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| region2 = {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| region2 = {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| pop2 = 203,779 (2.9%) <ref name =Census2015>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Statistics Sierra Leone }}</ref>
| pop2 = 203,779 (2.9%) <ref name =Census2015>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Statistics Sierra Leone }}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flag|Senegal}}
| pop3 = 49,000{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
| region4 = {{Flag|Guinea Bissau}}
| region4 = {{Flag|Guinea Bissau}}
| pop4 = 5,318 (0.36%) <ref name =Censo2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |title=Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais |accessdate=28 March 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau |df=dmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105140643/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| pop4 = 5,318 (0.36%) <ref name =Censo2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |title=Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais |accessdate=28 March 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau |df=dmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105140643/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| native_name_lang = Sosoxui
| native_name_lang = Sosoxui
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related = [[Mandé peoples|Mandé-speaking peoples]], especially the [[Yalunka people]], [[Soninke people]], [[Mikhifore people]], [[Kuranko people]], and [[Mandinka people]]
| related = [[Yalunka people]]
}}
}}


The '''Susu people''' are a [[Mandé peoples|Mande-speaking]] ethnic group living primarily in [[Guinea]] and Northwestern [[Sierra Leone]], particularly in [[Kambia District]].<ref name=britsusu>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Susu Susu people], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="Taylor2014p104">{{cite book|author=Bankole Kamara Taylor|title=Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |year=2014|publisher=New Africa Pres|isbn=978-9987-16-038-9|page=147}}</ref> Influential in Guinea, smaller communities of Susu people are also found in the neighboring [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Senegal]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
The '''Susu people''' are a [[Mandé peoples|Mande-speaking]] ethnic group living primarily in [[Guinea]] and northwestern [[Sierra Leone]], particularly in [[Kambia District]].<ref name=britsusu>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Susu Susu people], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="Taylor2014p104">{{cite book|author=Bankole Kamara Taylor|title=Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |year=2014|publisher=New Africa Pres|isbn=978-9987-16-038-9|page=147}}</ref> Influential in Guinea, smaller communities of Susu people are also found in the neighboring [[Guinea-Bissau]] and [[Senegal]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}


The Susu are a patrilineal society, predominantly Muslim, who favor endogamous cross-cousin marriages with polygynous households.<ref name=britsusu/> They have a caste system like all Manding-speaking peoples of West Africa. The artisans such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, jewelers, and leatherworkers are separate castes and believed to have descended from the medieval era of slavery.<ref name=britsusu/><ref name=tamarifull>{{cite journal|author=Tal Tamari| year= 1991|title= The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa| journal= The Journal of African History| volume= 32| number= 2| pages= 221–250|publisher= Cambridge University Press| jstor= 182616| doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718| s2cid= 162509491}}</ref>
The Susu are a patrilineal society, predominantly Muslim, who favor endogamous cross-cousin marriages with polygynous households.<ref name=britsusu/> They have a caste system like all Manding-speaking peoples of West Africa. The artisans such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, jewelers, and leatherworkers are separate castes and believed to have descended from the medieval era of slavery.<ref name=britsusu/><ref name=tamarifull>{{cite journal|author=Tal Tamari| year= 1991|title= The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa| journal= The Journal of African History| volume= 32| number= 2| pages= 221–250|publisher= Cambridge University Press| jstor= 182616| doi=10.1017/s0021853700025718| s2cid= 162509491}}</ref>

The Susu people are also referred to as '''Soosoo''', '''Sossoé''', '''Sosoe''', '''Sosso''', '''Soso''', '''Sousou''', '''Susso''', '''Sussu''', or '''Soussou.'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/12409167/soussou__peuple_d_afrique_/|title = Soussou (Peuple d'Afrique)}}</ref>


==Demographics and language==
==Demographics and language==
{{main|Susu language}}
{{main|Susu language}}
[[Susu language|Their language]], called ''Sosoxui'' by native speakers, serves as a major trade language along the Guinean coast, particularly in its southwest, including the capital city of [[Conakry]]. It belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sus Susu: A language of Guinea], Ethnologue</ref>
[[Susu language|Their language]], called ''Sosokhoui'' or ''Sosoxui'' by native speakers, serves as a major trade language along the Guinean coast, particularly in its southwest, including the capital city of [[Conakry]]. It belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sus Susu: A language of Guinea], Ethnologue</ref>


In the old [[Susu language]], "Guinea" means woman and this is the derivation for the country's name.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jamie Stokes|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA270|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=266}}</ref>
In the [[Susu language]], "Guinea" means woman and this is the derivation for the country's name.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jamie Stokes|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA270|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=266}}</ref>


==Ethnonymy==
==Ethnonymy==
The Susu people are also referred to as '''Soosoo''', '''Sossoé''', '''Sosoe''', '''Sosso''', '''Soso''', '''Sousou''', '''Susso''', '''Sussu''', or '''Soussou.'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/12409167/soussou__peuple_d_afrique_/|title = Soussou (Peuple d'Afrique)}}</ref> Most of those denominations are European as the Susu people tend to call themselves "Sossoka"

