Donghak: Difference between revisions
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'''Donghak''' (formerly spelled '''Tonghak'''; {{literally|"Eastern learning"}}) was an academic movement in Korean [[Neo-Confucianism]] founded in 1860 by [[Choe Je-u]]. The Donghak movement arose as a reaction to [[seohak]] ({{literally|"Western learning"}}), and called for a return to the "Way of Heaven".<ref name="Yao">{{cite book | last = Yao | first = Xinzhong | title = An Introduction to Confucianism | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox | url-access = limited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0521644305 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox/page/n140 121]–122}}</ref> While Donghak originated as a reform movement and revival of Confucian teachings, it gradually evolved into a religion known today as [[Cheondoism]] in Korea under the third patriarch. |
'''Donghak''' (formerly spelled '''Tonghak'''; {{literally|"Eastern learning"}}) was an academic movement in Korean [[Neo-Confucianism]] founded in 1860 by [[Choe Je-u]]. The Donghak movement arose as a reaction to [[seohak]] ({{literally|"Western learning"}}), and called for a return to the "Way of Heaven".<ref name="Yao">{{cite book | last = Yao | first = Xinzhong | title = An Introduction to Confucianism | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox | url-access = limited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0521644305 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco00yaox/page/n140 121]–122}}</ref> While Donghak originated as a reform movement and revival of Confucian teachings, it gradually evolved into a religion known today as [[Cheondoism]] in Korea under the third patriarch Son Byong-hi. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[Joseon]], which patronized [[Neo-Confucianism]] as the state ideology, saw an increasing polarization between orthodox Confucian scholars and efforts by other Confucian scholars to revive social ethics and reform society. The increasing presence and pressure from the West created a greater sense of urgency among reformers, and thus [[Choe Je-u]] first penned his treatise, ''Comprehensive Book of Eastern Learning'', or ''Dongkyeong Daejeon'' ({{Korean|hangul=동경대전|hanja=東經大全|labels=no}}). This treatise marked the first use of the term "Eastern Learning" and called for a rejection of God (in the Christian sense), and other aspects of Christian theology.<ref name="Yao" /> |
[[Joseon]], which patronized [[Neo-Confucianism]] as the state ideology, saw an increasing polarization between orthodox Confucian scholars and efforts by other Confucian scholars to revive social ethics and reform society. The increasing presence and pressure from the West created a greater sense of urgency among reformers, and thus [[Choe Je-u]] first penned his treatise, ''Comprehensive Book of Eastern Learning'', or ''Dongkyeong Daejeon'' ({{Korean|hangul=동경대전|hanja=東經大全|labels=no}}). This treatise marked the first use of the term "Eastern Learning" and called for a rejection of [[God in Christianity|God]] (in the Christian sense), and other aspects of Christian theology.<ref name="Yao" /> |
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Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity ({{ |
Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity ({{Korean|hangul=천주교|labels=no}}, ''Cheonjugyo''; Catholicism), and the [[Second Opium War|Anglo-French occupation]] of [[Beijing]]. He believed that the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce [[democracy]], establish [[human rights]] and create a paradise on Earth independent of foreign interference.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} |
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He started a peasant rebellion by converting them to Donghak and, along with other anti-government civic activists, took over parts of southern Korea from 1862 to 1864 until Choe was executed.<ref name=":1922">{{Cite book |title=A Handbook of Korea |date=December 1993 |publisher=[[Korean Culture and Information Service|Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service]] |isbn=978-1-56591-022-5 |edition=9th |location=Seoul |pages=143}}</ref> |
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In 1892 the small groups of the Donghak movement were united into a single Peasant Guerrilla Army or Donghak Peasants' Army. The peasants worked in the fields during the day, but during the night, they armed themselves and raided government offices and killed rich landlords, traders, and foreigners. They confiscated their victims' properties for redistribution. |
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The movement was continued by [[Choe Si-hyeong]] (1829–1898), who systematized its doctrine. He too was executed. |
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In 1898, following the execution of Choe Si-hyeong, the leader of Donghak, [[Son Byong-hi]], sought political asylum in [[Japan]]. After the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1904, he returned to Korea and established the Chinbohoe ("progressive society"), a new cultural and reformist movement designed to reverse the declining fortunes of the nation and to create a new society. Through Donghak he conducted a nationwide movement that aimed at social improvement through the renovation of old customs and ways of life. Hundreds of thousands of members of Donghak cut their long hair short and initiated the wearing of simple, modest clothing. Non-violent demonstrations for social improvement organized by members of Donghak took place throughout 1904. |
In 1898, following the execution of Choe Si-hyeong, the leader of Donghak, [[Son Byong-hi]], sought [[political asylum]] in contiguous [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. After the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1904, he returned to Korea and established the Chinbohoe ("progressive society"), a new cultural and reformist movement designed to reverse the declining fortunes of the nation and to create a new society. Through Donghak he conducted a nationwide movement that aimed at social improvement through the renovation of old customs and ways of life. Hundreds of thousands of members of Donghak cut their long hair short and initiated the wearing of simple, modest clothing. [[Nonviolence|Non-violent]] demonstrations for social improvement organized by members of Donghak took place throughout 1904. |
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Under the third patriarch of the Donghak movement, Son Byeong-hui, the movement became a religion called ''Cheondogyo'', or [[Cheondoism]], which is followed today in both North and South Korea. |
Under the third patriarch of the Donghak movement, Son Byeong-hui, the movement became a religion called ''Cheondogyo'', or [[Cheondoism]], which is followed today in both North and South Korea. |
