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}}</ref> When Bantam, now owned by [[Random House]], allowed the ''Choose Your Own Adventure'' trademark to lapse, the series was relaunched by [[Chooseco]], which now owns the trademark. Chooseco does not reissue titles by Packard, who has started his own imprint, U-Ventures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Conan|first=Neal|title='Choose Your Own Adventure' Gets An iMakeover|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=129233140|work=NPR News Transcripts|publisher=NPR|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>
}}</ref> The series has been translated into 40 languages. When Bantam, now owned by [[Random House]], allowed the ''Choose Your Own Adventure'' trademark to lapse, the series was relaunched by [[Chooseco]]. Chooseco does not reissue titles by Packard, who has started his own imprint, U-Ventures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Conan|first=Neal|title='Choose Your Own Adventure' Gets An iMakeover|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=129233140|work=NPR News Transcripts|publisher=NPR|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>


== Format ==
== Format ==
Originally created for 7- to 14-year-olds, the books are written in the second person. The protagonist—that is, the reader—takes on a role relevant to the adventure, such as a private investigator, mountain climber, race car driver, doctor, or spy. Certain books in the series allow readers choice of who to take the role of, for example, in an adventure book, readers may be prompted to choose between a climber, a hiker, or a traveler. Stories are generally gender- and race-neutral, though in some cases, particularly in illustrations, there is the presumption of a male reader (the target demographic group).<ref name="Hendrix">{{cite web|last=Hendrix|first=Grady|title=Choose Your Own Adventure How The Cave of Time taught us to love interactive entertainment|date=18 February 2011|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2011/02/choose_your_own_adventure.single.html#pagebreak_anchor_2|publisher=Slate|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> In some stories, the protagonist is implied to be a child,<ref name="Demian">{{cite web|last=Katz|first=Demian|title=Demian's Gamebook Web Page|url=http://www.gamebooks.org/show_item.php?id=561|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> whereas in other stories, they are an adult.<ref name="Demian" />
Originally created for 7- to 14-year-olds, the books are written in the [[Second person point of view|second person]]. The [[protagonist]]—that is, the reader—takes on a role relevant to the adventure, such as a private investigator, mountain climber, race car driver, doctor, or spy. Certain books in the series allow readers choice of whom to take the role of, for example, in an adventure book, readers may be prompted to choose between a climber, a hiker, or a traveler. Stories are generally gender- and race-neutral, though in some cases, particularly in illustrations, there is the presumption of a male reader (the target demographic group).<ref name="Hendrix">{{cite web|last=Hendrix|first=Grady|title=Choose Your Own Adventure How The Cave of Time taught us to love interactive entertainment|date=18 February 2011|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2011/02/choose_your_own_adventure.single.html#pagebreak_anchor_2|publisher=Slate|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> In some stories, the protagonist is implied to be a child,<ref name="Demian">{{cite web|last=Katz|first=Demian|title=Demian's Gamebook Web Page|url=http://www.gamebooks.org/show_item.php?id=561|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> whereas in other stories, the protagonist is an adult.<ref name="Demian" />


The stories are formatted so that, after a few pages of reading, the protagonist faces two or three options, each of which leads to further pages and further options, and so on until they arrive at one of the many story endings.<ref name="Day"/> The number of endings varies from as many as 44 in the early titles to as few as 7 in later adventures. Likewise, there is no clear pattern among the various titles regarding the number of pages per ending, the ratio of good to bad endings, or the reader's progression backwards and forwards through the pages of the book. This allows for a realistic sense of unpredictability, and leads to the possibility of repeat readings, which is one of the distinguishing features of the books.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swinehart|first=Christian|title=One Book, Many Readings|url=http://samizdat.cc/cyoa/|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>
The stories are formatted so that, after a few pages of reading, the protagonist faces two or three options, each of which leads to further pages and further options, and so on until they arrive at one of the many story endings.<ref name="Day"/> The number of endings varies from as many as 44 in the early titles to as few as 7 in later adventures. Likewise, there is no clear pattern among the various titles regarding the number of pages per ending, the ratio of good to bad endings, or the reader's progression backwards and forwards through the pages of the book. This allows for a realistic sense of unpredictability, and leads to the possibility of repeat readings, which is one of the distinguishing features of the books.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swinehart|first=Christian|title=One Book, Many Readings|url=http://samizdat.cc/cyoa/|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>