The meaning of the name "Soso or Susu" apparently derived from "''Susuwi,''" meaning "horse" or "horseman" in the Susu language. The terms "Sawsaws," "Souses," and "Sussias" are all English corruptions of "Susu," rarer variants of their name are also encountered such as ''Souzo'', ''Sossé'', ''Suzées'', ''Socé'', ''Caxi'', ''Saxi'', ''Saxe'', and even as ''Sexi''.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Brooks|title=Landlords And Strangers: Ecology, Society, And Trade In Western Africa, 1000-1630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgScDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-4297-1923-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sean Kelley|title=The Voyage of the Slave Ship Hare: A Journey into Captivity from Sierra Leone to South Carolina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sw3CwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-2769-4|page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Henige|title=History in Africa, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvcEAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=African Studies Association|page=21}}</ref>
The meaning of the name "Soso or Susu" apparently derived from "''Susuwi,''" meaning "horse" or "horseman" in the Susu language. The terms "Sawsaws," "Souses," and "Sussias" are all English corruptions of "Susu," rarer variants of their name are also encountered such as ''Souzo'', ''Sossé'', ''Suzées'', ''Socé'', ''Caxi'', ''Saxi'', ''Saxe'', and even as ''Sexi''.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Brooks|title=Landlords And Strangers: Ecology, Society, And Trade In Western Africa, 1000-1630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgScDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-4297-1923-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sean Kelley|title=The Voyage of the Slave Ship Hare: A Journey into Captivity from Sierra Leone to South Carolina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sw3CwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-2769-4|page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Henige|title=History in Africa, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvcEAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=African Studies Association|page=21}}</ref>


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The Susu are descendants of their Manding ancestors who lived in the mountainous Mali-Guinea border.<ref name="DG194">{{cite book|author=Diagram Group|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|page=194}}</ref> They are said to have originally been a section of the Soninke people that migrated out of [[Wagadou]] and were initially a clan of blacksmiths who displayed their clear intentions to object converting to Islam. In the twelfth century, when Ancient Ghana was in decline, they migrated south and established a capital city of Soso in the mountainous region of [[Koulikoro Region|Koulikoro]]. The Susu were once ruled by [[Sumanguru Kanté]], but after that, they were ruled by the thirteenth century [[Mali Empire]]. In the fifteenth century, they migrated west to the [[Fouta Djallon]] plateau of Guinea, as the Mali empire disintegrated.<ref name="Abiola2018">{{cite book|author=Ofosuwa Abiola|title=History Dances: Chronicling the History of Traditional Mandinka Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDZ7DwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Routledge, 2018|isbn=978-0-4297-6784-5}}</ref><ref name="Charry2000p19">{{cite book|author=Eric Charry|title=Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gA9a3qkglwC|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10161-3|page=19}}</ref> The close familiarity with the Yalunka people suggest a hypothesis that they were once members of the same group in the Fouta Djallon, separated by Fula invaders, and that the Susu moved southward absorbing other people in the process.<ref name="Nelson1975p62">{{cite book|author=Harold D. Nelson|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62 |year=1975|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=62}}</ref> The Susu people were traditionally animist {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}.
The Susu are descendants of their Manding ancestors who lived in the mountainous Mali-Guinea border.<ref name="DG194">{{cite book|author=Diagram Group|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|page=194}}</ref> They are said to have originally been a section of the Soninke people that migrated out of [[Wagadou]] and were initially a clan of blacksmiths who displayed their clear intentions to object converting to Islam. In the twelfth century, when Ancient Ghana was in decline, they migrated south and established a capital city of Soso in the mountainous region of [[Koulikoro Region|Koulikoro]]. The Susu were once ruled by [[Sumanguru Kanté]], but after that, they were ruled by the thirteenth century [[Mali Empire]]. In the fifteenth century, they migrated west to the [[Fouta Djallon]] plateau of Guinea, as the Mali empire disintegrated.<ref name="Abiola2018">{{cite book|author=Ofosuwa Abiola|title=History Dances: Chronicling the History of Traditional Mandinka Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDZ7DwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Routledge, 2018|isbn=978-0-4297-6784-5}}</ref><ref name="Charry2000p19">{{cite book|author=Eric Charry|title=Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gA9a3qkglwC|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10161-3|page=19}}</ref> The close familiarity with the Yalunka people suggest a hypothesis that they were once members of the same group in the Fouta Djallon, separated by Fula invaders, and that the Susu moved southward absorbing other people in the process.<ref name="Nelson1975p62">{{cite book|author=Harold D. Nelson|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62 |year=1975|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=62}}</ref> The Susu people were traditionally animist {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}.


