Munda, Solomon Islands: Difference between revisions
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{{For|other uses of the term|Munda (disambiguation)}} |
{{For|other uses of the term|Munda (disambiguation)}} |
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{{infobox settlement |
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|settlement_type = Settlement |
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|image_skyline = File:Munda Point Airfield.jpg |
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|pushpin_map = Solomon Islands |
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|pushpin_map_alt = Munda in Solomon Islands |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Munda, Solomon Islands |
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|coordinates = {{Coord|-8.327|157.26818}} |
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|pushpin_label_position = none |
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'''Munda''' is the largest settlement on the island of [[New Georgia]] in the [[Western Province, Solomon Islands|Western Province]] of [[Solomon Islands]], and consists of a number of villages. It is located at the southwestern tip (called '''Munda Point''') of the western end of New Georgia, and the large [[Roviana Lagoon]] is just offshore. |
'''Munda''' is the largest settlement on the island of [[New Georgia]] in the [[Western Province, Solomon Islands|Western Province]] of [[Solomon Islands]], and consists of a number of villages. It is located at the southwestern tip (called '''Munda Point''') of the western end of New Georgia, and the large [[Roviana Lagoon]] is just offshore. |
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Munda Point was originally the site of a [[coconut]] plantation established by Englishman Norman Wheatley, and then owned by Australian Lesley Gill. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Colonial Office had appointed [[Charles Morris Woodford]] as the Resident Commissioner in the [[Solomon Islands]] on 17 February 1897. He was directed to control the [[Blackbirding|labour trade]] operating in the Solomon Island waters and to stop the illegal trade in firearms.<ref name="AC1">{{cite book|first1=Austin|last1=Coates|author-link=Austin Coates|title=Western Pacific Islands|place=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|isbn=978-0118804288|year=1970|page=228}}</ref> [[Arthur William Mahaffy|Arthur Mahaffy]] was appointed as the Deputy Commissioner to Woodford in January 1898.<ref name="BRL7a">{{cite book |last1= Lawrence |first1= David Russell |title= The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific|date= October 2014|publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/NBI.10.2014|isbn=9781925022032|pages=198–206 |chapter= Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900 |chapter-url= http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch073.pdf |doi-access= free }}</ref> In January 1900, Mahaffy established a government station at [[Gizo, Solomon Islands|Gizo]], as Woodford considered Mahaffy’s military training as making him suitable for the role of suppressing [[headhunting]] in [[New Georgia]] and neighbouring islands.<ref name="BRL7a"/><ref name="AC2">{{cite book|first1=Austin|last1=Coates|author-link=Austin Coates|title=Western Pacific Islands|place=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|isbn=978-0118804288|year=1970|page=229}}</ref> Mahaffy had a force of twenty-five police armed with rifles.<ref name="AWM">{{cite web| last = | first = |title= Mahaffy, Arthur (1869 - 1919)|publisher= Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978|page=|year =2003 |url= https://aim25.com/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=17794&inst_id=126&nv1=search&nv2=| accessdate=24 March 2024}}</ref> The first target of this force was chief Ingava of the Roviana Lagoon who had been raiding [[Choiseul Province|Choiseul]] and [[Isabel]] and killing or enslaves hundreds of people.<ref name="AWM"/> |
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Mahaffy and the police officers under his command carried out a violent and ruthless suppression of headhunting, with his actions having the support of Woodford and the [[Western Pacific High Commission]], who wanted to eradicate headhunting and complete a “pacification” of the western Solomon Islands.<ref name="BRL7a"/> Mahaffy seized and destroyed large war canoes (''tomokos''). One of which was used to transport the police officers.<ref name="AWM"/> |
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⚫ | The [[Methodism|Methodist]] Mission in the [[Western Province (Solomon Islands)|Western Province]] was established by Rev. John Frances Goldie in 1902. He dominated the mission and gained the loyalty of Solomon Islander members of his church.<ref name="DMcD">{{cite web|last=Dr. Debra McDougall|title=Religious institutions as Alternative Structures in post-conflict Solomon Islands: Cases from Western Province|year=2008|url=http://westernsolomons.uib.no/people/mcdougall.php|publisher=For State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper Series, 08/05, Australian National University|access-date=4 Oct 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918214717/http://westernsolomons.uib.no/people/mcdougall.php|archive-date=18 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The relationship with the colonial administrators of the British Solomon Island Protectorate were also fraught with difficulty, at this time due to Goldie's effective control over the Western Solomon Islands.<ref name="DMcD"/> From 1927 to 1934 [[Edward Sayers (doctor)|Dr Edward Sayers]] worked at the [[Methodism|Methodist]] mission where he established a hospital at Munda and also at [[Gizo, Solomon Islands|Gizo]] and [[Vella Lavella]], and carried out fieldwork in the treatment of [[malaria]].<ref>Sayers, E. G. (1943) ''Malaria in the South Pacific with Special Reference to the Solomon Islands''. New Zealand Government Printing Office</ref> |
