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking (class I-III in season, II-III+ during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips and rentals.

South Fork Shenandoah River

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The South Fork Shenandoah River, with Massanutten Mountain in the background, as viewed from an overlook in Shenandoah River State Park
File:Shenandoah River Clean Up
Volunteers cleaning up the river, 2015

The South Fork is formed at Port Republic in southern Rockingham County, by the confluence of the North River and South River. It flows 98.5 miles (158.5 km)[3] northeast in a tight meandering course, past Elkton and Shenandoah, through Page Valley, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Massanutten Mountain range to the west.

South Fork tributaries

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  • North River
  • South River
  • Naked Creek
    • Mudhole Run
    • Deep Run
  • Crooked Run
  • Fultz Run
  • Hickory Run
  • Cub Run
    • Roaring Run
    • Pitt Spring Run
  • Foltz Creek
  • Honey Run
    • Line Run
  • Stony Run
  • Hawksclaw Creek
  • Big Run
    • Georges Run
    • Browns Run
  • Mill Creek
  • Hawksbill Creek
    • Pass Run
    • Dry Run
    • Hollow Run
    • Chub Run
    • Beaver Run
    • Rocky Branch
  • Jeremys Run
    • Moody Creek
    • Nelson Run
  • Dry Mine Run
  • Overall Run
  • Gooney Creek

Bridges over the South Fork

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  • N Shenandoah Avenue (US 340/ US 522/ Va 55)
  • Rivermont Drive (SR 619)
  • Indian Hollow Road (SR 613)
  • Bixlers Ferry Road (SR 675)
  • Lee Highway (US 211/ US 340)
  • US 340 BUS
  • US 340
  • Maryland Avenue (SR 602)
  • Old Spotswood Trail (US 33 BUS)
  • Spotswood Trail (US 33)
  • Island Ford Road (SR 649)
  • Lynnwood Road (SR 708)

North Fork Shenandoah River

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The North Fork is 105 miles (169 km) long[3] and rises in northern Rockingham County, along the eastern flank of Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National Forest. At its formation, the principal feeder on the North Fork is the German River.

The North Fork flows initially southeast, down from the mountains, then northeast through a valley across Shenandoah County, along the western side of Massanutten Mountain. It flows past Woodstock and Strasburg. On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah.

North Fork tributaries

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View of the North Fork Shenandoah River near Woodstock, Virginia

Bridges over the North Fork

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  • Winchester Road (US 340)
  • Strasburg Road (Va 55)
  • Deer Rapids Road (SR 744)
  • Colby Lane (low-water, on private property)
  • Bear Paw Road
  • Headly Road (SR 600)
  • Hesley Bridge Lane
  • Artz Road (SR 663)
  • Woodstock Tower Road (SR 758)
  • South Hollingsworth Road (SR 609)
  • Laurel Hill Lane
  • Edinburg Gap Road (SR 675)
  • Palmyra Church Road (SR 698)
  • Red Banks Road (SR T-698)
  • Old Valley Pike (US 11)
  • Wissler Road (SR 720)
  • Caverns Road (SR 730)
  • Interstate 81
  • Quicksburg Road (SR 767)
  • River Road (SR 728)
  • Va 42
  • Shenandoah Avenue (SR 1411)
  • Spar Mine Road (SR 617)
  • Brocks Gap Road (Va 259)
  • Hopkins Gap Road (SR 612)
  • Little Dry River Road (SR 818)
  • Yankeetown Road
  • Lairs Run Road
  • Bergton Road (SR 820)
  • Bergton Road (SR 820)

Shenandoah tributaries

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West Virginia

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Virginia

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The confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers, at Harpers Ferry
  • Happy Creek
  • Manassas Run
  • Venus Branch
  • Long Branch
  • Spout Run
  • Morgan Mill Stream
  • Chapel Run
  • Lewis Run
  • Craig Run
  • Dog Run
  • Spout Run
  • Wheat Spring Run
  • Passage Creek

In culture

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The American folk song and river and sea chantey titled "Oh Shenandoah" has been adapted to explicitly reference the river or river valley, although earlier versions referred to the 18th century Oneida Chief Shenandoah and the Missouri River, 1,000 miles to the west.

The 1971 hit and signature song of John Denver, "Take Me Home, Country Roads", prominently mentions the Shenandoah River, and was adopted by the state of West Virginia in 2014 as its fourth official state song.

An episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, continuing the tradition of naming their runabout vessels after rivers, has a shuttle named Shenandoah.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Shenandoah River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  2. ^ "USGS 01636500 Shenandoah at Millville, WV" (PDF). National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1895–2013. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed August 15, 2011
  4. ^ Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1996
  5. ^ Virgil Carrington Jones, Mosby's Rangers (Chapel Hill & University of North Carolina Press, 1944), p. 240 (The Union discovered Mosby's cave only by accident late in the war when a wandering horse fell through a trap door hidden in a burnt-out house on the bluff above the river. A curious Union soldier noticed stairs leading downward, which proved to be the second entrance to the cave. There were stalls, hay, and room enough for 100 to 300 horses).
  6. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Interior. "DuPont Waynesboro Case Details". Natural Resrouce Damage Assessment and Restoration Program. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  7. ^ Stewart, Caleb (December 15, 2016). "DuPont to pay $50 million over mercury dumped in South River". Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  8. ^ Virginia Department of Health. "Fish Consumption Advisory". Environmental Health. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  9. ^ Michael Alison Chandler (July 20, 2005). "Troubled Waters in the Shenandoah". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  10. ^ Trice, Calvin R. (June 7, 2006). "Shenandoah fish kill has afflicted more species". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, VA. p. B-1.
  11. ^ Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. "Virginia Seeks Public's Help in Fish Kill Investigation". Deq.virginia.gov. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Woodward engraving reproduced from The Aldine Magazine, Vol. VI No. 7, July 1873
  13. ^ ""Cultural Heritage: American Revolution", 5 July 2010, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin". oneidanation.org.
  14. ^ ""The Revolutionary War", 5 July 2010, Oneida Indian Nation". oneidaindiannation.com.
  15. ^ Image virginia.gov [dead link‍]
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