The [[Fula people]] dominated the region from the Fouta Djallon. The Fulani created an Islamic theocracy, thereafter began slave raids as a part of [[Jihad]] that impacted many West African ethnic groups including the Susu people.<ref name="Sarro2008p28">{{cite book|author=Ramon Sarro|title=Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rgurBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |year=2008 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3666-2 |pages=27–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Robinson|title=Les sociétés musulmanes africaines: configurations et trajectoires historiques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbaP5XMKGZEC&pg=PA110|year=2010|publisher=Karthala, Paris|language=fr|isbn=978-2-8111-0382-8|pages=105–111}}</ref><ref name="BloomBlair2009p130">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Bloom|author2=Sheila S. Blair|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=130}}</ref> In particular, states Ismail Rashid, the Jihad effort of Fulani elites starting in the 1720s theologically justified enslavement of the non-Islamic people and also led to successful conversion of previously animist peoples to Islam.<ref name="Diouf2003p133">{{cite book|author=Ismail Rashid|editor=Sylviane A. Diouf|title=Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0lI5c9trSAC&pg=PA133 |year=2003|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1517-7|pages=133–135}}</ref> The political environment led the Susu people to convert to Islam in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, along with further westward and southward migration towards the plains of Guinea.<ref name="Diouf2003p133"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jamie Stokes|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA270|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|pages=270–271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|page=922}}</ref>
The [[Fula people]] dominated the region from the Fouta Djallon. The Fulani created an Islamic theocracy, thereafter began slave raids as a part of [[Jihad]] that impacted many West African ethnic groups including the Susu people.<ref name="Sarro2008p28">{{cite book|author=Ramon Sarro|title=Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rgurBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |year=2008 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3666-2 |pages=27–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Robinson|title=Les sociétés musulmanes africaines: configurations et trajectoires historiques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbaP5XMKGZEC&pg=PA110|year=2010|publisher=Karthala, Paris|language=fr|isbn=978-2-8111-0382-8|pages=105–111}}</ref><ref name="BloomBlair2009p130">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Bloom|author2=Sheila S. Blair|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=130}}</ref> In particular, states Ismail Rashid, the Jihad effort of Fulani elites starting in the 1720s theologically justified enslavement of the non-Islamic people and also led to successful conversion of previously animist peoples to Islam.<ref name="Diouf2003p133">{{cite book|author=Ismail Rashid|editor=Sylviane A. Diouf|title=Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0lI5c9trSAC&pg=PA133 |year=2003|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1517-7|pages=133–135}}</ref> The political environment led the Susu people to convert to Islam in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, along with further westward and southward migration towards the plains of Guinea.<ref name="Diouf2003p133"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jamie Stokes|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA270|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|pages=270–271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|page=922}}</ref> On the Atlantic coast, they assimilated with the local peoples and dominated the estuarine region north of Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ajayi |first=J. F. Ade |title=History of West Africa, Vol. 2 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=173 |isbn=9780231037372 |location=New York}}</ref>


The colonial-era Europeans arrived in the Guinea region of resident Susu people in the late eighteenth century for trade, but got politically involved during the era of Temne wars that attacked the Susu people along with other ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|page=923}}</ref> While [[Temne people|Temne]] sought British support, the Susu sought the French. The region split, with Temne speaking Sierra Leone regions going with the [[British colonial empire]], and Susu speaking Guinea regions becoming a part of the [[French colonial empire]] in the late nineteenth century during the [[Scramble for Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Keese|title=Ethnicity and the Colonial State: Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective (1850–1960)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|year=2015|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-30735-3|pages=15, 164–183, 300–301}}</ref>
The colonial-era Europeans arrived in the Guinea region of resident Susu people in the late eighteenth century for trade, but got politically involved during the era of [[Kingdom of Koya|Temne wars]] that attacked the Susu people along with other ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45669-6|page=923}}</ref> While [[Temne people|Temne]] sought British support, the Susu sought the French. The region split, with Temne speaking Sierra Leone regions going with the [[British colonial empire]], and Susu speaking Guinea regions becoming a part of the [[French colonial empire]] in the late nineteenth century during the [[Scramble for Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Keese|title=Ethnicity and the Colonial State: Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective (1850–1960)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|year=2015|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-30735-3|pages=15, 164–183, 300–301}}</ref>


==Society and culture==
==Society and culture==
[[File:Griot Soussou (Guinée).jpg|thumb|A Susu yeliba playing a three-string [[Bolon (musical instrument)|bolon]] in 1905.]]
[[File:Griot Soussou (Guinée).jpg|thumb|A Susu yeliba playing a three-string [[Bolon (musical instrument)|bolon]] in 1905.]]
The Susu live with their [[extended family]]. [[Polygyny]] is an accepted practice since [[Sharia|Islamic law]] allows men to have as many as four wives. This is not always practiced because having multiple wives requires more means than most men have. The men provide for their families by working the rice fields, fishing, or engaging in trade. The women cook the food and take care of the children. They often engage in small commerce, usually of vegetables they have raised in their garden. Often women will have their room or hut next to their husband's lodging where they will stay with their children.
The Susu live with their [[extended family]]. [[Polygyny]] is an accepted practice since [[Sharia|Islamic law]] allows men to have as many as four wives. This is not always practiced because having multiple wives requires more means than most men have. The men provide for their families by working the rice fields, fishing, or engaging in trade. The women cook the food and take care of the children. They often engage in small commerce, usually of vegetables they have raised in their garden. Often women will have their room or hut next to their husband's lodging where they will stay with their children.