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⚫ | In November 1942, during [[World War II]], the town became strategically important after [[Japan]]ese forces built an [[airstrip]] (on the site of today's [[Munda Airport]]) to support Japanese forces fighting the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. A Japanese convoy put into Munda Point on 24 November 1942, and started construction under careful concealment from the air by means of rows of [[coconut palm]]s suspended by cable. The airstrip was discovered by American planes on 3 December, and the first [[airstrike]]s were delivered by [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] bombers on 9 December. However, the Japanese were able to use Munda despite regular bombardment from both air and sea, and the Allies launched [[Operation Cartwheel]] in order to drive the Japanese out of the Solomons and ultimately eliminate the large Japanese base at [[Rabaul]]. The [[New Georgia Campaign]] was launched in late June, 1943 when mainly American but also Pacific Islander troops conducted the [[Landings on Rendova]] and several other amphibious operations throughout the New Georgia Group. |
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The Allied forces spent July 1943 conducting the [[Drive on Munda Point]], shelling and bombing Japanese forces in and around Munda Airfield, fighting off a [[New Georgia counterattack|large Japanese counterattack]], and eventually closing in on Munda overland, capturing it on 4–5 August during the [[Battle of Munda Point]]. The heavy fighting left thousands dead on both sides and many more wounded. |
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==Transport== |
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⚫ | The [[Methodism|Methodist]] Mission in the [[Western Province (Solomon Islands)|Western Province]] was established by Rev. John Frances Goldie in 1902. He dominated the mission and gained the loyalty of Solomon Islander members of his church.<ref name="DMcD">{{cite web |
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Boats are the main method of coastal and inter-island transport. |
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The airstrip from World War II was later converted into [[Munda Airport]] and is used commercially for daily flights land from [[Honiara]], [[Setghe, Solomon Islands|Setghe]] and [[Gizo, Solomon Islands|Gizo]], including services on [[Solomon Airlines]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flysolomons.com/plan/route-maps/domestic-routes|title = Domestic Routes Map | Solomon Islands Flights | Solomon Airlines}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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| width = auto |
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|single line = |
| single line = yes |
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| location = Munda, Solomon Islands (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–1986, 1991–2020) |
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| Jan record high C = 34.4 |
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| Feb record high C = 36.4 |
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| Mar record high C = 35.0 |
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| Apr record high C = 33.9 |
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| May record high C = 33.2 |
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| Jun record high C = 34.4 |
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| Jul record high C = 33.3 |
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| Aug record high C = 33.0 |
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| Sep record high C = 32.8 |
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| Oct record high C = 33.8 |
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| Nov record high C = 33.6 |
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| Dec record high C = 34.2 |
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| year record high C = |
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| Jan high C = 31.4 |
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| Feb high C = 31.1 |
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| Mar high C = 31.1 |
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| Apr high C = 31.1 |
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| May high C = 30.7 |
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| Jun high C = 30.2 |
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| Jul high C = 29.7 |
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| Aug high C = 29.8 |
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| Sep high C = 30.3 |
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| Oct high C = 30.8 |
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| Nov high C = 31.4 |
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| Dec high C = 31.7 |
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| year high C = 30.8 |
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| Jan mean C = 27.8 |
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| Feb mean C = 27.6 |
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| Mar mean C = 27.6 |
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| Apr mean C = 27.6 |
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| May mean C = 27.4 |
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| Jun mean C = 27.1 |
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| Jul mean C = 26.8 |
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| Aug mean C = 26.8 |
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| Sep mean C = 27.1 |
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| Oct mean C = 27.4 |
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| Nov mean C = 27.7 |
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| Dec mean C = 28.0 |
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| year mean C = 27.4 |
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| Jan low C = 24.4 |
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| Feb low C = 24.3 |
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| Mar low C = 24.2 |
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| Apr low C = 24.2 |
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| May low C = 24.2 |
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| Jun low C = 24.1 |
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| Jul low C = 24.0 |
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| Aug low C = 23.9 |
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| Sep low C = 24.0 |
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| Oct low C = 24.1 |
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| Nov low C = 24.2 |