As the series progressed, both Packard and Montgomery experimented with the gamebook format, sometimes introducing unexpected twists such as endless page loops or trick endings. Examples include the "paradise planet" ending in ''Inside UFO 54-40'', which can only be reached by cheating or turning to the wrong page by accident.<ref name="Hendrix"/>{{efn|Under a special warning on page 1 of ''Inside UFO 54-40'', the reader is informed that they may hear about Ultima, the planet of paradise, and that "no one can get there by making choices or following instructions". There is no choice whatsoever to get to the Ultima ending on page 101, which begins, "You did not make a choice, or follow any direction, but now, somehow, you are descending from space - approaching [Ultima]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Gavin|title=The 7 Most F***ed Up Real 'Choose Your Own Adventure' Books|date=21 March 2015|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_22188_7-choose-your-own-adventure-books-clearly-conceived-lsd.html|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>}}
As the series progressed, both Packard and Montgomery experimented with the gamebook format, sometimes introducing unexpected twists such as endless page loops or trick endings. Examples include the "paradise planet" ending in ''Inside UFO 54-40'', which can only be reached by cheating or turning to the wrong page by accident.<ref name="Hendrix"/>{{efn|Under a special warning on page 1 of ''Inside UFO 54-40'', the reader is informed that they may hear about Ultima, the planet of paradise, and that "no one can get there by making choices or following instructions". There is no choice whatsoever to get to the Ultima ending on page 101, which begins, "You did not make a choice, or follow any direction, but now, somehow, you are descending from space - approaching [Ultima]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Gavin|title=The 7 Most F***ed Up Real 'Choose Your Own Adventure' Books|date=21 March 2015|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_22188_7-choose-your-own-adventure-books-clearly-conceived-lsd.html|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>}} The only way out of this is to "reset", or close the book and start over from the first page.


== History ==
== History ==
According to Packard, the core idea for the series emerged from bedtime stories that he told to his daughters, revolving around a character named Pete and his adventures. Packard stated, "I had a character named Pete and I usually had him encountering all these different adventures on an isolated island. But that night I was running out of things for Pete to do, so I just asked what they would do." His two daughters came up with different paths for the story to take and Packard thought up an ending for each of the paths. "What really struck me was the natural enthusiasm they had for the idea. And I thought: 'Could I write this down?'"<ref name="Beaver">{{cite news |title=Interactive fiction |author=Sandi Scaffetti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2KwzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5210,5557358&dq=choose-your-own-adventure&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]] |date=March 30, 1986 |access-date=March 15, 2011}}</ref>
According to Packard, the core idea for the series emerged from bedtime stories that he told to his daughters, revolving around a character named Pete and his adventures: "I had a character named Pete and I usually had him encountering all these different adventures on an isolated island. But that night I was running out of things for Pete to do, so I just asked what they would do". His two daughters came up with different paths for the story to take and Packard thought up an ending for each of the paths: "What really struck me was the natural enthusiasm they had for the idea. And I thought: 'Could I write this down?'"<ref name="Beaver">{{cite news |title=Interactive fiction |author=Sandi Scaffetti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2KwzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5210,5557358&dq=choose-your-own-adventure&hl=en |newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]] |date=March 30, 1986 |access-date=March 15, 2011}}</ref>


Packard soon developed this basic premise into a manuscript titled ''The Adventures of You on Sugar Cane Island''. He set out in 1970 to find a publisher but was rejected by nine publishing companies, causing him to shelve the idea. In 1975, he was able to convince Ray Montgomery, co-owner of Vermont Crossroads Press, to publish the book and it sold 8,000 copies, a large amount for a small local publishing house. The series was later marketed to [[Pocket Books]], where it also sold well, but Montgomery believed that it would sell better if a bigger publisher could be found. After some discussion, Montgomery was able to make a contract for the series with [[Bantam Books]]. Packard and Montgomery were selected to write books for the series, including the contracting out of titles to additional authors.<ref name="Beaver"/>
Packard soon developed this basic premise into a manuscript titled ''The Adventures of You on Sugar Cane Island''. He set out in 1970 to find a publisher but was rejected by nine publishing companies, causing him to shelve the idea. In 1975, he was able to convince Ray Montgomery, co-owner of Vermont Crossroads Press, to publish the book and it sold 8,000 copies, a large amount for a small local publishing house. The series was later marketed to [[Pocket Books]], where it also sold well, but Montgomery believed that it would sell better if a bigger publisher could be found. After some discussion, Montgomery was able to make a contract for the series with [[Bantam Books]]. Packard and Montgomery were selected to write books for the series, including the contracting out of titles to additional authors.<ref name="Beaver"/>