Over 99% of Susu are Muslim, and Islam dominates their religious culture and practices. Most [[Islamic holidays]] are observed, the most important being the celebration that follows [[Ramadan]] (a month of prayer and fasting). The Susu people, like other Manding-speaking peoples, have a caste system regionally referred to by terms such as ''[[Nyamakala]]'', ''Naxamala'' and ''Galabbolalauba''. According to David Conrad and Barbara Frank, the terms and social categories in this caste-based social stratification system of Susu people shows cases of borrowing from Arabic only, but the likelihood is that these terms are linked to Latin, Greek or Aramaic.<ref name="ConradFrank1995">{{cite book|author1=David C. Conrad|author2=Barbara E. Frank|title=Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC |year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11264-8|pages=78–80, 73–82}}</ref>
Over 99% of Susu are Muslim, and Islam dominates their religious culture and practices. Most [[Islamic holidays]] are observed, the most important being the celebration that follows [[Ramadan]] (a month of prayer and fasting). The Susu people, like other Manding-speaking peoples, have a caste system regionally referred to by terms such as ''[[Nyamakala]]'', ''Naxamala'' and ''Galabbolalauba''. According to David Conrad and Barbara Frank, the terms and social categories in this caste-based social stratification system of Susu people shows cases of borrowing from Arabic only, but the likelihood is that these terms are linked to Latin, Greek or Aramaic.<ref name="ConradFrank1995">{{cite book|author1=David C. Conrad|author2=Barbara E. Frank|title=Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC |year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-11264-8|pages=78–80, 73–82}}</ref>


The artisans among the Susu people, such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, and bards (''Yeliba''), jewelers, and leatherworkers, are separate castes. The Susu people believe that these castes have descended from the medieval era slaves.<ref name=britsusu/><ref name=tamarifull/> The Susu castes are not limited to Guinea, but are found in other regions where Susu people live, such as in Sierra Leone where too they are linked to the historic slavery system that existed in the region, states Daniel Harmon.<ref name=" Harmon2001p101">{{cite book|author=Daniel E. Harmon|title=West Africa, 1880 to the Present: A Cultural Patchwork|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUMq1k2IpXsC&pg=PA101|year=2001|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-0-7910-5748-3|page=101}}</ref> The Susu castes in the regional [[Muslim]] communities were prevalent and recorded by sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="Harmon2001p101"/>
The artisans among the Susu people, such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, and bards (''Yeliba''), jewelers, and leatherworkers, are separate castes. The Susu people believe that these castes have descended from the medieval era slaves.<ref name=britsusu/><ref name=tamarifull/> The Susu castes are not limited to Guinea, but are found in other regions where Susu people live, such as in Sierra Leone where too they are linked to the historic slavery system that existed in the region, states Daniel Harmon.<ref name=" Harmon2001p101">{{cite book|author=Daniel E. Harmon|title=West Africa, 1880 to the Present: A Cultural Patchwork|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUMq1k2IpXsC&pg=PA101|year=2001|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-0-7910-5748-3|page=101}}</ref> The Susu castes in the regional [[Muslim]] communities were prevalent and recorded by sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="Harmon2001p101"/>

Some Susu combine their Islamic faith with traditional beliefs, such as the existence of spirits who inhabit certain areas, and the belief in [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerers]] who have the power to change into animals, cast evil spells on people, or heal people from certain ailments.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}


The Susu people also utilize practices of the [[Sande society|Bondo secret society]] which aims at gradually but firmly establishing attitudes related to adulthood in girls, discussions on fertility, morality and proper sexual comportment. The society also maintains an interest in the well-being of its members throughout their lives.<ref>Pemunta, N. V., & Tabenyang, C.-J. (2017). ''Cultural power, ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone''. Cogent Social Sciences, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1295549</ref>
The Susu people also utilize practices of the [[Sande society|Bondo secret society]] which aims at gradually but firmly establishing attitudes related to adulthood in girls, discussions on fertility, morality and proper sexual comportment. The society also maintains an interest in the well-being of its members throughout their lives.<ref>Pemunta, N. V., & Tabenyang, C.-J. (2017). ''Cultural power, ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone''. Cogent Social Sciences, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1295549</ref>
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*Touré
*Touré
*Diarso
*Diarso
*Diarisso


==Notable Susu people==
==Notable Susu people==
<!-- PEOPLE LISTED HERE MUST MEET [[WP:LISTPEOPLE]] CRITERIA. RED LINKS, UNLINKED, UNSOURCED ENTRIES WILL BE REMOVED. NO WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE? MAKE ONE: [[WP:AFC]] -->