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| Dec low C = 24.4 |
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| year low C = 24.2 |
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| Jan record low C = 20.3 |
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| Feb record low C = 20.3 |
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| Mar record low C = 21.1 |
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| Apr record low C = 21.1 |
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| May record low C = 20.6 |
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| Jun record low C = 19.7 |
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| Jul record low C = 20.0 |
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| Aug record low C = 15.6 |
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| Sep record low C = 19.4 |
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| Oct record low C = 18.3 |
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| Nov record low C = 19.8 |
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| Dec record low C = 21.1 |
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| precipitation colour = green |
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| Jan precipitation mm = 410 |
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| Feb precipitation mm = 431 |
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| Mar precipitation mm = 352 |
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| Apr precipitation mm = 292 |
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| May precipitation mm = 276 |
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| Jun precipitation mm = 291 |
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| Jul precipitation mm = 357 |
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| Aug precipitation mm = 272 |
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| Sep precipitation mm = 244 |
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| Oct precipitation mm = 270 |
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| Nov precipitation mm = 227 |
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| Dec precipitation mm = 266 |
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| year precipitation mm = 3741 |
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|time day = 14:00 |
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⚫ | |||
|Jan humidity = 76 |
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| Jan precipitation days = 18 |
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|Feb humidity = 77 |
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| Feb precipitation days = 18 |
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|Mar humidity = 76 |
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| Mar precipitation days = 19 |
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|Apr humidity = 77 |
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| Apr precipitation days = 18 |
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|May humidity = 76 |
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| May precipitation days = 18 |
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|Jun humidity = 75 |
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| Jun precipitation days = 18 |
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|Jul humidity = 77 |
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| Jul precipitation days = 20 |
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|Aug humidity = 76 |
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| Aug precipitation days = 18 |
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|Sep humidity = 75 |
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| Sep precipitation days = 17 |
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|Oct humidity = 75 |
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| Oct precipitation days = 16 |
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|Nov humidity = 75 |
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| Nov precipitation days = 15 |
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|Dec humidity = 75 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 16 |
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|year humidity = 76 |
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| year precipitation days = 210 |
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| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/SolomonIslands/CSV/Munda_91503.csv |
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|title = Munda Climate Normals for 1991-2020 |
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|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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|format = CSV |
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|access-date = 8 September 2024}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_915030_kt.pdf |
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_915030_kt.pdf |
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| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |
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| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |
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| language = |
| language = de |
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| |
| access-date = 23 July 2017}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{coord|8|19|41|S|157|16|15|E|type:city_region:SB|display=title}} |
{{coord|8|19|41|S|157|16|15|E|type:city_region:SB|display=title}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places in the Solomon Islands]] |
[[Category:Populated places in the Solomon Islands]] |
Latest revision as of 05:36, 9 September 2024
Munda, Solomon Islands | |
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Settlement | |
Coordinates: 8°19′37″S 157°16′05″E / 8.327°S 157.26818°E |
Munda is the largest settlement on the island of New Georgia in the Western Province of Solomon Islands, and consists of a number of villages. It is located at the southwestern tip (called Munda Point) of the western end of New Georgia, and the large Roviana Lagoon is just offshore.
Munda Point was originally the site of a coconut plantation established by Englishman Norman Wheatley, and then owned by Australian Lesley Gill.