The famous phrase “Choose Your Own Adventure” was born when Ed Packard sold his second and third books. The second, ''Deadwood City,'' was a Western saga, and junior editor Dinah Stevenson was given the assignment to create a jacket line that would explain this unfamiliar narrative style to readers; Stevenson came up with “Choose your own adventure in the Wild West.”{{cn|date=October 2020}} The phrase was adapted for the next title with the tag line, ''The Third Planet from Altair: Choose your own adventure in outer space.''
The phrase ''Choose Your Own Adventure'' was adapted for the next title with the tag line, ''The Third Planet from Altair: Choose your own adventure in outer space''.


The series was highly successful after it began printing with Bantam Books. A 1981 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'', followed by an interview with Packard on ''[[The Today Show]]'', provided free publicity.<ref id="new yorker">{{cite news |title=The Enduring Allure of Choose Your Own Adventure Books |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/the-enduring-allure-of-choose-your-own-adventure-books |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The New Yorker |date=12 September 2022}}</ref> The book series prompted the creation of three other series by authors with Bantam Books that worked with the same format. Nineteen other series of the same format begun being published by rival publishing houses. The large popularity of the concept led to the titling of a new genre of writing for the format, which was called the [[gamebook]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
The series was highly successful after it began printing with Bantam Books. A 1981 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', followed by an interview with Packard on ''[[The Today Show]]'', provided free publicity.<ref name="new yorker">{{cite magazine |title=The Enduring Allure of Choose Your Own Adventure Books |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/the-enduring-allure-of-choose-your-own-adventure-books |access-date=15 September 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 September 2022}}</ref>


By the 1990s, the series faced competition from computer games and was in a decline. The series was discontinued in 1999, but was relaunched by a new company, Chooseco, in 2003. Montgomery passed away in 2014; his final Choose Your Own Adventure book was ''Gus vs. the Robot King''.<ref id="new yorker"/>
By the 1990s, the series faced competition from computer games and was in a decline. The series was discontinued in 1999, but was relaunched by a new company, Chooseco, in 2003. Montgomery died in 2014; his final Choose Your Own Adventure book was ''Gus vs. the Robot King''.<ref name="new yorker"/>


In June 2018, [[Z-Man Games]] issued a licensed co-operative board game called ''Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger'' inspired by R. A. Montgomery's book in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zmangames.com/en/products/choose-your-own-adventure-house-danger/|title=Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger|website=Z-MAN Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs8.com/story/39729886/choose-your-own-adventure-publisher-relaunches-its-website |title=Choose Your Own Adventure Publisher Relaunches Its Website - CBS News 8 - San Diego, CA News Station - KFMB Channel 8 |access-date=2019-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172019/http://www.cbs8.com/story/39729886/choose-your-own-adventure-publisher-relaunches-its-website |archive-date=2019-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In June 2018, [[Z-Man Games]] issued a licensed co-operative board game called ''Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger'' inspired by R. A. Montgomery's book in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zmangames.com/en/products/choose-your-own-adventure-house-danger/|title=Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger|website=Z-MAN Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs8.com/story/39729886/choose-your-own-adventure-publisher-relaunches-its-website |title=Choose Your Own Adventure Publisher Relaunches Its Website - CBS News 8 - San Diego, CA News Station - KFMB Channel 8 |access-date=2019-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172019/http://www.cbs8.com/story/39729886/choose-your-own-adventure-publisher-relaunches-its-website |archive-date=2019-02-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