===Political figures===
===Political figures===
[[File:Susu Griot, circa 1910, Conakry, Guinea.jpg|thumb|A Susu griot holds holds a lute, standing behind two sitting women. Mande speakers (of which Susu people are among) call their lutes ''nkoni'' or ''ngoni''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Griot Lutes |last= Pestcoe |first= Shlomo |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120204224642/http://www.shlomomusic.com/banjoancestors_griotlutes.htm#Illustration |quote= ngoni (Mande) (also nkoni, koni, konting, kontingo, etc.)}}</ref>]]
*[[Amara Bangoura (diplomat)|Amara Bangoura]], Guinean diplomat
*Elhadj Aly Jamal Bangoura, current Secretary General of Religious Affairs of Guinea
*[[Fodé Bangoura]], Guinean politician and former Minister Secretary General to President Lansana Conté
*[[Fodé Bangoura]], Guinean politician and former Minister Secretary General to President Lansana Conté
*[[Karim Bangoura]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Karim Bangoura]], Guinean diplomat
*Kiridi Bangoura, Guinean politician
*[[Mafory Bangoura]], was a radical activist for the independence of Guinea
*[[Mafory Bangoura]], was a radical activist for the independence of Guinea
*[[Mahawa Bangoura]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Mahawa Bangoura]], Guinean diplomat
*Mohamed Saloum Bangoura, current Deputy Director General of the Armed Forces Health Service of Guinea
*[[Abdoul Kabèlè Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Abdoul Kabèlè Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Arafan Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Arafan Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Makalé Camara]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Makalé Camara]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Manga Kindi Camara]], the founder of Kindia
*[[M'Balia Camara]], Guinean independence activist
*[[M'Balia Camara]], Guinean independence activist
*[[Zeinab Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Zeinab Camara]], Guinean politician
*[[Lansana Conté]], former President of Guinea from 1984 to 2008
*[[Lansana Conté]], former President of Guinea from 1984 to 2008
*[[Seydou Conté]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Abdulai Conteh]], former Vice president of Sierra Leone
*[[Abdulai Conteh]], former Vice president of Sierra Leone
*[[Kandeh Baba Conteh]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Kandeh Baba Conteh]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Dala Modu Dumbuya]], was an Important Sierra Leonean-Susu trader during the colonial era
*[[Ibrahima Kassory Fofana]], former Prime Minister of Guinea
*[[Ibrahima Kassory Fofana]], former Prime Minister of Guinea
*[[Mohamed Said Fofana]], former Prime Minister of Guinea
*[[Mohamed Said Fofana]], former Prime Minister of Guinea
*[[Soumaoro Kanté]], was a Thirteenth-century king of the Sosso Empire
*[[Soumaoro Kanté]], was a Thirteenth-century king of the Sosso Empire
*[[Domin Konteh]], was the leader of the earliest wave of Soso migrants into present-day Sierra Leone
*Elhadj Sékhouna Soumah, the Kountigui of costal Guinea
*[[Fodé Soumah]], Guinean politician
*[[Fodé Soumah]], Guinean politician
*[[Sam Mamady Soumah]], Guinean politician
*Foday Sumah, Sierra Leonean diplomat
*Ibrahima Abé Sylla, Guinean politician
*[[M'Mahawa Sylla]], Governor of the city of Conakry
*Foday Tarawallie, was a Nineteenth-century marabout
*[[Soumba Toumany]], was a Yalun-Soso elephant hunter and founded the Kingdom of Dubréka
*[[Facinet Touré]], Guinean politician and former soldier of the French colonial army
*[[Facinet Touré]], Guinean politician and former soldier of the French colonial army
*[[Fodé Katibi Touré]], the founder of Moriah in Forécariah
*[[Kémoko Touré]], Guinean politician
*Kalémodou Yansané, Guinean politician
*[[Kerfalla Yansané]], current Ambassador of Guinea to the United States
*[[Kerfalla Yansané]], current Ambassador of Guinea to the United States
*[[Sékou Mouké Yansané]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Osman Foday Yansaneh]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Osman Foday Yansaneh]], Sierra Leonean politician
*Bountouraby Yattara, Guinean politician
*Momodu Yillah, Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Mamady Youla]], former Prime minister of Guinea from 2015 to 2018
*[[Mamady Youla]], former Prime minister of Guinea from 2015 to 2018
*[[Nabi Youla]], Guinean diplomat
*[[Kandeh Yumkella]], Sierra Leonean politician
*[[Kandeh Yumkella]], Sierra Leonean politician
*Mohamed Foday Yumkella, Sierra Leonean politician