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Choe Je-u's treatise argued a return to the Confucian understanding of [[Tian#Confucius|Heaven]], with emphasis on self-cultivation and improving one's nature. As Choe wrote, the Way of Heaven was within one's own mind, and so by improving one's nature, one also attained the Way of Heaven.<ref name="Yao" /> |
Choe Je-u's treatise argued a return to the Confucian understanding of [[Tian#Confucius|Heaven]], with emphasis on self-cultivation and improving one's nature. As Choe wrote, the Way of Heaven was within one's own mind, and so by improving one's nature, one also attained the Way of Heaven.<ref name="Yao" /> |
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Donghak was not accompanied by a specific agenda or systematic doctrine. Choe believed in improvising as events occurred. He had no practical plans or visions of how one would go about establishing a paradise on Earth, let alone what paradise meant except that all people were equal. Nevertheless, Choe's advocacy of [[democracy]], [[human rights]] and [[Korean nationalism]] struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas and Donghak spread across Korea rapidly. Progressive revolutionaries waded in and organized the peasants into a cohesive fighting unit. |
Donghak was not accompanied by a specific agenda or systematic doctrine. Choe believed in improvising as events occurred. He had no practical plans or visions of how one would go about establishing a paradise on Earth, let alone what paradise meant except that all people were equal. Nevertheless, Choe's advocacy of [[democracy]], [[human rights]] and [[Korean nationalism]] struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas and Donghak spread across Korea rapidly.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Progressive revolutionaries waded in and organized the peasants into a cohesive fighting unit. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Gapsin Coup]] |
* [[Gapsin Coup]] |
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* [[Jang Il-soon]], who built a monument to Dong Hak's second leader, Choi Shi-hyung |
* [[Jang Il-soon]], who built a monument to Dong Hak's second leader, Choi Shi-hyung |
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* [[Liberalism in South Korea]] |
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* [[New religious movements]] |
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* [[Righteous army|Righteous Army]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:History of Korea]] |
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[[Category:Religion in Korea]] |
[[Category:Religion in Korea]] |
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[[Category:Donghak Peasant Revolution]] |
[[Category:Donghak Peasant Revolution]] |
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[[Category:Cheondoism]] |
[[Category:Cheondoism]] |
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[[Category:Religion in Korea under Japanese rule]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:29, 9 September 2024
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Donghak (formerly spelled Tonghak; lit. '"Eastern learning"') was an academic movement in Korean Neo-Confucianism founded in 1860 by Choe Je-u. The Donghak movement arose as a reaction to seohak (lit. '"Western learning"'), and called for a return to the "Way of Heaven".[1] While Donghak originated as a reform movement and revival of Confucian teachings, it gradually evolved into a religion known today as Cheondoism in Korea under the third patriarch Son Byong-hi.
History
[edit]Joseon, which patronized Neo-Confucianism as the state ideology, saw an increasing polarization between orthodox Confucian scholars and efforts by other Confucian scholars to revive social ethics and reform society. The increasing presence and pressure from the West created a greater sense of urgency among reformers, and thus Choe Je-u first penned his treatise, Comprehensive Book of Eastern Learning, or Dongkyeong Daejeon (동경대전; 東經大全). This treatise marked the first use of the term "Eastern Learning" and called for a rejection of God (in the Christian sense), and other aspects of Christian theology.[1]
Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity (천주교, Cheonjugyo; Catholicism), and the Anglo-French occupation of Beijing. He believed that the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democracy, establish human rights and create a paradise on Earth independent of foreign interference.[citation needed]
He started a peasant rebellion by converting them to Donghak and, along with other anti-government civic activists, took over parts of southern Korea from 1862 to 1864 until Choe was executed.[2]
The movement was continued by Choe Si-hyeong (1829–1898), who systematized its doctrine. He too was executed.
In 1898, following the execution of Choe Si-hyeong, the leader of Donghak, Son Byong-hi, sought political asylum in contiguous Japan. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he returned to Korea and established the Chinbohoe ("progressive society"), a new cultural and reformist movement designed to reverse the declining fortunes of the nation and to create a new society. Through Donghak he conducted a nationwide movement that aimed at social improvement through the renovation of old customs and ways of life. Hundreds of thousands of members of Donghak cut their long hair short and initiated the wearing of simple, modest clothing. Non-violent demonstrations for social improvement organized by members of Donghak took place throughout 1904.
Under the third patriarch of the Donghak movement, Son Byeong-hui, the movement became a religion called Cheondogyo, or Cheondoism, which is followed today in both North and South Korea.
Choe Je-u
[edit]Choe Je-u's treatise argued a return to the Confucian understanding of Heaven, with emphasis on self-cultivation and improving one's nature. As Choe wrote, the Way of Heaven was within one's own mind, and so by improving one's nature, one also attained the Way of Heaven.[1]
Donghak was not accompanied by a specific agenda or systematic doctrine. Choe believed in improvising as events occurred. He had no practical plans or visions of how one would go about establishing a paradise on Earth, let alone what paradise meant except that all people were equal. Nevertheless, Choe's advocacy of democracy, human rights and Korean nationalism struck a chord among the peasant guerrillas and Donghak spread across Korea rapidly.[citation needed] Progressive revolutionaries waded in and organized the peasants into a cohesive fighting unit.
See also
[edit]- Cheondoism
- Yongdamjeong
- Donghak Peasant Revolution
- Gapsin Coup
- Jang Il-soon, who built a monument to Dong Hak's second leader, Choi Shi-hyung
- Liberalism in South Korea
- New religious movements
- Righteous Army
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Yao, Xinzhong (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 0521644305.
- ^ A Handbook of Korea (9th ed.). Seoul: Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service. December 1993. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-56591-022-5.
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