History
[edit]The Colonial Office had appointed Charles Morris Woodford as the Resident Commissioner in the Solomon Islands on 17 February 1897. He was directed to control the labour trade operating in the Solomon Island waters and to stop the illegal trade in firearms.[1] Arthur Mahaffy was appointed as the Deputy Commissioner to Woodford in January 1898.[2] In January 1900, Mahaffy established a government station at Gizo, as Woodford considered Mahaffy’s military training as making him suitable for the role of suppressing headhunting in New Georgia and neighbouring islands.[2][3] Mahaffy had a force of twenty-five police armed with rifles.[4] The first target of this force was chief Ingava of the Roviana Lagoon who had been raiding Choiseul and Isabel and killing or enslaves hundreds of people.[4]
Mahaffy and the police officers under his command carried out a violent and ruthless suppression of headhunting, with his actions having the support of Woodford and the Western Pacific High Commission, who wanted to eradicate headhunting and complete a “pacification” of the western Solomon Islands.[2] Mahaffy seized and destroyed large war canoes (tomokos). One of which was used to transport the police officers.[4]
The Methodist Mission in the Western Province was established by Rev. John Frances Goldie in 1902. He dominated the mission and gained the loyalty of Solomon Islander members of his church.[5] The relationship with the colonial administrators of the British Solomon Island Protectorate were also fraught with difficulty, at this time due to Goldie's effective control over the Western Solomon Islands.[5] From 1927 to 1934 Dr Edward Sayers worked at the Methodist mission where he established a hospital at Munda and also at Gizo and Vella Lavella, and carried out fieldwork in the treatment of malaria.[6]
In November 1942, during World War II, the town became strategically important after Japanese forces built an airstrip (on the site of today's Munda Airport) to support Japanese forces fighting the Battle of Guadalcanal. A Japanese convoy put into Munda Point on 24 November 1942, and started construction under careful concealment from the air by means of rows of coconut palms suspended by cable. The airstrip was discovered by American planes on 3 December, and the first airstrikes were delivered by B-17 Flying Fortress bombers on 9 December. However, the Japanese were able to use Munda despite regular bombardment from both air and sea, and the Allies launched Operation Cartwheel in order to drive the Japanese out of the Solomons and ultimately eliminate the large Japanese base at Rabaul. The New Georgia Campaign was launched in late June, 1943 when mainly American but also Pacific Islander troops conducted the Landings on Rendova and several other amphibious operations throughout the New Georgia Group. The Allied forces spent July 1943 conducting the Drive on Munda Point, shelling and bombing Japanese forces in and around Munda Airfield, fighting off a large Japanese counterattack, and eventually closing in on Munda overland, capturing it on 4–5 August during the Battle of Munda Point. The heavy fighting left thousands dead on both sides and many more wounded.
Transport
[edit]Boats are the main method of coastal and inter-island transport.
The airstrip from World War II was later converted into Munda Airport and is used commercially for daily flights land from Honiara, Setghe and Gizo, including services on Solomon Airlines.[7]
Geography
[edit]Lambete, the largest village in Munda, today consists of a number of shops, a branch of the Bank of South Pacific (BSP), a post office, a telecommunications centre, a bakery, accommodations, the airstrip and a small port.
Climate
[edit]Climate data for Munda, Solomon Islands (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–1986, 1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.4 (93.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 410 (16.1) |
431 (17.0) |
352 (13.9) |
292 (11.5) |
276 (10.9) |
291 (11.5) |
357 (14.1) |
272 (10.7) |
244 (9.6) |
270 (10.6) |
227 (8.9) |
266 (10.5) |
3,741 (147.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 210 |
Source 1: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[8] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1962–1986)[9] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Coates, Austin (1970). Western Pacific Islands. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 228. ISBN 978-0118804288.
- ^ a b c Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). "Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900" (PDF). The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 198–206. doi:10.22459/NBI.10.2014. ISBN 9781925022032.
- ^ Coates, Austin (1970). Western Pacific Islands. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 229. ISBN 978-0118804288.
- ^ a b c "Mahaffy, Arthur (1869 - 1919)". Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978. 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ a b Dr. Debra McDougall (2008). "Religious institutions as Alternative Structures in post-conflict Solomon Islands: Cases from Western Province". For State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper Series, 08/05, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 4 Oct 2011.
- ^ Sayers, E. G. (1943) Malaria in the South Pacific with Special Reference to the Solomon Islands. New Zealand Government Printing Office
- ^ "Domestic Routes Map | Solomon Islands Flights | Solomon Airlines".
- ^ "Munda Climate Normals for 1991-2020" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Munda / Insel New Georgia / Salomonen" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 23 July 2017.