===Musicians===
===Musicians===
*[[Amatala]], Guinean musician
*[[King Alasko]], Guinean musician
*Bafodé Bangoura, Guinean musician
*[[Fodé Seydou Bangoura]], Guinean drummer
*[[Mohamed Bangoura (musician)|Mohamed Bangoura]], Guinean drummer
*[[Mohamed Bangoura (musician)|Mohamed Bangoura]], Guinean drummer
*[[Yaya Bangoura]], Guinean musician
*[[Soul Bang's]], Guinean musician
*[[Bangoura Batafon]], Guinean musician
*Doudou Benny, Guinean musician
*[[Oumar le Blanc]], Guinean musician
*[[Lévi Bobo]], Guinean musician
*[[Mousto Camara]], Guinean musician
*[[Natu Camara]], Guinean musician
*[[Petit Camara]], Guinean musician
*[[N'nato Camara]], Guinean musician
*Hamid Chanana, Guinean musician
*[[Daddi Cool]], Guinean-reggae musician
*Junior Conté, Guinean musician
*[[Fodé Conté]], Guinean musician
*[[Ans T Crazy]], Guinean musician
*Ousmane Soty Daffé, Guinean musician
*[[King Détruit]], Guinean musician
*[[Mohamed Django]], Guinean musician
*[[Lasso Doumbouya]], Guinean musician
*[[Antoine Flingo]], Guinean musician
*Fish Killa, Guinean musician
*Abdoulaye Korofé, Guinean musician
*[[Sister Lessa]], Guinean rapper
*[[RB Tout Locks]], Guinean musician
*[[Konko Malela]], Guinean rapper
*Kader Mafia, Guinean musician
*[[Bouba Menguè]], Guinean musician
*[[Dija NGM]], Guinean rapper
*Lil Sacko, Guinean musician
*[[Bill de Sam]], Guinean musician
*[[Abraham Sonty]], Guinean musician
*Ahmed Soumah, Guinean musician
*[[Alphonse Soumah]], Guinean musician
*Armand Soumah, Guinean musician
*[[Djibril Soumah]], Guinean musician
*M'mahawa Soumah, Guinean musician
*[[Momo Wandel Soumah]], Guinean musician
*[[Momo Wandel Soumah]], Guinean musician
*N'Fa Moussa Soumah, Guinean musician
*Toumany Z Sparta, Guinean musician
*[[Aly 100Songs|Aly Sylla]], Guinean musician
*[[Maciré Sylla]], Guinean musician
*[[Maciré Sylla]], Guinean musician
*[[One Time (musician)|One Time]], Guinean musician
*[[Ablos Touré]], Guinean musician
*[[Macheté Touré]], Guinean musician
*[[Yarie Touré]], Guinean musician
*Papche Warano, Guinean musician
*[[Alpha Wess]], Guinean-reggae musician
*Jack Woumpack, Guinean musician
*[[Takana Zion]], Guinean-reggae musician


===Sportspeople===
===Sportspeople===
Line 197: Line 120:
*[[Mamadama Bangoura]], Guinean judoka
*[[Mamadama Bangoura]], Guinean judoka
*[[Mamadouba Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
*[[Mamadouba Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
*[[Mohamed Bangoura (footballer)|Mohamed Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
*[[Mohamed Bangoura (footballer, born 1996)|Mohamed Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
*[[Momar Bangoura]], French footballer
*[[Momar Bangoura]], French footballer
*[[Ousmane Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
*[[Ousmane Bangoura]], Guinean footballer
Line 229: Line 152:
*[[Seydouba Soumah]], Guinean footballer
*[[Seydouba Soumah]], Guinean footballer
*[[Soriba Soumah]], Guinean footballer
*[[Soriba Soumah]], Guinean footballer
*[[Abubakar Suma]], Sierra Leonean footballer
*[[Lamin Suma]], Sierra Leonean footballer
*[[Lamin Suma]], Sierra Leonean footballer
*[[Sheriff Suma]], Sierra Leonean footballer
*[[Sheriff Suma]], Sierra Leonean footballer
Line 243: Line 165:
*[[Sekou Sylla (footballer, born 1999)|Sekou Oumar Sylla]], Guinean footballer
*[[Sekou Sylla (footballer, born 1999)|Sekou Oumar Sylla]], Guinean footballer
*[[Djibril Fandjé Touré]], Guinean footballer
*[[Djibril Fandjé Touré]], Guinean footballer
*[[Momo Fanyé Touré]], Guinean footballer
*[[Sylla M'Mah Touré]], Guinean sprinter
*[[Sylla M'Mah Touré]], Guinean sprinter
*[[Momo Yansané]],Guinean footballer
*[[Ibrahima Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Ibrahima Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Mohamed Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Mohamed Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Naby Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Naby Yattara]], Guinean footballer
*[[Souleymane Youla]], Guinean footballer
*[[Souleymane Youla]], Guinean footballer Naby KeitaGuinean Footballer
* [[Sekou Yansane]]
* [[Momo Yansane]]
* [[Henri Camara]]

===Actors===
*[[Fode Bangoura (actor)|Fode Bangoura]], Canadian actor
*Soumah Mangué, Guinean actor
*[[Prince Modupe]], Guinean actor
*[[Souleymane Sylla (actor)|Souleymane Sylla]], Guinean actor

===Journalists===
*[[Foniké Menguè]], Guinean activist and journalist
*[[Harry Yansaneh]], Sierra Leonean journalist

===Writers===
*[[Abdoulaye Ditinn Camara]], Guinean writer
*[[Alioum Fantouré]], Guinean writer


===Other notable people===
===Other notable people===
*[[Mohamed Bentoura Bangoura]], Guinean sociologist
*[[Kerfalla Person Camara]], Guinean entrepreneur
*[[Tigui Camara]], Guinean entrepreneur
*[[Tigui Camara]], Guinean entrepreneur
*[[Ousmane Conté]], Lansana Conté's son
*[[Ousmane Conté]], Lansana Conté's son
*[[Souleymane Sylla (actor)|Souleymane Sylla]], Guinean actor
*Cheick Yansané, Guinean model
*[[Harry Yansaneh]], Sierra Leonean journalist

===Musical groups===
*Ideal Black Girls, Guinean rap group
*[[Instinct Killers]], Group of artist and dancers
*[[Les Espoirs de Coronthie]], Guinean musical group
*Les Espoirs de Kakandé, Guinean musical group
*[[Les Étoiles de Boulbinet]], Guinean musical group
*Les Messagers de Boulbinet, Guinean musical group