On January 11, 2019, Chooseco initiated a trademark infringement legal challenge against [[Netflix]] for the film ''[[Black Mirror: Bandersnatch]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2019/01/netflixs-black-mirror-bandersnatch-subject-of-suit-over-use-of-choose-your-own-adventure-1202533643/| title = Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Sued Over Use Of "Choose Your Own Adventure" | first= Dawn | last = Chmielewski | date = 11 January 2019 | access-date = 11 January 2019 | work = [[Deadline Hollywood]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/netflix-sued-exploiting-choose-your-own-adventure-black-mirror-bandersnatch-1175428 | title= Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Leads to "Choose Your Own Adventure" Trademark Lawsuit | first= Eriq | last =Gardner | date = 11 January 2019 | access-date= 11 January 2019 | work =[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref> Netflix [[settlement (litigation)|settled]] the suit in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-chooses-settlement-to-end-trademark-lawsuit-over-black-mirror-4096733/ | title= Netflix Chooses Settlement to End Trademark Lawsuit Over 'Black Mirror' | first= Eriq | last =Gardner | date = 24 November 2020 | access-date= 24 June 2021 | work =[[The Hollywood Reporter]] }}</ref>
In January 2019, Chooseco initiated a trademark infringement legal challenge against [[Netflix]] for the film ''[[Black Mirror: Bandersnatch]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2019/01/netflixs-black-mirror-bandersnatch-subject-of-suit-over-use-of-choose-your-own-adventure-1202533643/ | title = Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Sued Over Use Of "Choose Your Own Adventure" | first= Dawn | last = Chmielewski | date = 11 January 2019 | access-date = 11 January 2019 | work = [[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/netflix-sued-exploiting-choose-your-own-adventure-black-mirror-bandersnatch-1175428 | title= Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Leads to "Choose Your Own Adventure" Trademark Lawsuit | first= Eriq | last =Gardner | date = 11 January 2019 | access-date= 11 January 2019 | work =[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Netflix [[settlement (litigation)|settled]] the suit in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-chooses-settlement-to-end-trademark-lawsuit-over-black-mirror-4096733/ | title= Netflix Chooses Settlement to End Trademark Lawsuit Over 'Black Mirror' | first= Eriq | last =Gardner | date = 24 November 2020 | access-date= 24 June 2021 | work =[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Literary reception ==
A ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' article criticizes the style as "formulaic" and quotes a scholar stating that "in terms of literary quality, many of the multiple-storyline books are true skunks".<ref>{{cite news |title=The Surprisingly Long History of 'Choose-Your-Own-Adventure' Stories |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/surprisingly-long-history-of-choose-your-own-adventure-stories-180980014/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 08:39, 9 September 2024

This article is about the trademarked book series. For the genre, see Gamebook. For the TV series, see Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure.
Not to be confused with You Decide on the Adventure.

Choose Your Own Adventure
The Cave of Time by Edward Packard, the first book in the series
Cover artistPaul Granger
LanguageEnglish
GenreGamebook
PublisherBantam Books
Published1979–1998 (original series)
Media typePrint
No. of books184 (original series) (List of books)

Choose Your Own Adventure is a series of children's gamebooks where each story is written from a second-person point of view, with the reader assuming the role of the protagonist and making choices that determine the main character's actions and the plot's outcome. The series was based upon a concept created by Edward Packard and originally published by Constance Cappel's and R. A. Montgomery's Vermont Crossroads Press as the "Adventures of You" series, starting with Packard's Sugarcane Island in 1976.[1]

Choose Your Own Adventure, as published by Bantam Books, was one of the most popular children's series during the 1980s and 1990s, selling more than 250 million copies between 1979 and 1998.[2] The series has been translated into 40 languages. When Bantam, now owned by Random House, allowed the Choose Your Own Adventure trademark to lapse, the series was relaunched by Chooseco. Chooseco does not reissue titles by Packard, who has started his own imprint, U-Ventures.[3]

Format

[edit]

Originally created for 7- to 14-year-olds, the books are written in the second person. The protagonist—that is, the reader—takes on a role relevant to the adventure, such as a private investigator, mountain climber, race car driver, doctor, or spy. Certain books in the series allow readers choice of whom to take the role of, for example, in an adventure book, readers may be prompted to choose between a climber, a hiker, or a traveler. Stories are generally gender- and race-neutral, though in some cases, particularly in illustrations, there is the presumption of a male reader (the target demographic group).[4] In some stories, the protagonist is implied to be a child,[5] whereas in other stories, the protagonist is an adult.[5]

The stories are formatted so that, after a few pages of reading, the protagonist faces two or three options, each of which leads to further pages and further options, and so on until they arrive at one of the many story endings.[1] The number of endings varies from as many as 44 in the early titles to as few as 7 in later adventures. Likewise, there is no clear pattern among the various titles regarding the number of pages per ending, the ratio of good to bad endings, or the reader's progression backwards and forwards through the pages of the book. This allows for a realistic sense of unpredictability, and leads to the possibility of repeat readings, which is one of the distinguishing features of the books.[6]

As the series progressed, both Packard and Montgomery experimented with the gamebook format, sometimes introducing unexpected twists such as endless page loops or trick endings. Examples include the "paradise planet" ending in Inside UFO 54-40, which can only be reached by cheating or turning to the wrong page by accident.[4][a] The only way out of this is to "reset", or close the book and start over from the first page.