==References==
==References==
Line 287: Line 183:
{{Ethnic groups in Guinea}}
{{Ethnic groups in Guinea}}
{{Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone}}
{{Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone}}
{{Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau}}
{{Mandé peoples}}
{{Mandé peoples}}


Line 300: Line 197:
[[Category:West African people]]
[[Category:West African people]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation by country]]

Latest revision as of 11:17, 8 September 2024

Susu
Sosso
Susu men with traditional musical instruments in 1935
Total population
c. 2.98 million
Regions with significant populations
 Guinea2,730,114 (21.2%)[1]
 Sierra Leone203,779 (2.9%) [2]
 Guinea Bissau5,318 (0.36%) [3]
Languages
Susu, French, English, Krio
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Yalunka people

The Susu people are a Mande-speaking ethnic group living primarily in Guinea and northwestern Sierra Leone, particularly in Kambia District.[4][5] Influential in Guinea, smaller communities of Susu people are also found in the neighboring Guinea-Bissau and Senegal.[citation needed]

The Susu are a patrilineal society, predominantly Muslim, who favor endogamous cross-cousin marriages with polygynous households.[4] They have a caste system like all Manding-speaking peoples of West Africa. The artisans such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, jewelers, and leatherworkers are separate castes and believed to have descended from the medieval era of slavery.[4][6]

Demographics and language

[edit]
Main article: Susu language

Their language, called Sosokhoui or Sosoxui by native speakers, serves as a major trade language along the Guinean coast, particularly in its southwest, including the capital city of Conakry. It belongs to the Niger-Congo family of languages.[7]

In the Susu language, "Guinea" means woman and this is the derivation for the country's name.[8]

Ethnonymy

[edit]

The Susu people are also referred to as Soosoo, Sossoé, Sosoe, Sosso, Soso, Sousou, Susso, Sussu, or Soussou.[9] Most of those denominations are European as the Susu people tend to call themselves "Sossoka"

The meaning of the name "Soso or Susu" apparently derived from "Susuwi," meaning "horse" or "horseman" in the Susu language. The terms "Sawsaws," "Souses," and "Sussias" are all English corruptions of "Susu," rarer variants of their name are also encountered such as Souzo, Sossé, Suzées, Socé, Caxi, Saxi, Saxe, and even as Sexi.[10][11][12]

History

[edit]
An ethnic map of the Upper Guinea Coast in the 19th century, drawn by Élisée Reclus. The Susu people region is marked "sou-sou" in red.
Further information: Sosso Empire

The Susu are descendants of their Manding ancestors who lived in the mountainous Mali-Guinea border.[13] They are said to have originally been a section of the Soninke people that migrated out of Wagadou and were initially a clan of blacksmiths who displayed their clear intentions to object converting to Islam. In the twelfth century, when Ancient Ghana was in decline, they migrated south and established a capital city of Soso in the mountainous region of Koulikoro. The Susu were once ruled by Sumanguru Kanté, but after that, they were ruled by the thirteenth century Mali Empire. In the fifteenth century, they migrated west to the Fouta Djallon plateau of Guinea, as the Mali empire disintegrated.[14][15] The close familiarity with the Yalunka people suggest a hypothesis that they were once members of the same group in the Fouta Djallon, separated by Fula invaders, and that the Susu moved southward absorbing other people in the process.[16] The Susu people were traditionally animist [citation needed].

The Fula people dominated the region from the Fouta Djallon. The Fulani created an Islamic theocracy, thereafter began slave raids as a part of Jihad that impacted many West African ethnic groups including the Susu people.[17][18][19] In particular, states Ismail Rashid, the Jihad effort of Fulani elites starting in the 1720s theologically justified enslavement of the non-Islamic people and also led to successful conversion of previously animist peoples to Islam.[20] The political environment led the Susu people to convert to Islam in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, along with further westward and southward migration towards the plains of Guinea.[20][21][22] On the Atlantic coast, they assimilated with the local peoples and dominated the estuarine region north of Sierra Leone.[23]

The colonial-era Europeans arrived in the Guinea region of resident Susu people in the late eighteenth century for trade, but got politically involved during the era of Temne wars that attacked the Susu people along with other ethnic groups.[24] While Temne sought British support, the Susu sought the French. The region split, with Temne speaking Sierra Leone regions going with the British colonial empire, and Susu speaking Guinea regions becoming a part of the French colonial empire in the late nineteenth century during the Scramble for Africa.[25]

Society and culture

[edit]
A Susu yeliba playing a three-string bolon in 1905.

The Susu live with their extended family. Polygyny is an accepted practice since Islamic law allows men to have as many as four wives. This is not always practiced because having multiple wives requires more means than most men have. The men provide for their families by working the rice fields, fishing, or engaging in trade. The women cook the food and take care of the children. They often engage in small commerce, usually of vegetables they have raised in their garden. Often women will have their room or hut next to their husband's lodging where they will stay with their children.

Over 99% of Susu are Muslim, and Islam dominates their religious culture and practices. Most Islamic holidays are observed, the most important being the celebration that follows Ramadan (a month of prayer and fasting). The Susu people, like other Manding-speaking peoples, have a caste system regionally referred to by terms such as Nyamakala, Naxamala and Galabbolalauba. According to David Conrad and Barbara Frank, the terms and social categories in this caste-based social stratification system of Susu people shows cases of borrowing from Arabic only, but the likelihood is that these terms are linked to Latin, Greek or Aramaic.[26]

The artisans among the Susu people, such as smiths, carpenters, musicians, and bards (Yeliba), jewelers, and leatherworkers, are separate castes. The Susu people believe that these castes have descended from the medieval era slaves.[4][6] The Susu castes are not limited to Guinea, but are found in other regions where Susu people live, such as in Sierra Leone where too they are linked to the historic slavery system that existed in the region, states Daniel Harmon.[27] The Susu castes in the regional Muslim communities were prevalent and recorded by sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[27]

The Susu people also utilize practices of the Bondo secret society which aims at gradually but firmly establishing attitudes related to adulthood in girls, discussions on fertility, morality and proper sexual comportment. The society also maintains an interest in the well-being of its members throughout their lives.[28] [29][30][31]

The Susu are primarily farmers, with rice and millet being their two principal crops.[32] Mangoes, pineapples, and coconuts are also grown. The Susu are also known as skilled traders and blacksmiths.[32] The women make various kinds of palm oil from palm nuts. Ancient Susu houses were typically made of either mud or cement blocks, depending on the resources available.

Susu patronyms

[edit]

Some common Susu surnames are:

  • Conté
  • Yansané
  • Fofana
  • Sylla or Sillah
  • Soumah
  • Bangoura
  • Yattara
  • Sankhon
  • Youla
  • Daffé
  • Cissé
  • Camara
  • Touré
  • Diarso

Notable Susu people

[edit]

Political figures

[edit]
A Susu griot holds holds a lute, standing behind two sitting women. Mande speakers (of which Susu people are among) call their lutes nkoni or ngoni.[33]

Musicians

[edit]

Sportspeople

[edit]

Other notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Guinea - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report" (PDF). Statistics Sierra Leone. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  3. ^ "Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Susu people, Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ Bankole Kamara Taylor (2014). Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History. New Africa Pres. p. 147. ISBN 978-9987-16-038-9.
  6. ^ a b Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. JSTOR 182616. S2CID 162509491.
  7. ^ Susu: A language of Guinea, Ethnologue
  8. ^ Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  9. ^ "Soussou (Peuple d'Afrique)".
  10. ^ George Brooks (2019). Landlords And Strangers: Ecology, Society, And Trade In Western Africa, 1000-1630. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4297-1923-3.
  11. ^ Sean Kelley (2016). The Voyage of the Slave Ship Hare: A Journey into Captivity from Sierra Leone to South Carolina. University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4696-2769-4.
  12. ^ David Henige (1994). History in Africa, Volume 21. African Studies Association. p. 21.
  13. ^ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
  14. ^ Ofosuwa Abiola (2018). History Dances: Chronicling the History of Traditional Mandinka Dance. Routledge, 2018. ISBN 978-0-4297-6784-5.
  15. ^ Eric Charry (2000). Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. University of Chicago Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-226-10161-3.
  16. ^ Harold D. Nelson (1975). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 62.
  17. ^ Ramon Sarro (2008). Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-7486-3666-2.
  18. ^ David Robinson (2010). Les sociétés musulmanes africaines: configurations et trajectoires historiques (in French). Karthala, Paris. pp. 105–111. ISBN 978-2-8111-0382-8.
  19. ^ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  20. ^ a b Ismail Rashid (2003). Sylviane A. Diouf (ed.). Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Ohio University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-8214-1517-7.
  21. ^ Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  22. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 922. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6.
  23. ^ Ajayi, J. F. Ade (173). History of West Africa, Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231037372.
  24. ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 923. ISBN 978-1-135-45669-6.
  25. ^ Alexander Keese (2015). Ethnicity and the Colonial State: Finding and Representing Group Identifications in a Coastal West African and Global Perspective (1850–1960). BRILL Academic. pp. 15, 164–183, 300–301. ISBN 978-90-04-30735-3.
  26. ^ David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande. Indiana University Press. pp. 78–80, 73–82. ISBN 0-253-11264-8.
  27. ^ a b Daniel E. Harmon (2001). West Africa, 1880 to the Present: A Cultural Patchwork. Infobase. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7910-5748-3.
  28. ^ Pemunta, N. V., & Tabenyang, C.-J. (2017). Cultural power, ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone. Cogent Social Sciences, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1295549
  29. ^ "Africa101: Susu people". Africa101.
  30. ^ Bjälkande, Owolabi, et al. Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: Who Are the Decision Makers? African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de La Santé Reproductive, vol. 16, no. 4, Women’s Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC), 2012, pp. 119–31, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23485781.
  31. ^ "FMG in Sierra Leone" (PDF). 28TooMany, Registered Charity: No. 1150379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  32. ^ a b Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  33. ^ Pestcoe, Shlomo. "Griot Lutes". ngoni (Mande) (also nkoni, koni, konting, kontingo, etc.)
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