History

[edit]

According to Packard, the core idea for the series emerged from bedtime stories that he told to his daughters, revolving around a character named Pete and his adventures: "I had a character named Pete and I usually had him encountering all these different adventures on an isolated island. But that night I was running out of things for Pete to do, so I just asked what they would do". His two daughters came up with different paths for the story to take and Packard thought up an ending for each of the paths: "What really struck me was the natural enthusiasm they had for the idea. And I thought: 'Could I write this down?'"[8]

Packard soon developed this basic premise into a manuscript titled The Adventures of You on Sugar Cane Island. He set out in 1970 to find a publisher but was rejected by nine publishing companies, causing him to shelve the idea. In 1975, he was able to convince Ray Montgomery, co-owner of Vermont Crossroads Press, to publish the book and it sold 8,000 copies, a large amount for a small local publishing house. The series was later marketed to Pocket Books, where it also sold well, but Montgomery believed that it would sell better if a bigger publisher could be found. After some discussion, Montgomery was able to make a contract for the series with Bantam Books. Packard and Montgomery were selected to write books for the series, including the contracting out of titles to additional authors.[8]

The phrase Choose Your Own Adventure was adapted for the next title with the tag line, The Third Planet from Altair: Choose your own adventure in outer space.

The series was highly successful after it began printing with Bantam Books. A 1981 article in The New York Times, followed by an interview with Packard on The Today Show, provided free publicity.[9]

By the 1990s, the series faced competition from computer games and was in a decline. The series was discontinued in 1999, but was relaunched by a new company, Chooseco, in 2003. Montgomery died in 2014; his final Choose Your Own Adventure book was Gus vs. the Robot King.[9]

In June 2018, Z-Man Games issued a licensed co-operative board game called Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger inspired by R. A. Montgomery's book in the series.[10][11]

In January 2019, Chooseco initiated a trademark infringement legal challenge against Netflix for the film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch.[12][13] Netflix settled the suit in November 2020.[14]

Literary reception

[edit]

A Smithsonian article criticizes the style as "formulaic" and quotes a scholar stating that "in terms of literary quality, many of the multiple-storyline books are true skunks".[15]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Under a special warning on page 1 of Inside UFO 54-40, the reader is informed that they may hear about Ultima, the planet of paradise, and that "no one can get there by making choices or following instructions". There is no choice whatsoever to get to the Ultima ending on page 101, which begins, "You did not make a choice, or follow any direction, but now, somehow, you are descending from space - approaching [Ultima]".[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Scott Kraft (October 10, 1981). "He Chose His Own Adventure". The Day. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  2. ^ Lodge, Sally (18 Jan 2007). "Chooseco Embarks on Its Own Adventure". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  3. ^ Conan, Neal. "'Choose Your Own Adventure' Gets An iMakeover". NPR News Transcripts. NPR. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b Hendrix, Grady (18 February 2011). "Choose Your Own Adventure How The Cave of Time taught us to love interactive entertainment". Slate. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  5. ^ a b Katz, Demian. "Demian's Gamebook Web Page". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  6. ^ Swinehart, Christian. "One Book, Many Readings". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  7. ^ Jamieson, Gavin (21 March 2015). "The 7 Most F***ed Up Real 'Choose Your Own Adventure' Books". Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  8. ^ a b Sandi Scaffetti (March 30, 1986). "Interactive fiction". The Beaver County Times. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  9. ^ a b "The Enduring Allure of Choose Your Own Adventure Books". The New Yorker. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Choose Your Own Adventure: House of Danger". Z-MAN Games.
  11. ^ "Choose Your Own Adventure Publisher Relaunches Its Website - CBS News 8 - San Diego, CA News Station - KFMB Channel 8". Archived from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  12. ^ Chmielewski, Dawn (11 January 2019). "Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Sued Over Use Of "Choose Your Own Adventure"". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  13. ^ Gardner, Eriq (11 January 2019). "Netflix's 'Black Mirror: Bandersnatch' Leads to "Choose Your Own Adventure" Trademark Lawsuit". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  14. ^ Gardner, Eriq (24 November 2020). "Netflix Chooses Settlement to End Trademark Lawsuit Over 'Black Mirror'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  15. ^ "The Surprisingly Long History of 'Choose-Your-Own-Adventure' Stories". Smithsonian Magazine. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
[edit]
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